Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512137
Zhihua Wang, H. Fu, Yongbo Zhang
Degradation test is a feasible means to assess the failure time distributions of complex systems and highly reliable products. Generally speaking, the degradation process is essentially a continuous state random process. Motivated by the independent increment process theory, we propose a degradation analysis model, in which degradation is represented by an independent increment process with linear mean and standard deviation functions (quadratic variance function). A one-stage method is further developed to estimate the model parameters and failure time distribution. The methodology has been implemented in the analysis of GaAs laser degradation. The comparative results illustrate that the proposed method can be considered good and show a promise for future applications.
{"title":"Linear independent increment process with linear standard deviation function for degradation analysis","authors":"Zhihua Wang, H. Fu, Yongbo Zhang","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512137","url":null,"abstract":"Degradation test is a feasible means to assess the failure time distributions of complex systems and highly reliable products. Generally speaking, the degradation process is essentially a continuous state random process. Motivated by the independent increment process theory, we propose a degradation analysis model, in which degradation is represented by an independent increment process with linear mean and standard deviation functions (quadratic variance function). A one-stage method is further developed to estimate the model parameters and failure time distribution. The methodology has been implemented in the analysis of GaAs laser degradation. The comparative results illustrate that the proposed method can be considered good and show a promise for future applications.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114316614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512199
M. S. Anwar, N. Ahsan, M. Shan
This paper presents an L-band non binary six port (1×5) power splitter/combiner utilizing stripline architecture. The detailed design, its implementation and testing is the main focus of this paper. The circuit optimization has been carried out utilizing ADS®. The paper also provides the comparison of simulation and measured results. The measured results indicate that the splitter/combiner has an amplitude balance of ± 0.8 dB with a frequency BW of 500MHz in L-band. Both Input and output VSWR is less than 1.55 while the worst case insertion loss is 0.36 dB. All these results make this combiner/splitter very useful for solid state amplifiers for radar applications.
{"title":"Design and development of a high power 1×5 splitter/combiner for solid state radar transmitters","authors":"M. S. Anwar, N. Ahsan, M. Shan","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512199","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an L-band non binary six port (1×5) power splitter/combiner utilizing stripline architecture. The detailed design, its implementation and testing is the main focus of this paper. The circuit optimization has been carried out utilizing ADS®. The paper also provides the comparison of simulation and measured results. The measured results indicate that the splitter/combiner has an amplitude balance of ± 0.8 dB with a frequency BW of 500MHz in L-band. Both Input and output VSWR is less than 1.55 while the worst case insertion loss is 0.36 dB. All these results make this combiner/splitter very useful for solid state amplifiers for radar applications.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"867 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127162398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512128
I. Yousafa, S. Alib, S. Mirzac
Physical properties of rubber composites can be enhanced by employing the particulate fillers for example calcium carbonate, silica and carbon black. Modulus, tear & abrasion resistance usually have a tendency to increase by the incorporation of the fillers in elastomers. Particulate fillers like high-structured silica and carbon black, generally, offered considerable reinforcing effects. The key purpose of this paper is to study the impact of filler (Vulkasil C, precipitated silica) dosages/loading on the mechanical properties of interest for instance hardness, elongation at break, tensile strength and bound rubber of EPDM based rubber vulcanizates.
{"title":"Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer vulcanizates' reinforcement with precipitated silica","authors":"I. Yousafa, S. Alib, S. Mirzac","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512128","url":null,"abstract":"Physical properties of rubber composites can be enhanced by employing the particulate fillers for example calcium carbonate, silica and carbon black. Modulus, tear & abrasion resistance usually have a tendency to increase by the incorporation of the fillers in elastomers. Particulate fillers like high-structured silica and carbon black, generally, offered considerable reinforcing effects. The key purpose of this paper is to study the impact of filler (Vulkasil C, precipitated silica) dosages/loading on the mechanical properties of interest for instance hardness, elongation at break, tensile strength and bound rubber of EPDM based rubber vulcanizates.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132411620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512190
S. Z. Farooq, A. Ghafoor
This paper analyzes the multiband sensing-time-adaptive joint detection cognitive radios framework. The framework optimizes secondary throughput while minimizing the interference to a wideband multiband primary communications system. The ranges are determined under which the problem can be categorized as a complex optimization one under real Gaussian channel conditions. Simulated results compare the performance of MSJD framework with the earlier proposed multiband joint detection (MJD) framework for some typical primary signals received in real Gaussian and Circularly Symmetric Complex Gaussian channels.
{"title":"Multiband sensing-time-adaptive joint detection cognitive radios framework for Gaussian channels","authors":"S. Z. Farooq, A. Ghafoor","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512190","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the multiband sensing-time-adaptive joint detection cognitive radios framework. The framework optimizes secondary throughput while minimizing the interference to a wideband multiband primary communications system. The ranges are determined under which the problem can be categorized as a complex optimization one under real Gaussian channel conditions. Simulated results compare the performance of MSJD framework with the earlier proposed multiband joint detection (MJD) framework for some typical primary signals received in real Gaussian and Circularly Symmetric Complex Gaussian channels.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116730786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512123
Xiaojun Wang, Xiujuan Lu, Bo Xu, Jiping Liu
Pure PPS was modified by nano-SiO2, and mixed with SBS, PPA auxiliaries and smoke suppression agent. The compound materials were tested on dispersion homogeneity of nano-SiO2, water absorption, mechanics function, TEM and thermal properties. It discovered that the nano-SiO2 was homogeneous in PPS and it could decrease the water absorption rate and the temperature coefficient of expansion and improve the mechanical and thermal properties, as well as the performance life. The composite materials really satisfy the strict index demands of electron packing materials.
{"title":"Preparation and characteristic research on composites of polyphenylene sulfide modified by nano-silicon dioxide","authors":"Xiaojun Wang, Xiujuan Lu, Bo Xu, Jiping Liu","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512123","url":null,"abstract":"Pure PPS was modified by nano-SiO2, and mixed with SBS, PPA auxiliaries and smoke suppression agent. The compound materials were tested on dispersion homogeneity of nano-SiO2, water absorption, mechanics function, TEM and thermal properties. It discovered that the nano-SiO2 was homogeneous in PPS and it could decrease the water absorption rate and the temperature coefficient of expansion and improve the mechanical and thermal properties, as well as the performance life. The composite materials really satisfy the strict index demands of electron packing materials.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121866604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512178
M. Latif, A. U. Salfi, M. Shafique
The paper describes the design and full-wave EM simulation of Ku-band (10.7-14.5) GHz orthomode transducer (OMT). The OMT designed is class 2 (symmetric OMT) which has higher fractional bandwidth and cross-polarization isolation than the class 1 OMT. It is realized with Modified Bfifot junction where the tuning pins are replaced with well placed capacitive steps. Moreover septum is four times thicker than conventional class 2 OMT, making it realizable up to 1 THz frequency. Cross-polarization isolation ≥ 80 dB and return loss ≥ 20 dB are achieved in the entire band. Effect of manufacturing tolerances and assembly misalignment are incorporated d the full-wave EM simulation. All the simulation & optimization work is done in industry standard EM Simulation software.
{"title":"Design & full-wave EM simulation of Ku-band orthomode transducer (OMT)","authors":"M. Latif, A. U. Salfi, M. Shafique","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512178","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the design and full-wave EM simulation of Ku-band (10.7-14.5) GHz orthomode transducer (OMT). The OMT designed is class 2 (symmetric OMT) which has higher fractional bandwidth and cross-polarization isolation than the class 1 OMT. It is realized with Modified Bfifot junction where the tuning pins are replaced with well placed capacitive steps. Moreover septum is four times thicker than conventional class 2 OMT, making it realizable up to 1 THz frequency. Cross-polarization isolation ≥ 80 dB and return loss ≥ 20 dB are achieved in the entire band. Effect of manufacturing tolerances and assembly misalignment are incorporated d the full-wave EM simulation. All the simulation & optimization work is done in industry standard EM Simulation software.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127995168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512127
S. N. Malik, H. Ahmed, M. Shahid, N. Haider, M. Malik, P. O’Brien
Mx(iPr2PSe2)y] complexes (M = In, Cu) were synthesized by metathesis reaction of metal with ligand salt [HNEt3][iPr2PSe2]. These complexes undergo thermolysis in HDA/TOP at 200-270 °C, to yield monophasic Cu2-xSe and In2Se3 nanoparticles. Cu2-xSe nanoparticles (grown at 250 °C) and In2Se3 nanoparticles (grown at 270 °C) had a mean diameter of 5.0 ± 1.2 nm and 13 ± 2.5 nm, respectively.
采用金属与配体盐[HNEt3][iPr2PSe2]的复分解反应合成了Mx(iPr2PSe2)y]配合物(M = In, Cu)。这些配合物在200-270°C的HDA/TOP中进行热裂解，得到单相Cu2-xSe和In2Se3纳米颗粒。在250℃下生长的Cu2-xSe纳米粒子和在270℃下生长的In2Se3纳米粒子的平均直径分别为5.0±1.2 nm和13±2.5 nm。
{"title":"Colloidal preparation of copper selenide and indium selenide nanoparticles by single source precursors approach","authors":"S. N. Malik, H. Ahmed, M. Shahid, N. Haider, M. Malik, P. O’Brien","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512127","url":null,"abstract":"M<sub>x</sub>(<sup>i</sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>PSe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>y</sub>] complexes (M = In, Cu) were synthesized by metathesis reaction of metal with ligand salt [HNEt<sub>3</sub>][<sup>i</sup>Pr<sub>2</sub>PSe<sub>2</sub>]. These complexes undergo thermolysis in HDA/TOP at 200-270 °C, to yield monophasic Cu<sub>2-x</sub>Se and In<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles. Cu<sub>2-x</sub>Se nanoparticles (grown at 250 °C) and In<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles (grown at 270 °C) had a mean diameter of 5.0 ± 1.2 nm and 13 ± 2.5 nm, respectively.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114668648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512191
F. Mughal, F. Sultan, M. Imran
This papers deals with implementation of software algorithm of an AGC technique having wide dynamic control range in burst communication. The proposed AGC mechanism consists of a microcontroller with built in ADC, pre & post attenuators, VGA and a RMS detector. Typically, RMS detectors are available with limited dynamic control range of 50-55 dB i.e., either from -10 to -60dBm or -30 to -80dBm. In this work, the dynamic range of such RMS detector has been widened by making an efficient use of pre attenuator. Dynamic range of 80dBis achieved using the proposed technique.
{"title":"Wide dynamic range automatic gain control using feed forward and backward technique","authors":"F. Mughal, F. Sultan, M. Imran","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512191","url":null,"abstract":"This papers deals with implementation of software algorithm of an AGC technique having wide dynamic control range in burst communication. The proposed AGC mechanism consists of a microcontroller with built in ADC, pre & post attenuators, VGA and a RMS detector. Typically, RMS detectors are available with limited dynamic control range of 50-55 dB i.e., either from -10 to -60dBm or -30 to -80dBm. In this work, the dynamic range of such RMS detector has been widened by making an efficient use of pre attenuator. Dynamic range of 80dBis achieved using the proposed technique.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122593339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512133
Saman M. Siddiqui
GPS and INS integration is attracting researchers for decades. Advent of MEMS inertial sensors and low cost GPS receivers extended the use of this technology to airborne /ground vehicle navigation, mining, surveillance and robotics. Complementary characteristics of GPS and INS with Kalman filter can overcome the problem of huge INS drifts, GPS outages, dense urban multipath effects and other individual problems associated with these sensors. Extended Kalman filter (EKF) needs linearized system and measurement models, hence performs Jacobian or Hessian matrix evaluation on each time step. If small angle error assumption does not hold and system nonlinearity and large initial attitude errors are an issue Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is preferred over EKF. Although UKF does not evaluate Jacobian but it has a problem of Cholesky matrix factorization which is an unstable operation and leads towards divergence. Square Root Unscented Filters (SRUKF) solves this particular problem but still cannot work with non Gaussian noises A very few people have utilized Square Root Unscented Kalman filter in navigation application so far. This research explores use of different configuration of UKF like Central Difference UKF (CDUKF) along with SRUKF and SRCDUKF in the presence of large initial attitude errors, GPS outages and increased levels of noise. A Square Root Unscented Particle filter (SRUPF) is tested with ZUPT technique and in flight alignment to overcome non Gaussian noises. All the filters are tested on navigation grade sensors in loosely coupled mode. Trajectories of up to one hour duration are utilized to evaluate performance. CDUKF was found best in computation time and accuracy. This filter is found more stable towards increased level of noise.
{"title":"Integrated navigation and self alignment using Square Root Unscented Kalman filtering","authors":"Saman M. Siddiqui","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512133","url":null,"abstract":"GPS and INS integration is attracting researchers for decades. Advent of MEMS inertial sensors and low cost GPS receivers extended the use of this technology to airborne /ground vehicle navigation, mining, surveillance and robotics. Complementary characteristics of GPS and INS with Kalman filter can overcome the problem of huge INS drifts, GPS outages, dense urban multipath effects and other individual problems associated with these sensors. Extended Kalman filter (EKF) needs linearized system and measurement models, hence performs Jacobian or Hessian matrix evaluation on each time step. If small angle error assumption does not hold and system nonlinearity and large initial attitude errors are an issue Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is preferred over EKF. Although UKF does not evaluate Jacobian but it has a problem of Cholesky matrix factorization which is an unstable operation and leads towards divergence. Square Root Unscented Filters (SRUKF) solves this particular problem but still cannot work with non Gaussian noises A very few people have utilized Square Root Unscented Kalman filter in navigation application so far. This research explores use of different configuration of UKF like Central Difference UKF (CDUKF) along with SRUKF and SRCDUKF in the presence of large initial attitude errors, GPS outages and increased levels of noise. A Square Root Unscented Particle filter (SRUPF) is tested with ZUPT technique and in flight alignment to overcome non Gaussian noises. All the filters are tested on navigation grade sensors in loosely coupled mode. Trajectories of up to one hour duration are utilized to evaluate performance. CDUKF was found best in computation time and accuracy. This filter is found more stable towards increased level of noise.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126691028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-02DOI: 10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512174
H. Iqbal, S. Shaheen, H. Qazi, J. Iqbal
This paper encompasses the sensitivity of SNR due to ambient noise sources individually using gradient method. The Gradient method has its own significance in the mathematical modeling and the purpose of using this method is of two fold; First, it gives the sensitivity of selected dependent variable with respect to the small and systematic changes in the independent variables separately or compositely in an equation. Second, it helps to determine a way to search for the optimal region or optimal values of the independent variables. Hence, this paper is intended to highlight the optimal region in order to determine a direction for the improvement of SNR in an underwater acoustic communication channel. In this paper, the gradient vectors of SNR have been modeled in MATLAB keeping in consideration the parameters as turbulence, shipping activities, wind and heat involved in underwater acoustic communication channel. The input model of SNR has been kept devoid of probability theory and uses some statistical approximations of underwater acoustic noise. Due to the absence of randomness in the variables of input model of SNR, the model output offers no uncertainties; hence giving a deterministic simulation model of the gradient vectors.
{"title":"A deterministic simulation modeling & analysis for the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on ambient noise sources in underwater acoustic communication channel","authors":"H. Iqbal, S. Shaheen, H. Qazi, J. Iqbal","doi":"10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IBCAST.2013.6512174","url":null,"abstract":"This paper encompasses the sensitivity of SNR due to ambient noise sources individually using gradient method. The Gradient method has its own significance in the mathematical modeling and the purpose of using this method is of two fold; First, it gives the sensitivity of selected dependent variable with respect to the small and systematic changes in the independent variables separately or compositely in an equation. Second, it helps to determine a way to search for the optimal region or optimal values of the independent variables. Hence, this paper is intended to highlight the optimal region in order to determine a direction for the improvement of SNR in an underwater acoustic communication channel. In this paper, the gradient vectors of SNR have been modeled in MATLAB keeping in consideration the parameters as turbulence, shipping activities, wind and heat involved in underwater acoustic communication channel. The input model of SNR has been kept devoid of probability theory and uses some statistical approximations of underwater acoustic noise. Due to the absence of randomness in the variables of input model of SNR, the model output offers no uncertainties; hence giving a deterministic simulation model of the gradient vectors.","PeriodicalId":276834,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2013 10th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127476671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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