This paper outlines thesis work aiming to describe and understand the phenomenon of ‘mode confusion’ in the interaction between driver and semi-autonomous vehicles. The final thesis goal is to develop a set of design principles, which can guide the development of in-vehicle information systems to enhance the user experience of semi-automated driving. The scientific approach chosen to address the described knowledge gaps, consists of two phases; an exploratory research phase aiming to understand the research field, which is followed by a design research approach aiming to develop design guidelines. This paper describes the first phase of the project, which aims to build a theoretical framework and finally define a hypothesis concerning the phenomenon of ‘mode confusion’. A first draft of the developed hypothesis is presented.
{"title":"Semi-Autonomous Drive and its Effect on Mode Awareness and User Experience","authors":"Fjollë Novakazi","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335122","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines thesis work aiming to describe and understand the phenomenon of ‘mode confusion’ in the interaction between driver and semi-autonomous vehicles. The final thesis goal is to develop a set of design principles, which can guide the development of in-vehicle information systems to enhance the user experience of semi-automated driving. The scientific approach chosen to address the described knowledge gaps, consists of two phases; an exploratory research phase aiming to understand the research field, which is followed by a design research approach aiming to develop design guidelines. This paper describes the first phase of the project, which aims to build a theoretical framework and finally define a hypothesis concerning the phenomenon of ‘mode confusion’. A first draft of the developed hypothesis is presented.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"352 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134502150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","authors":"M. Mulvenna, Raymond R. Bond","doi":"10.1145/3335082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133991258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cécile Boulard, S. Castellani, T. Colombino, A. Grasso
In the context of addressing global warming issues one of the possible approaches is to provide individuals with tools that support behavior change toward greener practices, as for example in commuting. This paper illustrates the results of a study that we conducted on the effectiveness of self-tracking of commuting data where participants received daily feedback on the financial costs and CO2 emissions associated to their mobility practices. In the results, we describe situations where users either misunderstood or did not accept the data and the models utilized to represent them, highlighting a limitation that diary instruments (and underlying models) of this type would have in supporting people to reflect upon and possibly change their mobility choices.
{"title":"“I Don't Understand…” Issues in Self-Quantifying Commuting","authors":"Cécile Boulard, S. Castellani, T. Colombino, A. Grasso","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335100","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of addressing global warming issues one of the possible approaches is to provide individuals with tools that support behavior change toward greener practices, as for example in commuting. This paper illustrates the results of a study that we conducted on the effectiveness of self-tracking of commuting data where participants received daily feedback on the financial costs and CO2 emissions associated to their mobility practices. In the results, we describe situations where users either misunderstood or did not accept the data and the models utilized to represent them, highlighting a limitation that diary instruments (and underlying models) of this type would have in supporting people to reflect upon and possibly change their mobility choices.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128053735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the adaptation of the knowledge elicitation technique of Applied Cognitive Task Analysis for the maritime navigation domain. The aim is to understand how sea pilots use their expert knowledge for evaluating a situation during a critical navigation act. The findings have implications for the appropriateness of the methodology in the field and for the elicitation of expert knowledge related to safety critical tasks in the maritime domain. The results of this study form a foundation for further research on the cognitive processes that pilots deploy during critical navigation maneuvers and outline the challenges for the applicability of the proposed adaptation for knowledge elicitation in the domain.
{"title":"Adapting Applied Cognitive Task Analysis to identify cognitive challenges in sea pilotage","authors":"Stella Parisi, D. Nathanael","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335096","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the adaptation of the knowledge elicitation technique of Applied Cognitive Task Analysis for the maritime navigation domain. The aim is to understand how sea pilots use their expert knowledge for evaluating a situation during a critical navigation act. The findings have implications for the appropriateness of the methodology in the field and for the elicitation of expert knowledge related to safety critical tasks in the maritime domain. The results of this study form a foundation for further research on the cognitive processes that pilots deploy during critical navigation maneuvers and outline the challenges for the applicability of the proposed adaptation for knowledge elicitation in the domain.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129609510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exertion based video games have sought to encourage physical activity. In this paper we explore whether haptic intervention by the exertion game can encourage physical performance. Our system asks users to perform a series of repetitive strenuous tasks comparable to everyday exercise in a gym. Using Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS), we introduce two further conditions to the exercise. ‘Carrot’ condition applies EMS to enhance muscle contraction in compliance with the exercise motion, in our case exaggerating bicep contraction during a bicep flex. ‘Stick’ condition applies EMS to counteract muscle contraction in opposition to the exercise motion, in our case activating triceps contraction during a bicep flex. Our aim was to explore whether physical exertion in a virtual environment could be increased through these techniques, either by explicitly supporting or further challenging the movement with EMS. This paper discusses the design, implementation and results of this project.
{"title":"Carrot & Stick: Electrical Muscle Stimulation output generated through incentivized/de-incentivized exergames","authors":"Joey Campbell, Mike Fraser","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335108","url":null,"abstract":"Exertion based video games have sought to encourage physical activity. In this paper we explore whether haptic intervention by the exertion game can encourage physical performance. Our system asks users to perform a series of repetitive strenuous tasks comparable to everyday exercise in a gym. Using Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS), we introduce two further conditions to the exercise. ‘Carrot’ condition applies EMS to enhance muscle contraction in compliance with the exercise motion, in our case exaggerating bicep contraction during a bicep flex. ‘Stick’ condition applies EMS to counteract muscle contraction in opposition to the exercise motion, in our case activating triceps contraction during a bicep flex. Our aim was to explore whether physical exertion in a virtual environment could be increased through these techniques, either by explicitly supporting or further challenging the movement with EMS. This paper discusses the design, implementation and results of this project.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130842302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Prytz, P. Johansson, S. Lawesson, M. Ericsson, I. Thylén
Objective: The objective of the current study was to develop and evaluate a persuasive decision-support aiming at reducing pre-hospital delay and increasing ambulance service use for patients who suffer from a recurrent myocardial infarction. Materials and methods: The system was developed as a prototype mobile application for smartphones. The system was evaluated by four end-users with previous experience of myocardial infarction. The user tests were complemented with cognitive walkthroughs and heuristic evaluation. Results: A total of 14 persuasive design principles were used to guide the design of the system. The usability was regarded as high with an average score of 82 on the System Usability Scale. The users reported that they found the system highly persuasive. Conclusions: User-centered design together with persuasive design principles through iterative testing and development has resulted in a prototype app with potential to improve patients’ care-seeking behavior. The content in the prototype will be further evaluated before it is integrated in educational interventions.
{"title":"Pilot evaluation of a persuasive mobile application to change individuals’ behavior during recurrent myocardial infarction","authors":"E. Prytz, P. Johansson, S. Lawesson, M. Ericsson, I. Thylén","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335102","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of the current study was to develop and evaluate a persuasive decision-support aiming at reducing pre-hospital delay and increasing ambulance service use for patients who suffer from a recurrent myocardial infarction. Materials and methods: The system was developed as a prototype mobile application for smartphones. The system was evaluated by four end-users with previous experience of myocardial infarction. The user tests were complemented with cognitive walkthroughs and heuristic evaluation. Results: A total of 14 persuasive design principles were used to guide the design of the system. The usability was regarded as high with an average score of 82 on the System Usability Scale. The users reported that they found the system highly persuasive. Conclusions: User-centered design together with persuasive design principles through iterative testing and development has resulted in a prototype app with potential to improve patients’ care-seeking behavior. The content in the prototype will be further evaluated before it is integrated in educational interventions.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117286903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lígia Duro, T. Romão, E. Karapanos, Pedro F. Campos
Many people nowadays engage with motivational text messages embedded in a visual presentation. However, empirical studies of the impact of textual messages on users’ motivation to exercise have paid little attention to how their visual appeal impacts their motivational capacity. We conducted an online experiment to explore the impact of visual aesthetics on the motivational capacity of positively-framed textual messages. Participants were assigned to three conditions: positively-framed messages a) presented as text-only (no-aesthetics), b) presented with high visual appeal (beautiful), and c) presented with low visual appeal (ugly). Contrary to our expectations, the perceived visual appeal of a message show no impact on its motivational capacity in terms of how motivating it was perceived to be, nor on extrinsic identified behavior regulation. The implications of these results on the design of interactive systems, and physical activity trackers in particular, are discussed herein.
{"title":"How does the visual aesthetics of positively-framed messages impact their motivational capacity?","authors":"Lígia Duro, T. Romão, E. Karapanos, Pedro F. Campos","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335085","url":null,"abstract":"Many people nowadays engage with motivational text messages embedded in a visual presentation. However, empirical studies of the impact of textual messages on users’ motivation to exercise have paid little attention to how their visual appeal impacts their motivational capacity. We conducted an online experiment to explore the impact of visual aesthetics on the motivational capacity of positively-framed textual messages. Participants were assigned to three conditions: positively-framed messages a) presented as text-only (no-aesthetics), b) presented with high visual appeal (beautiful), and c) presented with low visual appeal (ugly). Contrary to our expectations, the perceived visual appeal of a message show no impact on its motivational capacity in terms of how motivating it was perceived to be, nor on extrinsic identified behavior regulation. The implications of these results on the design of interactive systems, and physical activity trackers in particular, are discussed herein.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128548463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The implementation of safety systems on vehicles is expected to introduce dramatic and prominent changes, into our transportation system. On the present, most sophisticated systems currently available to the public, fall under the Society of Automotive Engineers Level 2 - Partial Automation. Over the past decades, modeling traffic has become a fundamental instrument in the planning and operational processes of sustainable mobility. In particular, microscopic simulation tools grant the power to represent the traffic general behavior, through mathematical models such as the car-following, among others. Yet, with the increasing number of automated vehicles (AVs) in our transportation system, it is still uncertain the impacts that these will have, in different traffic conditions. Therefore, becomes essential that microscopic simulation can cope as well with the emerging technologies effects on traffic. This document describes the research methodology that will be used to collect and incorporate Partial Automation effects in a car-following model, to assess impacts in the driving behavior and practical implications. To properly address the challenges inherent to this research project, it was defined four main phases of investigation: (1) Assessment of realistic data collection methods; (2) Drivers’ behavioral adaptation in vehicles equipped with Partial Automation; (3) Microscopic modeling integration problems, and (4) Analyze of the practical effects of vehicles equipped with partial automation in terms of road safety and capacity. The main contribution of this Ph.D. is the improvement of a car-following model based on real traffic data, which will allow addressing uncertainties in assumptions about the future and will prepare decision makers and planners for potential outcomes.
{"title":"Specification of Drivers’ Behavior in Partially Automated Vehicles for Microscopic Simulation Models","authors":"Rita Rodrigues, A. Bastos, Á. Seco","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335118","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of safety systems on vehicles is expected to introduce dramatic and prominent changes, into our transportation system. On the present, most sophisticated systems currently available to the public, fall under the Society of Automotive Engineers Level 2 - Partial Automation. Over the past decades, modeling traffic has become a fundamental instrument in the planning and operational processes of sustainable mobility. In particular, microscopic simulation tools grant the power to represent the traffic general behavior, through mathematical models such as the car-following, among others. Yet, with the increasing number of automated vehicles (AVs) in our transportation system, it is still uncertain the impacts that these will have, in different traffic conditions. Therefore, becomes essential that microscopic simulation can cope as well with the emerging technologies effects on traffic. This document describes the research methodology that will be used to collect and incorporate Partial Automation effects in a car-following model, to assess impacts in the driving behavior and practical implications. To properly address the challenges inherent to this research project, it was defined four main phases of investigation: (1) Assessment of realistic data collection methods; (2) Drivers’ behavioral adaptation in vehicles equipped with Partial Automation; (3) Microscopic modeling integration problems, and (4) Analyze of the practical effects of vehicles equipped with partial automation in terms of road safety and capacity. The main contribution of this Ph.D. is the improvement of a car-following model based on real traffic data, which will allow addressing uncertainties in assumptions about the future and will prepare decision makers and planners for potential outcomes.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127734477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaze interface is a human-computer interaction method that offers numerous benefits to users. Therefore, researchers and practitioners are investigating key design issues in gaze interfaces. In this investigation, we compared user tracking accuracy during smooth pursuit of a target with and without a crosshair. Our comparison was based on data from an experiment in which participants tracked a moving target with a crosshair that they controlled with their eyes and on data from a similar experiment in which users tracked the same target without a crosshair. Maneuvering types and velocity of the target alternated between the experimental blocks. We found that mean tracking accuracy was lower when the target was moving faster and when participants used a crosshair. Our findings suggest that the usage of pointers (e.g., crosshairs, cursors) during smooth pursuit of targets might impair tracking accuracy. These findings resonate with previous concerns about the shifting of user attention from the target to the pointer.
{"title":"User Tracking Accuracy during Smooth Pursuit of a Target with and without a Crosshair","authors":"Assaf Botzer, Tomer Elbaum, Michael Wagner","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335110","url":null,"abstract":"Gaze interface is a human-computer interaction method that offers numerous benefits to users. Therefore, researchers and practitioners are investigating key design issues in gaze interfaces. In this investigation, we compared user tracking accuracy during smooth pursuit of a target with and without a crosshair. Our comparison was based on data from an experiment in which participants tracked a moving target with a crosshair that they controlled with their eyes and on data from a similar experiment in which users tracked the same target without a crosshair. Maneuvering types and velocity of the target alternated between the experimental blocks. We found that mean tracking accuracy was lower when the target was moving faster and when participants used a crosshair. Our findings suggest that the usage of pointers (e.g., crosshairs, cursors) during smooth pursuit of targets might impair tracking accuracy. These findings resonate with previous concerns about the shifting of user attention from the target to the pointer.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122518039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to present PhD research that aims to enhance the User Experience by proposing a framework that combines the three core components of: dynamic interfaces; adaptive interfaces; and intelligent interfaces. Initial research into the field has identified a gap at the intersection of these types of interaction. A dynamic interaction understands the user, their device and their physical environment to provide a basic User Experience. An adaptive interaction understands the user's capabilities further to implement an enhanced experience via usability and accessibility whilst recognising the flow of the user and their pipeline. The intelligent interaction builds further upon this through the incorporation of Machine Learning algorithms that assist in making the interface intelligent and provide a personalised experience for each user based upon their end goal. This in turn will reduce a user's cognitive load and enhance their interactive experience with an interface.
{"title":"A Framework for the Development of a Dynamic Adaptive Intelligent User Interface to Enhance the User Experience","authors":"V. Johnston","doi":"10.1145/3335082.3335125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3335082.3335125","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to present PhD research that aims to enhance the User Experience by proposing a framework that combines the three core components of: dynamic interfaces; adaptive interfaces; and intelligent interfaces. Initial research into the field has identified a gap at the intersection of these types of interaction. A dynamic interaction understands the user, their device and their physical environment to provide a basic User Experience. An adaptive interaction understands the user's capabilities further to implement an enhanced experience via usability and accessibility whilst recognising the flow of the user and their pipeline. The intelligent interaction builds further upon this through the incorporation of Machine Learning algorithms that assist in making the interface intelligent and provide a personalised experience for each user based upon their end goal. This in turn will reduce a user's cognitive load and enhance their interactive experience with an interface.","PeriodicalId":279162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124118192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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