Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520189
Martin Kardasz, Mehrdad Kazerani
As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, an abundance of valuable engineering resources are dedicated to creating full-scale test beds to validate and modify vehicle hardware and software. This paper presents a systematic approach to down-scaling full-size electric vehicles' parameters and environmental conditions to a level that can be handled by a small-scale hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation test bed. The paper also presents the method for scaling the simulation results back up to the full-size vehicle level. The EV test bed is realized using a two-electric machine system, where one machine represents the vehicle's traction motor and the other emulates the vehicle parameters and operating environment.
{"title":"Systematic electric vehicle scaling for test bed simulation","authors":"Martin Kardasz, Mehrdad Kazerani","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520189","url":null,"abstract":"As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, an abundance of valuable engineering resources are dedicated to creating full-scale test beds to validate and modify vehicle hardware and software. This paper presents a systematic approach to down-scaling full-size electric vehicles' parameters and environmental conditions to a level that can be handled by a small-scale hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation test bed. The paper also presents the method for scaling the simulation results back up to the full-size vehicle level. The EV test bed is realized using a two-electric machine system, where one machine represents the vehicle's traction motor and the other emulates the vehicle parameters and operating environment.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129182931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520232
Earl Fairall, N. Schofield, A. Emadi
In this work, non-segmented three-phase 12/10 magnetic topology is compared with a three-phase 12/8 design. While higher pole count often implies higher losses, the 12/10 functions entirely on short flux paths. 12/10 core loss implications are; therefore, not immediately clear when compared with 12/8. Pole count also impacts inductance and saliency, parameters which govern all aspects of switched reluctance machine performance. To better understand the non-segmented three-phase 12/10, a comparison is presented with geometrically and magnetically similar three-phase 12/8 and 12/10 switched reluctance machines. The influence of pole count on losses, torque quality, noise and vibration will be compared under specific defined conditions.
{"title":"Noise and electromagnetic comparison of a three-phase 12/8 and a 12/10 switched reluctance machine","authors":"Earl Fairall, N. Schofield, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520232","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, non-segmented three-phase 12/10 magnetic topology is compared with a three-phase 12/8 design. While higher pole count often implies higher losses, the 12/10 functions entirely on short flux paths. 12/10 core loss implications are; therefore, not immediately clear when compared with 12/8. Pole count also impacts inductance and saliency, parameters which govern all aspects of switched reluctance machine performance. To better understand the non-segmented three-phase 12/10, a comparison is presented with geometrically and magnetically similar three-phase 12/8 and 12/10 switched reluctance machines. The influence of pole count on losses, torque quality, noise and vibration will be compared under specific defined conditions.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126266505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520255
G. Niu, Fei Shang, M. Krishnamurthy, Jose M. Garcia
An electric-hydraulic hybrid (EH2) powertrain has shown significant potential in extending driving range and reducing battery discharge current stress. Research has shown that the size of the hydraulic accumulator can have substantial influence on the performance and even the design of components in the overall electrified powertrain of the vehicle. This paper evaluates three sizes of hydraulic accumulator for urban delivery trucks according to different degrees of hybridization in the electric hydraulic hybrid powertrain. It has been shown that different hydraulic accumulators have notable impact on the reduction of battery current stress and electricity consumption, optimal utilization of hydraulic energy storage system, weight, cost, and hydraulic component efficiency.
{"title":"Evaluation and selection of accumulator size in electric-hydraulic hybrid (EH2) powertrain","authors":"G. Niu, Fei Shang, M. Krishnamurthy, Jose M. Garcia","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520255","url":null,"abstract":"An electric-hydraulic hybrid (EH2) powertrain has shown significant potential in extending driving range and reducing battery discharge current stress. Research has shown that the size of the hydraulic accumulator can have substantial influence on the performance and even the design of components in the overall electrified powertrain of the vehicle. This paper evaluates three sizes of hydraulic accumulator for urban delivery trucks according to different degrees of hybridization in the electric hydraulic hybrid powertrain. It has been shown that different hydraulic accumulators have notable impact on the reduction of battery current stress and electricity consumption, optimal utilization of hydraulic energy storage system, weight, cost, and hydraulic component efficiency.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126470870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520308
Earl Fairall, Cody Rheberhegen, Elizabeth Rowan, J. Lo, B. Bilgin, A. Emadi
The following paper describes three components comprising a thermal management system for a 22,000RPM 150kW switched reluctance machine. The three systems cooling the stator include: jacket cooling, slot cooling and an end-turn cooling systems. The cooling jacket is a dual-flute helical heat exchanger with counterflow coolant. Slot and end-turn cooling systems utilize polymer materials to transport coolant near machine windings with minimal eddy current generation and modest thermal conductivity values. Encapsulate doping was investigated as a method of increasing heat transfer to the cooling systems. Manufacturing and design philosophy is discussed for each system.
{"title":"Maximizing thermal effectiveness and minimizing parasitic loss in a liquid cooled switched reluctance machine","authors":"Earl Fairall, Cody Rheberhegen, Elizabeth Rowan, J. Lo, B. Bilgin, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520308","url":null,"abstract":"The following paper describes three components comprising a thermal management system for a 22,000RPM 150kW switched reluctance machine. The three systems cooling the stator include: jacket cooling, slot cooling and an end-turn cooling systems. The cooling jacket is a dual-flute helical heat exchanger with counterflow coolant. Slot and end-turn cooling systems utilize polymer materials to transport coolant near machine windings with minimal eddy current generation and modest thermal conductivity values. Encapsulate doping was investigated as a method of increasing heat transfer to the cooling systems. Manufacturing and design philosophy is discussed for each system.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127606239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520241
Heinrich T. Eickhoff, R. Seebacher, A. Muetze, E. Strangas
Open circuit faults in inverter driven electric drives have recently gained increasing attention in the scientific community. Since these faults may lead to undesired effects, their fast and unambiguous detection is desirable. This paper proposes a detection algorithm for open circuit faults which is based on the observation of the current control deviation and a subsequent test procedure. This algorithm detects the fault immediately after its occurrence within a few switching periods even during transient operation. The proposed method is tested via simulations and experiments at different operating points of a surface permanent magnet drive.
{"title":"Enhanced and fast detection of open circuit faults in inverters for electric drives","authors":"Heinrich T. Eickhoff, R. Seebacher, A. Muetze, E. Strangas","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520241","url":null,"abstract":"Open circuit faults in inverter driven electric drives have recently gained increasing attention in the scientific community. Since these faults may lead to undesired effects, their fast and unambiguous detection is desirable. This paper proposes a detection algorithm for open circuit faults which is based on the observation of the current control deviation and a subsequent test procedure. This algorithm detects the fault immediately after its occurrence within a few switching periods even during transient operation. The proposed method is tested via simulations and experiments at different operating points of a surface permanent magnet drive.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130620798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520246
M. Chinthavali, Zhiqiang Wang, S. Campbell
This paper presents an analytical model for wireless power transfer system used in electric vehicle application. The equivalent circuit model for each major component of the system is described, including the input voltage source, resonant network, transformer, nonlinear diode rectifier load, etc. Based on the circuit model, the primary side compensation capacitance, equivalent input impedance, active / reactive power are calculated, and the model provides a guideline for parameter selection. In addition, the voltage gain curve from dc output to dc input is derived as well. A hardware prototype with series-parallel resonant stage was built to verify the developed model. The model was validated by comparing the experimental results from the hardware prototype.
{"title":"Analytical modeling of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicle application","authors":"M. Chinthavali, Zhiqiang Wang, S. Campbell","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520246","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an analytical model for wireless power transfer system used in electric vehicle application. The equivalent circuit model for each major component of the system is described, including the input voltage source, resonant network, transformer, nonlinear diode rectifier load, etc. Based on the circuit model, the primary side compensation capacitance, equivalent input impedance, active / reactive power are calculated, and the model provides a guideline for parameter selection. In addition, the voltage gain curve from dc output to dc input is derived as well. A hardware prototype with series-parallel resonant stage was built to verify the developed model. The model was validated by comparing the experimental results from the hardware prototype.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114528363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520190
Mahmoud Faraj, O. Basir
The limited cruising range of Electric vehicles (EVs) and the lack of recharging stations have contributed to what is viewed by potential adopters as range anxiety- contributing to a reserved attitude towards EVs. Within the context of this paper, range anxiety is defined as the concern of the vehicle operator that the EV is running out of energy. Thus, there is a critical need that the vehicle path is planned such that the operator is assured of access to energy recharging and such that the EV must possess a path rejection capability to prevent the potential of an out-of-energy state in-between recharging stations. This paper addresses this issue and proposes a technique to minimize range anxiety. This technique analyzes the battery capacity the EV needs to reach a charging station so that drivers are guaranteed not to be stranded. It also computes a robust estimate of driving range on a specific path. The paper reports simulation work conducted to test and validate the proposed techniques under various driving conditions.
{"title":"Range anxiety reduction in battery-powered vehicles","authors":"Mahmoud Faraj, O. Basir","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520190","url":null,"abstract":"The limited cruising range of Electric vehicles (EVs) and the lack of recharging stations have contributed to what is viewed by potential adopters as range anxiety- contributing to a reserved attitude towards EVs. Within the context of this paper, range anxiety is defined as the concern of the vehicle operator that the EV is running out of energy. Thus, there is a critical need that the vehicle path is planned such that the operator is assured of access to energy recharging and such that the EV must possess a path rejection capability to prevent the potential of an out-of-energy state in-between recharging stations. This paper addresses this issue and proposes a technique to minimize range anxiety. This technique analyzes the battery capacity the EV needs to reach a charging station so that drivers are guaranteed not to be stranded. It also computes a robust estimate of driving range on a specific path. The paper reports simulation work conducted to test and validate the proposed techniques under various driving conditions.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123830644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520198
Carlos Pastor-Fernández, W. Dhammika Widanage, J. Marco, M. Gama-Valdez, G. Chouchelamane
Ageing diagnosis in Lithium-ion batteries is essential to ensure their reliability and optimum performance over time. The Battery Management System (BMS) usually monitors battery ageing with the aid of two metrics: capacity and power fade. However, these metrics do not identify the main root causes of battery ageing. Using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy technique, this work proposes a novel method to identify and quantify ageing mechanisms over time. The method is applied to four parallelised Lithium-ion cells cycled with a constant driving profile for 500 cycles. As a result, Loss of Active Material (LAM) and Loss of Lithium Ions (LLI) were found to be the most pertinent ageing mechanisms over time for the four cells. Identification and quantification of ageing mechanisms will support novel battery lifetime control strategies within the BMS, so that potential failures during normal operation are prevented.
{"title":"Identification and quantification of ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries using the EIS technique","authors":"Carlos Pastor-Fernández, W. Dhammika Widanage, J. Marco, M. Gama-Valdez, G. Chouchelamane","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520198","url":null,"abstract":"Ageing diagnosis in Lithium-ion batteries is essential to ensure their reliability and optimum performance over time. The Battery Management System (BMS) usually monitors battery ageing with the aid of two metrics: capacity and power fade. However, these metrics do not identify the main root causes of battery ageing. Using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy technique, this work proposes a novel method to identify and quantify ageing mechanisms over time. The method is applied to four parallelised Lithium-ion cells cycled with a constant driving profile for 500 cycles. As a result, Loss of Active Material (LAM) and Loss of Lithium Ions (LLI) were found to be the most pertinent ageing mechanisms over time for the four cells. Identification and quantification of ageing mechanisms will support novel battery lifetime control strategies within the BMS, so that potential failures during normal operation are prevented.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116651381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520258
Dheeraj Bobba, Yingjie Li, B. Sarlioglu
High-speed machines are gaining interest, especially in traction applications because of their ability to produce high power density with a reduced size. Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines are ideal for such applications since they have a simple rotor structure that can operate at very high speeds and utilize PM in the stator to achieve high power density. It is also desirable to keep the operating frequency at a minimum possible value to reduce core losses and cost of power electronics. A 6-stator slot, 4-rotor pole (6/4) FSPM machine has the lowest operating frequency for a three-phase FSPM configuration. This research aims at exploring design modifications to minimize the even order harmonic content and cogging torque to make the 6/4 configuration practical for highspeed applications. The analysis and methods proposed in this paper will be useful in tackling harmonic content of FSPM machines in general. An alternative structure with dual-stator configuration is provided to minimize harmonic distortion of the 6/4 FSPM machine in the paper.
{"title":"Design optimization for reducing harmonic distortion of flux linkage in low pole flux-switching permanent magnet machines","authors":"Dheeraj Bobba, Yingjie Li, B. Sarlioglu","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520258","url":null,"abstract":"High-speed machines are gaining interest, especially in traction applications because of their ability to produce high power density with a reduced size. Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines are ideal for such applications since they have a simple rotor structure that can operate at very high speeds and utilize PM in the stator to achieve high power density. It is also desirable to keep the operating frequency at a minimum possible value to reduce core losses and cost of power electronics. A 6-stator slot, 4-rotor pole (6/4) FSPM machine has the lowest operating frequency for a three-phase FSPM configuration. This research aims at exploring design modifications to minimize the even order harmonic content and cogging torque to make the 6/4 configuration practical for highspeed applications. The analysis and methods proposed in this paper will be useful in tackling harmonic content of FSPM machines in general. An alternative structure with dual-stator configuration is provided to minimize harmonic distortion of the 6/4 FSPM machine in the paper.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115418127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-27DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520298
Ran Gu, P. Malysz, Deqiang Wang, Weizhong Wang, Hong Yang, A. Emadi
A pack design methodology is proposed to meet USABC PHEV-40 performance targets using battery and ultracapacitor energy storage elements in direct coupled topologies. Simulated responses of temperature dependent power capability and cold cranking requirements are embedded in the hybrid pack analysis and design process. A case study based on an 18650 NMC Lithium-ion battery cell and a non-aqueous symmetric ultracapacitor is presented to investigate replacement tradeoffs between the two energy storage components. Among the performance metrics in the case study, ultracapacitors give the greatest improvement for short term two second power. However, the 10-second discharge power requirement is shown to be a limiting design factor to which the replacement of battery cells with ultracapacitors is less effective.
{"title":"On the design of a direct cell coupled hybrid energy storage system for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles","authors":"Ran Gu, P. Malysz, Deqiang Wang, Weizhong Wang, Hong Yang, A. Emadi","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520298","url":null,"abstract":"A pack design methodology is proposed to meet USABC PHEV-40 performance targets using battery and ultracapacitor energy storage elements in direct coupled topologies. Simulated responses of temperature dependent power capability and cold cranking requirements are embedded in the hybrid pack analysis and design process. A case study based on an 18650 NMC Lithium-ion battery cell and a non-aqueous symmetric ultracapacitor is presented to investigate replacement tradeoffs between the two energy storage components. Among the performance metrics in the case study, ultracapacitors give the greatest improvement for short term two second power. However, the 10-second discharge power requirement is shown to be a limiting design factor to which the replacement of battery cells with ultracapacitors is less effective.","PeriodicalId":280676,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125391315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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