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A Review of the Zambia Teacher Education Reform: Policy Challenges and Influence of Bilateral Agencies 赞比亚师范教育改革回顾:政策挑战与双边机构的影响
Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i11y2023-03
Kalisto Kalimaposo Kalimaposo, Harrison Daka, Chidongo Phiri, Lydia Mukuka Mulenga-Hagane
Donor agencies have provided aid for the education system in Zambia by introducing innovations that seek to improve the provision of education. However, it has been observed that many innovations are discontinued after donor funding is withdrawn. A case in point is the Zambia Teacher Education Reform Programme (ZATERP) later renamed the Zambia Teacher Education Course (ZATEC). ZATERP/ZATEC were funded by the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) between 1998 -2008. In 2008 DANIDA withdrew support from ZATEC and the Ministry of Education through its Directorate of Teacher Education and Specialized Services (TESS) could not sustain the programme. The Ministry of Education failed to pay field allowances for students and lecturers including other logistical support for the programme. Consequently, some vital aspects of the programme were changed such as the school-based year which was discontinued. The old structure of teacher education was re-introduced where students were in college for two years and school experience was reduced to a single term.
捐助机构为赞比亚的教育系统提供了援助,引入了旨在改善教育供给的创新措施。然而,人们注意到,许多创新在捐助资金撤出后就停止了。赞比亚师范教育改革方案(ZATERP)后来更名为赞比亚师范教育课程 (ZATEC)就是一个很好的例子。ZATERP/ZATEC 在 1998 年至 2008 年期间由丹麦国际开发署(DANIDA)资助。2008 年,丹麦国际开发署撤销了对 ZATEC 的支持,教育部通过其师范教育和专门服务局(TESS)无法维持该计划。教育部未能支付学生和讲师的外地津贴,包括对该计划的其他后勤支持。因此,该计划的一些重要方面发生了变化,如学校年被中止。旧的师范教育结构被重新采用,学生在大学学习两年,而在学校的学习时间被缩短为一个学期。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Linguistic Expressions of Anger in Indonesian Proverbs: Uncovering the Underlying Cognitive Metaphorical Mappings 探索印尼谚语中的愤怒语言表达:揭示潜在的认知隐喻映射
Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i11y2023-01
D. Nugraha
This study employs a combination of Cognitive Semantics Analysis (CSA) and Qualitative Methodology (QM) to thoroughly investigate the various expressions of anger depicted in Indonesian proverbs. The approach involves a detailed analysis of these proverbs’ linguistic structures and metaphoric nuances. The study aims to uncover the intricate interplay between cognitive conceptualizations of anger and the socio-cultural context they represent. By scrutinizing a diverse corpus of Indonesian proverbs, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of anger and its portrayal within Indonesian linguistic and cultural heritage. The findings show that (1) Indonesians use various metaphors to express anger in their proverbs, i.e. natural phenomena, physical sensations, and spatial orientations as the three most common domains used in these metaphors, (2) Indonesian proverbs about anger shed light on their socio-cultural norms of emotional restraint and communal harmony, and (3) cognitive concepts, linguistic expressions, and socio-cultural dynamics interweave to form a comprehensive portrayal of rage in Indonesian context. This study will offer valuable insights into the cognitive and cultural dynamics of anger as illustrated through Indonesian proverbs. To gain a comprehensive understanding of emotional discourse across diverse cultures, it would be beneficial to broaden the scope of study to include a broader range of emotions and linguistic expressions.
本研究结合认知语义分析法(CSA)和定性分析法(QM),对印尼谚语中描绘的各种愤怒表达方式进行了深入研究。研究方法包括详细分析这些谚语的语言结构和隐喻的细微差别。该研究旨在揭示愤怒的认知概念与其所代表的社会文化背景之间错综复杂的相互作用。通过仔细研究印尼谚语的不同语料库,本研究旨在全面了解愤怒及其在印尼语言和文化遗产中的形象。研究结果表明:(1) 印尼人在谚语中使用各种隐喻来表达愤怒,即自然现象、身体感觉和空间方位是这些隐喻中最常用的三个领域;(2) 印尼关于愤怒的谚语揭示了其情绪克制和社区和谐的社会文化规范;(3) 认知概念、语言表达和社会文化动态交织在一起,形成了印尼语境中对愤怒的全面描述。本研究将通过印尼谚语为愤怒的认知和文化动态提供有价值的见解。为了全面了解不同文化背景下的情绪话语,扩大研究范围以包括更广泛的情绪和语言表达将是有益的。
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引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of Inductive and Deductive Methods in Enhancing the Paragraph Writing of Junior High School Students 归纳法和演绎法对提高初中生段落写作水平的有效性
Pub Date : 2023-09-10 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i11y2023-05
Sheila Mae A. Sabello, Josephine Oxillo-Oted
Proficiency in paragraph writing has to be developed by individuals who were obliged to participate in the academic endeavor for them to be globally competitive and likewise be a productive citizen. With this, the mentors in the academic society conscientiously played their role in considering various methods in teaching writing to make the acquisition affluent; yet followed the appropriate standards in obtaining the necessary skills in writing. For this reason, the present study was crafted, exploring the effectiveness of the inductive and deductive methods in enhancing the writing proficiency of Grade 9 students in the hinterland in the Division of Misamis Oriental. Using the quasi-experimental research design, the study assigned students to the experimental group (inductive method) and control group (deductive method). The two groups of students were given essay test before and after the interventions, which were given for almost eight weeks. The students’ level of writing proficiency was determined using an analytic rubric that covered the following writing criteria: content, organization, development and use of the language. The essays were inter-rated by the English teachers. Data were analyzed and interpreted using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that the students generally had unsatisfactory to less satisfactory writing proficiency indicating the need to improve their writing proficiency. However, after the interventions, only the deductive method was found to be effective in enhancing their writing proficiency. The inductive method did not work effectively for the hinterland students. Therefore, it was concluded that deductive method was the appropriate method to be applied in teaching paragraph writing to the students who still need guide with the acquisition of the skill. It is recommended that the deductive method be used for students who lack foundational knowledge and skills in writing for such students are not yet ready for the inductive method that requires high thinking skills.
有义务参与学术活动的个人必须提高段落写作的能力,这样才能具有全球竞争力,同样也才能成为一个有作为的公民。有鉴于此,学术界的导师们认真地发挥了他们的作用,考虑了各种写作教学方法,使学生们获得了丰富的写作知识;但在获得必要的写作技巧时,也遵循了适当的标准。为此,本研究精心设计,探索归纳法和演绎法在提高东米萨米斯省内陆地区九年级学生写作能力方面的有效性。本研究采用准实验研究设计,将学生分为实验组(归纳法)和对照组(演绎法)。两组学生在干预前后分别进行了作文测试,测试时间将近八周。学生的写作水平通过分析评分标准来确定,该评分标准涵盖以下写作标准:内容、组织、发展和语言使用。作文由英语教师进行互评。使用描述性和推论性统计方法对数据进行了分析和解释。研究结果显示,学生的写作水平普遍不理想或不太理想,这表明他们需要提高写作水平。然而,经过干预后,发现只有演绎法能有效提高他们的写作水平。归纳法对内陆地区的学生不起作用。因此,得出的结论是,演绎法是适用于段落写作教学的适当方法。建议对缺乏写作基础知识和技能的学生采用演绎法,因为这些学生还没有准备好采用对思维能力要求较高的归纳法。
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引用次数: 0
Human Resource Management in Improving the Quality of Education in MAN 2 Kediri City 人力资源管理在提高教育质量中的作用
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i9y2023-05
Dika Tripitasari Dika Tripitasari, Akhyak Akhyak, Abd. Aziz Abd. Aziz, Maftukhin Maftukhin, Achmad Patoni Achmad Patoni
This study aims to find and analyze related to planning, recruitment and selection, evaluation and training and development of educators and education staff in improving the quality of education in MAN 2 Kediri City. This research uses a qualitative approach and includes a type of field research in the form of a case study, and is classified as a descriptive research with the researcher as the main instrument. Data sources consist of person, place, and paper. Data collection techniques include participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques use interactive models. Checking the validity of the data includes: 1. Credibility through extending participation, increasing persistence, and triangulation (sources, techniques, and time); 2. Transferability: the results of this research are written in a clear and complete manner so that readers can apply them in other locations; 3. Dependability: the results of this study are examined and approved by the supervising lecturer as an auditor; 4. Confirmability: data exposure is based on the results of research in the field. The results show that the planning of educators and education staff in improving the quality of education in MAN 2 Kediri City includes needs analysis, availability analysis, and vision determination. Recruitment and selection are carried out at a certain time when there is a vacancy through CPNS and Non-PNS with a contract system that uses two alternatives; firstly prioritizing existing applications, secondly through internal publications; the criteria for passing applicants refer to the provisions of the Law which are then developed in accordance with the needs of madrasas whose level of success can be seen from the number of educators and education staff who have succeeded in making achievements. Meanwhile, training and development are in the form of in-house training and out-house training by applying the principles of efficiency through a peer teaching system and supported by the efforts of madrasa heads who bring new perspectives towards human real-source management. The evaluation includes setting targets, setting standards, conducting assessments, and providing feedback on the results of the evaluation.
本研究旨在寻找并分析与曼尼克迪里市教育工作者和教育人员的规划、招聘与选拔、评估和培训与发展有关的问题。本研究采用定性方法,包括案例研究形式的一种实地研究,并被归类为描述性研究,研究者为主要工具。数据源由人、地点和纸组成。数据收集技术包括参与性观察、深度访谈和文献记录。数据分析技术使用交互式模型。检查数据的有效性包括:1。通过扩大参与、增加持久性和三角测量(来源、技术和时间)来提高可信度;2. 可转移性:本研究的结果以清晰完整的方式撰写,以便读者可以将其应用于其他地方;3.可靠性:本研究的结果由指导讲师作为审核员进行审查和批准;4. 可证实性:数据暴露是基于该领域的研究结果。结果表明,教育工作者和教育工作人员在改善MAN 2 Kediri市教育质量方面的规划包括需求分析、可用性分析和愿景确定。招聘和甄选在出现空缺的特定时间通过CPNS和Non-PNS进行,采用采用两种替代方案的合同制;首先优先考虑现有申请,其次通过内部出版物;通过申请的标准参照法律的规定,这些规定是根据伊斯兰学校的需要制定的,伊斯兰学校的成功程度可以从成功取得成就的教育工作者和教育工作人员的数量中看出。与此同时,培训和发展采取内部培训和外部培训的形式,通过同伴教学制度应用效率原则,并得到伊斯兰学校校长的努力的支持,他们对人力资源管理提出了新的观点。评估包括设定目标、设定标准、进行评估以及对评估结果提供反馈。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Leadership and Motivation on the Discipline of Naval Academy Cadets (AAL) 领导与动机对海军军官学校学员纪律性的影响
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i9y2023-08
Stevey Isay Hamadi Stevey Isay Hamadi, Sulistiyanto Sulistiyanto, Arfah Arfah
The achievement of goals in the organization has many aspects that are thought to influence it, including elements of leadership, motivation, working conditions and discipline of naval cadets. This research aims to: 1) To partially analyze the effect of leadership and motivation on the discipline of Naval Academy cadets. 2) To analyze the simultaneous influence of leadership and motivation on the discipline of Naval Academy cadets. This research uses an explanatory research approach, namely the type of research that seeks to explain the influence between variables through hypothesis testing. The independent variables are X1 = leadership, X2 = motivation and the dependent variable is the discipline of naval academy cadets. (Y). The sampling technique uses non-probability sampling with saturated sampling technique so that the entire population is used as a sample. Furthermore, the data were analyzed quantitatively, namely by using a statistical model in a computer program (SPSS 22.0), with descriptive analysis techniques and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that: a) Simultaneously, leadership and motivation simultaneously affect the discipline of Naval Academy cadets. It can be said that well-executed leadership and motivation can improve the discipline of Naval Academy cadets; b) Partially, leadership and motivation variables affect the discipline of Naval Academy cadets. Seeing the results of this study, it is necessary to make a standardized assessment of the leadership of Navy officers who will be placed as caretaker officers at AAL and increased motivation, so that through leadership and motivation, reliable and professional Naval Academy cadets will be obtained.
在组织中实现目标有许多方面被认为会对其产生影响,包括领导力、动机、工作条件和海军学员的纪律等因素。本研究旨在:1)部分分析领导与动机对海军军官学校学员纪律性的影响。2)分析领导与动机对海军军官学校学员纪律性的同时影响。本研究采用解释性研究方法,即通过假设检验来解释变量之间影响的研究类型。自变量为X1 =领导力,X2 =动机,因变量为海军军官学校学员的学科。(Y).抽样技术采用非概率抽样和饱和抽样技术,以整个总体为样本。此外,对数据进行定量分析,即使用计算机程序(SPSS 22.0)中的统计模型,采用描述性分析技术和多元线性回归分析。结果表明:a)领导力和动机同时影响海军军官学校学员的纪律。可以说,良好的领导和激励可以提高海军军官学校学员的纪律性;b)领导力和动机变量部分影响海军军官学校学员的纪律性。鉴于本研究的结果,有必要对在AAL担任看守军官的海军军官的领导能力进行标准化评估,并增加激励,从而通过领导和激励,获得可靠和专业的海军军官学院学员。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Job Satisfaction as a Moderating Variable on the Relationship between Organizational Climate and Organizational Commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior 工作满意度在组织氛围与组织承诺对组织公民行为关系中的调节作用
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i9y2023-06
Olivia Margareta Purnama Juwita Boru Manihuruk, Kustini Kustini Kustini Kustini
With work satisfaction acting as a moderating variable, this study is helpful in determining the impact of organizational climate and organizational commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in employees of PT Karya Abadi Ekspres Logistik. Quantitative descriptive research is what this study is. 82 PT Karya Abadi Ekspres Logistik personnel made up the study’s sample. Purposive sampling was utilized as the sample method in this investigation. All PT Karya Abadi Ekspres Logistik employees, excluding those in the operational division, who had never completed an OCB pre-survey made up the study’s sample. SEM-PLS (Partial Least Squares) is the data analysis approach applied in this study. The findings of this study suggest that job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational climate, and organizational commitment all influence organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational climate also influences organizational commitment, and organizational commitment also influences organizational citizenship behavior, with job satisfaction acting as a moderating variable.
本研究以工作满意度为调节变量,有助于确定组织氛围和组织承诺对PT Karya Abadi Ekspres logistics员工组织公民行为(OCB)的影响。定量描述性研究就是这个研究。82名PT Karya Abadi Ekspres logistics的人员组成了这项研究的样本。本调查采用目的性抽样作为抽样方法。PT Karya Abadi Ekspres Logistik的所有员工(不包括运营部门的员工)都从未完成过OCB的预调查,他们构成了这项研究的样本。偏最小二乘法是本研究中应用的数据分析方法。本研究发现,工作满意度、组织承诺、组织氛围、组织承诺均影响组织公民行为。组织氛围也会影响组织承诺,组织承诺也会影响组织公民行为,其中工作满意度是一个调节变量。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Work Life Balance and Employee Engagement on Employee Performance of PT Duta Jaya Teknik Surabaya 工作生活平衡与员工敬业度对泗水杜塔科技员工绩效的影响
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i9y2023-04
Nahdiyya Sinta Alifia Nahdiyya Sinta Alifia, Endang Iryanti Endang Iryanti
When PT Duta Jaya Teknik Surabaya is unable to meet performance goals, work-life balance and employee engagement play a part in influencing employee performance and the amount of work completed by employees in carrying out their duties or obligations in accordance with applicable standards for each company. The purpose of this study is to ascertain how employee engagement and work-life balance affect employee performance at PT Duta Jaya Teknik Surabaya. Utilizing a quantitative methodology, this investigation. While the analysis method makes use of PLS (Partial Least Square) software and a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The 67 responders to a questionnaire who were all working for PT Duta Jaya Teknik Surabaya provided the information used. The findings of this study show that employee engagement and work-life balance both positively affect employees’ performance at PT. Duta Jaya Teknik Surabaya.
当PT Duta Jaya Teknik Surabaya无法达到绩效目标时,工作与生活的平衡和员工敬业度会影响员工绩效和员工按照每个公司的适用标准履行职责或义务时完成的工作量。本研究的目的是确定员工敬业度和工作生活平衡如何影响员工绩效在PT Duta Jaya Teknik泗水。利用定量方法,本调查。分析方法采用偏最小二乘法和结构方程建模(SEM)方法。调查问卷的67名应答者都在PT Duta Jaya Teknik Surabaya工作,他们提供了所使用的信息。本研究结果表明,员工敬业度和工作与生活的平衡对泗水Duta Jaya Teknik员工的绩效均有正向影响。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the Impact of the Maritime Employment Agreement Policy in Government Regulation Number 7 of 2000 Concerning Maritime Affairs at the Main Maritime Office of Tanjung Perak Surabaya 在丹戎霹雳州泗水主要海事办公室评估2000年关于海事事务的第7号政府法规中海事就业协议政策的影响
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i9y2023-07
Catur Wahyudi Catur Wahyudi, Dewi Casmiwati Dewi Casmiwati, Edi Suhardono Edi Suhardono
Syahbandar is the highest official in the port area, having the authority to regulate shipping activities. Syahbandar has the responsibility for the safety and security of shipping in accordance with Law No. 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping. A Syahbandar is required to work professionally both when supervising, issuing shipping documents, and coordinating. Shipping safety and security has become the main task and responsibility of the syahbandar. The problem that the author examines is how to evaluate the impact of the Sea Labor Agreement policy in Government Regulation Number 7 of 2000 concerning Maritime Affairs at the Tanjung Perak Main Harbormaster’s Office in Surabaya. The data source obtained is primary data from within the Tanjung Perak Main Syahbandar Office Surabaya by means of direct observation and interviews in the form of questions asked to related parties and documentation techniques using audio visual in data collection. Based on the results of the analysis of the Marine Employment Agreement policy based on Government Regulation No. 7 of 2000, it can be explained as follows: 1) The Sea Labor Agreement Policy at the Tanjung Perak Main Shipping Office based on individuals has been implemented quite well even though there are several shipping companies that do not all have a Sea Labor Agreement (PKL); 2). The Marine Employment Agreement Policy at the Tanjung Perak Main Shipping Office based on the bureaucratic or organizational structure has been implemented well. The Tanjung Perak Surabaya Main Shipping Office organization has also carried out the division of shipping management tasks to each sub-section and section within the scope of the organization; 3) The Marine Employment Agreement Policy at the Tanjung Perak Surabaya Main Shipping Office based on the social system has been implemented properly, so that there is a good working relationship and balance between the two. The shipping company should provide guarantees related to the rights of seafarers (ABK) by complying with Government Regulation No. 7 of 2000, so that the implications of the policy can be implemented properly.
Syahbandar是港口地区的最高官员,有权管理航运活动。根据2008年第17号关于航运的法律,Syahbandar对航运安全负责。Syahbandar在监督、签发运输文件和协调方面都需要专业的工作。航运安全已成为海上保安厅的主要任务和责任。作者研究的问题是如何在泗水丹戎霹雳州主要港务办公室评估2000年关于海事事务的第7号政府条例中的海上劳动协议政策的影响。所获得的数据来源是丹戎霹雳州主要Syahbandar办事处Surabaya内部的主要数据,通过直接观察和以向有关各方提出问题的形式进行访谈以及在数据收集中使用视听文件技术。根据根据2000年第7号政府条例制定的海上雇佣协议政策的分析结果,可以解释为:1)丹戎霹雳州海运总公司以个人为基础的海上劳动协议政策,虽然有几家航运公司没有签订海上劳动协议(PKL),但执行得很好;2)丹绒霹雳州海运总公司基于官僚或组织结构的海事雇佣协议政策执行得很好。丹绒霹雳泗水海运总行组织也将航运管理任务分工到组织范围内的每一分部和分部;3)丹戎霹雳泗水海运总公司基于社会制度的海事雇佣协议政策得到了适当的执行,两者之间存在良好的工作关系和平衡。航运公司应遵守2000年第7号政府条例,为海员(ABK)的权利提供保障,以便政策的影响能够得到适当实施。
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引用次数: 0
The Problems Facing the Organization and Operation of City Governments under the Central Government in Vietnam 越南中央直辖市政府组织运作面临的问题
Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i9y2023-03
Pham Thi Hoan Pham Thi Hoan
This article delves into the intricate challenges confronted by city governments operating under the central governance framework in Vietnam. Examining the organizational and operational aspects, the study sheds light on the multifaceted issues inherent to the configuration and functioning of these city-level administrative bodies. By critically assessing the dynamics of central-local power dynamics, decision-making autonomy, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and the role of urban planning, the article elucidates the complex landscape in which these city governments operate. Drawing from a comprehensive analysis of legal provisions, government resolutions, and policy implementations, the study highlights the pressing concerns and barriers faced by city governments. In doing so, the article contributes to a nuanced understanding of the governance structure in Vietnam and offers insights into potential avenues for enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of city governance within the overarching framework of the central government.
本文探讨了越南城市政府在中央治理框架下运作所面临的复杂挑战。该研究审查了组织和业务方面,阐明了这些城市一级行政机构的结构和运作所固有的多方面问题。通过批判性地评估中央-地方权力动态、决策自主、官僚低效和城市规划的作用,本文阐明了这些城市政府运作的复杂景观。通过对法律规定、政府决议和政策实施的综合分析,该研究突出了城市政府面临的紧迫问题和障碍。在此过程中,本文有助于细致入微地理解越南的治理结构,并为在中央政府的总体框架内提高城市治理的有效性和效率提供了潜在的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of Integrated Language Skills in English Teaching Process 综合语言技能在英语教学中的运用
Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.55677/ijssers/v03i9y2023-02
Ummi Kalsum Ummi Kalsum, Andi Tenri Ampa Andi Tenri Ampa, Radiah Hamid Radiah Hamid
Integrated Language Skills (ILS) is an approach considered to integrate the four language skills into teaching learning activities in order to develop students’ communicative competence. This research aimed to investigate teachers’ implementation of ILS and the challenges in implementing ILS in teaching learning process. The participants were four English teachers and chosen by using purposive sampling technique. The research findings revealed that all of the teachers only integrated two and three language skills in English teaching process, except for one teacher implemented the four language skills in a meeting. Whereas, the challenges faced by the teachers in implementing ILS in teaching process were: students’ less interest and motivation in learning English, teachers were lack of competence and creativity in allocating time of teaching duration, school’s facilities were not maximally adequate. Therefore, teachers were expected to attend teaching training to develop their competences in terms of preparing materials and equipment, strategies or techniques in conveying teaching material such as giving them short video or games to motivate them before learning started. These things can be forwarded by school capacity to inadequate attention language skills integration.
综合语言技能是将四种语言技能整合到教学活动中,以培养学生的交际能力的一种方法。本研究旨在探讨教师在教学学习过程中运用语篇教学法的情况及所面临的挑战。调查对象为4名英语教师,采用有目的抽样法进行调查。研究结果显示,除了一位教师在一次会议中实施了四种语言技能外,所有教师在英语教学过程中都只整合了两种和三种语言技能。然而,教师在教学过程中实施ILS所面临的挑战是:学生学习英语的兴趣和动力不足,教师在教学时间分配上缺乏能力和创造力,学校设施没有最大限度地满足要求。因此,教师需要参加教学培训,以提高他们在准备材料和设备、传播教材的策略或技术方面的能力,例如在学习开始前给他们提供短视频或游戏来激励他们。这些事情可以由学校能力转发到注意力语言技能整合不足。
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION RESEARCH STUDIES
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