Composite Structures最新文献

Repair technologies for structural polymeric composites: An automotive perspective 结构性聚合复合材料的修复技术：汽车视角

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118711

Sandeep Olhan , Bindu Antil , B.K. Behera

Structural polymeric composite (SPC) materials have become increasingly popular in the automotive industry due to their lightweight potential, excellent fatigue, and impact resistance, superior damping behavior, and high strength and stiffness properties. The automotive sector shows a strong interest in enhancing the repair methods for SPC. However, with immature SPC design rules, production processes, and joining technologies, the safety and efficiency of composite automotive components will heavily rely on effective structural maintenance and repair. Despite its importance, minimal progress has been made in repairing SPC materials over the past decades. Consequently, there is a pressing need to enhance composite repair practices and foster innovation in this vital area. This paper aims to address this demand by focusing on repair techniques and covering various state-of-the-art processing steps associated with SPC materials in the automotive industry. The review contributes an overview of several crucial aspects of composite repair, encompassing advanced non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for damage assessment, machining of structural composites, and surface preparation techniques. Furthermore, it delves into scarfing repair methods, such as patching and bonding, along with repair monitoring and automation, case studies, and emerging trends in composite repair technologies.

结构聚合物复合材料（SPC）具有轻质、抗疲劳、抗冲击、阻尼性能优越、强度和刚度高等特点，因此在汽车行业越来越受欢迎。汽车行业对改进 SPC 的维修方法表现出浓厚的兴趣。然而，由于 SPC 设计规则、生产工艺和连接技术尚不成熟，复合材料汽车部件的安全性和效率将在很大程度上依赖于有效的结构维护和修理。尽管 SPC 十分重要，但在过去几十年中，SPC 材料的修复工作进展甚微。因此，迫切需要加强复合材料维修实践，促进这一重要领域的创新。本文旨在满足这一需求，重点介绍修复技术，并涵盖汽车行业中与 SPC 材料相关的各种最先进的加工步骤。综述概述了复合材料修复的几个关键方面，包括用于损伤评估的先进无损检测 (NDT) 方法、结构复合材料的机加工以及表面处理技术。此外，它还深入探讨了修补和粘接等疤痕修复方法，以及修复监测和自动化、案例研究和复合材料修复技术的新兴趋势。

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引用次数: 0

Damage of composite thin-walled L profiles made in one production cycle 在一个生产周期内制成的复合薄壁 L 型材的损坏情况

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118705

Jarosław Gawryluk, Andrzej Teter

The experimental results for a thin-walled laminated L-profile under uniform shortening are discussed in this paper. The objective of this study is to explore if accurately manufactured thin-walled structures exhibit similar behaviour at their limit state. Test samples consisted of 18 carbon laminate plies with a nominal structural thickness 0.81 mm. Geometry analysis of real samples was carried out on all samples using a 3D scanner. The columns are subjected to uniform shortening using a testing machine until they fail structurally. Additionally, acoustic emission and the Aramis system are employed. Despite being produced in a single manufacturing cycle, three different form of damage are identified: a crack in one wall near the sample’s center, opening of both walls, and crushing of one end. The acoustic emission signals acquired are analyzed to determine the load at which damage initiates, as well as the moments at which matrix and fiber breakage occur. The accuracy of the sample production (including its thickness and geometrical imperfections) has a significant impact on the form of damage that occurs when thin-walled profiles with one corner are compressed.

本文讨论了薄壁层压 L 型材在均匀缩短条件下的实验结果。本研究的目的是探讨精确制造的薄壁结构在极限状态下是否表现出类似的行为。测试样品由 18 层碳纤维层压板组成，标称结构厚度为 0.81 毫米。使用三维扫描仪对所有样品进行了实际几何分析。使用试验机对支柱进行均匀缩短，直至其结构失效。此外，还采用了声发射和 Aramis 系统。尽管是在一个制造周期内生产的，但还是发现了三种不同形式的损坏：靠近样品中心的一侧壁上出现裂缝、两侧壁开裂以及一端破碎。对获取的声发射信号进行分析，以确定损伤开始时的载荷，以及基体和纤维断裂时的力矩。样品制作的精度（包括厚度和几何缺陷）对单角薄壁型材受压时的损坏形式有很大影响。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal design of electrical conductivity of hybrid multi-dimensional carbon fillers reinforced porous cement-based Composites: Experiment and modelling 混合多维碳填料增强多孔水泥基复合材料导电性的优化设计：实验与建模

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118714

Yucheng Fan , Chuang Feng , Ziyan Hang , Luming Shen , Wengui Li

Cement-based composites with tailored electrical conductivity have promising applications in various intelligent and multifunctional infrastructures. Hybrid reinforcement using multi-dimensional carbon nanofillers is an effective approach for tailoring. However, determining the optimal recipe while balancing electrical properties and cost is challenging, which has not been carried out previously. This study develops a comprehensive micromechanical model with imperfect micromorphology, interface effect and electron tunneling to predict the electrical conductivity of cement-based composites reinforced with different combinations of 0D (zero-dimensional)-carbon black (CB), 1D-carbon nanotube (CNT) and 2D-graphene nanoplatelet (GNP). The influence of pore orientation on the electrical conductivity of the carbon nanofiller reinforced cement-based composites (CNRCCs) is studied for the first time and an effective conductive cross-sectional area method is proposed to investigate the anisotropy of the electrical conductivity in the CNRCCs. Furthermore, this model captures the synergistic effects of the hybrid carbon nanofillers, which has not been addressed in existing theoretical work on conductive composites. The developed model exhibits outstanding agreement with the experimental data of various samples. The optimal proportions for maximum electrical conductivity and performance-to-cost ratio are identified, such as mixing ratios of 80:20 for 0D-CB + 1D-CNT, 50:50 to 70:30 for 0D-CB + 2D-GNP, and 90:10 for 1D-CNT + 2D-GNP. The work is envisaged to provide guidelines for optimizing the performances of CNRCCs with tailored electrical properties and moderate cost.

具有定制导电性的水泥基复合材料在各种智能和多功能基础设施中有着广阔的应用前景。使用多维碳纳米填料进行混合加固是一种有效的定制方法。然而，如何在兼顾导电性能和成本的同时确定最佳配方是一项具有挑战性的工作，这在以前尚未开展过。本研究建立了一个包含不完美微观形态、界面效应和电子隧道的综合微观力学模型，以预测用 0D（零维）-炭黑（CB）、1D-碳纳米管（CNT）和 2D -石墨烯纳米板（GNP）的不同组合增强的水泥基复合材料的导电性。首次研究了孔取向对碳纳米填料增强水泥基复合材料（CNRCCs）导电性的影响，并提出了一种有效导电截面积法来研究 CNRCCs 中导电性的各向异性。此外，该模型还捕捉到了混合碳纳米填料的协同效应，这在现有的导电复合材料理论研究中尚未涉及。所建立的模型与各种样品的实验数据非常吻合。确定了实现最大导电率和性能成本比的最佳比例，如 0D-CB + 1D-CNT 的混合比例为 80:20，0D-CB + 2D-GNP 的混合比例为 50:50 至 70:30，1D-CNT + 2D-GNP 的混合比例为 90:10。这项工作旨在为优化具有定制电气性能和适中成本的 CNRCC 性能提供指导。

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引用次数: 0

Additive manufacturing of gradient porous Si/SiC ceramic parts: Quasi-static behaviors and mechanical properties 梯度多孔硅/碳化硅陶瓷部件的增材制造：准静态行为和机械性能

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118693

Ce Sun , Song Zhang , Rong Tu , Lihong Wu , Jiahao Ye , Yusheng Shi , Chunze Yan , Huajun Sun , Yuhan Liao , Peng Chen , Kai Liu

Porous silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic exhibits low density, high toughness, which endow it with an indispensable role in engineering applications. However, the manufacturing, designing, and making full use of the rich pore structure of gradient porous SiC ceramic to improve its mechanical performance still face many challenges. Herein, the manufacture of gradient porous Si/SiC ceramic part is realized for the first time, and the influence of gradient structural on mechanical properties is deeply analyzed. The results indicate that the porous Si/SiC ceramics with constant gradient transition rate is characterized by step-by-step destruction and can carry larger strains than the porous Si/SiC ceramics with non-constant gradient transition rate. Meanwhile, reducing the gradient span can improve the strength, but it is easy to lead to brittle damage. In particular, gradient porous Si/SiC ceramics with constant gradient transition rate and 30 % gradient span can exhibit both good strength and toughness. The compressive strength can reach 11.71 MPa, and the equivalent elastic modulus can reach 2.28 GPa. Finally, a laminar material prediction model for mechanical properties is presented. This paper presents an effective fabrication method for gradient porous ceramic parts and provides a feasible means for the design and prediction of mechanical properties.

多孔碳化硅（SiC）陶瓷具有低密度、高韧性的特点，在工程应用中发挥着不可或缺的作用。然而，如何制造、设计和充分利用梯度多孔碳化硅（SiC）陶瓷丰富的孔隙结构来提高其机械性能仍面临诸多挑战。本文首次实现了梯度多孔 Si/SiC 陶瓷部件的制造，并深入分析了梯度结构对力学性能的影响。结果表明，与梯度转换率不恒定的多孔 Si/SiC 陶瓷相比，梯度转换率恒定的多孔 Si/SiC 陶瓷具有逐级破坏的特点，能承受更大的应变。同时，减小梯度跨度可以提高强度，但容易导致脆性破坏。特别是梯度转换率恒定、梯度跨度为 30% 的梯度多孔 Si/SiC 陶瓷，可以同时表现出良好的强度和韧性。抗压强度可达 11.71 MPa，等效弹性模量可达 2.28 GPa。最后，介绍了层状材料的力学性能预测模型。本文提出了一种有效的梯度多孔陶瓷部件制造方法，并为机械性能的设计和预测提供了一种可行的手段。

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引用次数: 0

The synergistic effect of nano-Al2O3 size and concentration on the interfacial adhesion properties of SMA/PDMS composites and their enhancement mechanism 纳米 Al2O3 尺寸和浓度对 SMA/PDMS 复合材料界面粘附性能的协同效应及其增强机制

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118696

Junjie Xiao, Biao Liang, Bo Liu, Mengfei Feng, Hui Cheng, Kaifu Zhang

Soft actuators composed of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix hold potential for shape-morphing structures and soft robots. However, SMA exhibits poor bonding with PDMS due to its smooth and nonpolar surfaces. Nanoparticles show promise in interfacial strengthening of polymer composites. In this work, KH590 was used to modify nano-Al₂O₃ particles and deposited on the SMA surface, creating a three-dimensional nanostructure bridging SMA and PDMS to enhance interface strength. The synergistic effects of particle size and content of nano-Al₂O₃ particles on the interface strength were investigated in detail. It founds that interfacial strength decreased exponentially with particle size at content of 1 wt%, while when the content exceeds 1 wt%, the interface strength firstly increases with the particle size and then decreases in a logarithmic trend. Specifically, the interface strength is enhanced by 110 % with 3 wt% 50 nm particles. The interface enhancement mechanism was also discussed. The proposed nanoparticle modification approach was to strengthen SMA/PDMS interphase by increasing and extending fracture path, consuming more fracture energy. Chemical cross-linking also contributed to interface enhancement. This work enhances understanding of interfacial bonding mechanisms and provides valuable guide for interfacial strengthening of SMA/PDMS.

由嵌入聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）基体中的形状记忆合金（SMA）丝组成的软致动器具有形状变态结构和软机器人的潜力。然而，由于 SMA 表面光滑且无极性，因此与 PDMS 的粘合性较差。纳米粒子在聚合物复合材料的界面强化方面大有可为。在这项工作中，KH590 被用于改性纳米 Al2O3 粒子，并沉积在 SMA 表面，从而在 SMA 和 PDMS 之间形成三维纳米结构，增强界面强度。详细研究了纳米 Al2O3 颗粒的粒度和含量对界面强度的协同效应。研究发现，当粒径含量为 1 wt% 时，界面强度随粒径增大呈指数下降；而当粒径含量超过 1 wt% 时，界面强度先随粒径增大而增大，然后呈对数下降趋势。具体来说，3 wt% 的 50 nm 颗粒可使界面强度提高 110%。此外，还讨论了界面增强机制。所提出的纳米粒子改性方法是通过增加和延长断裂路径来增强 SMA/PDMS 相间，从而消耗更多的断裂能量。化学交联也有助于界面增强。这项研究加深了对界面结合机制的理解，为 SMA/PDMS 的界面强化提供了宝贵的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Electrical energy and overpressure characterization of aeronautical fasteners submitted to a lightning current waveform 雷电流波形下航空紧固件的电能和过压特性分析

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118700

Rafael Sousa Martins, Amélie Jarnac, Clément Zaepffel, Philippe Lalande

Understanding and controlling sparking in fasteners and jointed structures is crucial for flight safety, particularly in fuel tanks. This study investigates the relationship between dissipated electrical energy and pressure buildup within fastener cavities during lightning strikes. Experiments were performed on fasteners installed in aluminum and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) samples, with lightning current waveforms ranging from 1 kA to 10 kA. A sensitivity analysis evaluated the influence of key parameters, such as current peak, clearance fit, sample material, polarity, and fastener coating on pressure rise and energy dissipation. Electrical energy up to 80 J and pressure levels reaching 600 bar– unprecedented compared to prior studies– were observed. The pressure-energy relationship showed an approximately linear trend, while pressure exhibited a non-linear dependence on clearance fit. Fastener coating and sample material were found to significantly influence the results, with pressure variations reaching up to a factor of 10 in some cases

了解和控制紧固件和连接结构中的火花对飞行安全至关重要，尤其是在油箱中。本研究调查了雷击时紧固件空腔内耗散的电能与压力积聚之间的关系。实验在铝和碳纤维增强聚合物 (CFRP) 样品中安装的紧固件上进行，雷电流波形范围为 1 kA 至 10 kA。敏感性分析评估了电流峰值、间隙配合、样品材料、极性和紧固件涂层等关键参数对压力上升和能量耗散的影响。与之前的研究相比，观察到的电能高达 80 J，压力水平达到 600 bar，这是前所未有的。压力-能量关系呈现近似线性趋势，而压力与间隙拟合则呈现非线性关系。紧固件涂层和样品材料对结果有显著影响，在某些情况下压力变化可达 10 倍。

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引用次数: 0

An ultrasonic Lamb wave-based non-linear exponential RAPID method for delamination detection in composites 基于超声波 Lamb 波的复合材料分层检测非线性指数 RAPID 方法

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118701

Kai Luo , Liang Chen , Yuan Chen , Lin Ye , Sunquan Yu

Accurate detection of defects, particularly delamination, in carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites is crucial but challenging. This study proposes a baseline-free Lamb wave damage imaging framework that incorporates an adaptive time-reversal technique and a nonlinear exponential reconstruction algorithm for probabilistic inspection of defects (NE-RAPID) in composites. The framework combines two image fusion strategies: full-summation and full-multiplication. NE-RAPID enhances the traditional RAPID algorithm by replacing linear weights with faster-decaying exponential weights, which improves the localization of delamination and other defect regions with higher resolution. A nonlinear exponential weighting function is introduced to address uneven probability distributions caused by the non-uniform density of the sensor network, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of defect detection, including delamination. Experimental validation on CFRP composite plates demonstrates that NE-RAPID significantly outperforms RAPID. NE-RAPID achieves a maximum detection error of only 5.1 mm across different frequencies, whereas RAPID shows a much higher error of 34.41 mm. Furthermore, NE-RAPID generates sharper damage images with fewer artifacts, significantly reducing the risk of false positives and improving the overall detection reliability. These findings indicate that NE-RAPID is a highly promising method for precise and reliable delamination detection in composite materials.

准确检测碳纤维增强聚合物 (CFRP) 复合材料中的缺陷（尤其是分层）至关重要，但也极具挑战性。本研究提出了一种无基线λ波损伤成像框架，该框架结合了自适应时间逆转技术和非线性指数重建算法，用于复合材料缺陷的概率检测（NE-RAPID）。该框架结合了两种图像融合策略：全相加和全相乘。NE-RAPID 增强了传统的 RAPID 算法，用衰减更快的指数权重取代了线性权重，从而以更高的分辨率改进了分层和其他缺陷区域的定位。该算法引入了非线性指数加权函数，以解决传感器网络密度不均匀造成的概率分布不均问题，从而提高包括分层在内的缺陷检测的准确性和可靠性。在 CFRP 复合板上进行的实验验证表明，NE-RAPID 明显优于 RAPID。NE-RAPID 在不同频率下的最大检测误差仅为 5.1 毫米，而 RAPID 则高达 34.41 毫米。此外，NE-RAPID 生成的损伤图像更清晰，伪影更少，大大降低了误报风险，提高了整体检测可靠性。这些研究结果表明，NE-RAPID 是一种非常有前途的方法，可用于对复合材料进行精确、可靠的分层检测。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental results for fatigue damage growth in laminated fiber reinforced cross-ply laminates 层状纤维增强交叉层压板疲劳损伤增长的实验结果

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118702

J. Fernando Rojas Sanchez , Anthony M. Waas

In this paper, experimental results for fatigue damage growth behavior of a single-edge notched cross-ply laminate obtained using Digital Image Correlation (DIC), thermography, and supplemented by prior X-ray computed microtomography (mCT) data, are presented. These experimental results are used to develop a novel multi-scale fatigue life estimation model, whose details are reported elsewhere [1].

本文介绍了利用数字图像相关性（DIC）和热成像技术获得的单边缺口交叉层压板疲劳损伤生长行为的实验结果，并对之前的 X 射线计算机微层析成像（mCT）数据进行了补充。这些实验结果被用于开发一种新型多尺度疲劳寿命估算模型，该模型的详细内容在其他地方进行了报道[1]。

引用次数: 0

Inverse design method of deployable cylindrical composite shells for solar sail structure 用于太阳能帆结构的可展开圆柱形复合材料壳体的逆设计方法

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118698

Zheng Zhang , Diyong Huang , Baisong Pan , Huping Zhou , Jingya Ma , Min Sun , Shouzhi Ren , Guang Zhang

The deployable cylindrical composite shell (DCCS) applied in the solar sail structure requires suitable geometric parameters to have high storage capacity and large sunlight area. However, it is difficult to obtain the suitable geometric parameters of DCCS. An inverse design method combining the advantages of radial basis function artificial neural network (RBFANN) and multi-island genetic algorithm (MIGA) is proposed to obtain the geometric parameters of DCCS in this paper. RBFANN has the ability of self-learning and nonlinear problem solving, MIGA has the ability of global optimization. The specimens of DCCS were manufactured based on the obtained geometric parameters. The coiling radius, driving characteristics of specimens were studied by experiment and finite element simulation, and the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which verify the effectiveness of the inverse design method. The inverse design method proposed in this paper can effectively obtain the geometric parameters of DCCS, which also can guide the design of solar sail structure.

应用于太阳帆结构中的可展开圆柱形复合材料壳体（DCCS）需要合适的几何参数，才能具有较高的存储容量和较大的日照面积。然而，要获得合适的 DCCS 几何参数十分困难。本文结合径向基函数人工神经网络（RBFANN）和多岛遗传算法（MIGA）的优点，提出了一种逆向设计方法来获取 DCCS 的几何参数。RBFANN 具有自学习和非线性问题求解能力，MIGA 具有全局优化能力。根据获得的几何参数制造了 DCCS 试样。通过实验和有限元仿真研究了试样的卷曲半径、驱动特性，数值结果与实验结果吻合良好，验证了逆设计方法的有效性。本文提出的逆向设计方法能有效获得 DCCS 的几何参数，也能指导太阳能帆板结构的设计。

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引用次数: 0

Finite element submodeling technique-based fatigue analysis and reliability modeling of wind turbine blade trailing edge 基于有限元子建模技术的风力涡轮机叶片后缘疲劳分析和可靠性建模

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118699

Zheng Liu, Jinlong Liang, Zhenfeng He, Xin Liu, Haodong Liu, Zhenjiang Shao

Wind turbine blades play a critical role in wind turbine systems, with the trailing edge bearing significant mechanical loads. During operational cycles, the adhesively bonded composite trailing edge may fracture, delaminate, or buckle, posing a safety risk for wind turbine systems. While finite element simulation is commonly used to evaluate blade fatigue performance due to the challenges associated with full-scale structural tests in terms of costs and time, current methodologies mainly focus on the overall fatigue characteristics of blades, neglecting specialized analyses. A finite element submodeling approach is presented here to address this research gap by analyzing wind turbine blade trailing edges for fatigue and reliability. Specifically, a finite element submodeling method is proposed to analyze local fatigue failures of wind turbine blades. This approach is validated through fatigue testing on conventional composite bonded specimens. Subsequently, failure analyses and life predictions are conducted on the trailing edges to investigate their fatigue behavior, followed by an exploration of the impact of submodeling techniques on the analysis results. Furthermore, considering material and dimensional uncertainties, a fatigue reliability model for trailing edges is developed. The results demonstrate that this approach effectively overcomes the limitations of overall blade finite element analysis by enabling localized fatigue analysis of the trailing edge, providing valuable insights for improving wind turbine blade design optimization.

风力涡轮机叶片在风力涡轮机系统中起着至关重要的作用，其后缘承受着巨大的机械负荷。在运行周期中，粘合的复合材料后缘可能会断裂、脱层或弯曲，给风力涡轮机系统带来安全风险。由于全尺寸结构试验在成本和时间上的挑战，有限元模拟通常用于评估叶片的疲劳性能，但目前的方法主要关注叶片的整体疲劳特性，而忽略了专门的分析。本文介绍了一种有限元子建模方法，通过分析风力涡轮机叶片后缘的疲劳和可靠性来填补这一研究空白。具体而言，本文提出了一种有限元子建模方法，用于分析风力涡轮机叶片的局部疲劳失效。通过对传统复合材料粘接试样进行疲劳测试，对该方法进行了验证。随后，对拖曳边缘进行了失效分析和寿命预测，以研究其疲劳行为，并探讨了子建模技术对分析结果的影响。此外，考虑到材料和尺寸的不确定性，还为后缘建立了疲劳可靠性模型。结果表明，这种方法有效地克服了整体叶片有限元分析的局限性，实现了对后缘的局部疲劳分析，为改进风力涡轮机叶片的优化设计提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0