Composite Structures最新文献_第4页

Additively manufactured plate lattice interpenetrating composites with high yield strength and energy absorbing capability 具有高屈服强度和能量吸收能力的叠加制造板格互穿复合材料

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118709

Xiaobo Wang , Bo Song , Hanxing Zhu , Zhi Zhang , Lei Zhang , Yusheng Shi

Mechanical metamaterials with plate lattice architectures have been proven to possess specific stiffness and strength superior to that of traditional truss lattice structures. Current research mainly focuses on the mechanical properties of plate lattice skeletons, leaving interpenetrating composites with plate lattice architectures unexplored. In this work, plate lattice interpenetrating composites have been prepared by filling epoxy resin matrix to additively manufactured stainless steel plate lattice skeletons. By conducting uniaxial quasi-static compression tests and performing finite element analysis, mechanical performance and deformation patterns of plate lattice interpenetrating composites have been revealed. Results show that Young’s modulus and yield strength of plate lattice skeletons can be greatly enhanced by introducing an epoxy resin matrix to form interpenetrating composites. In addition, interpenetrating composites have been observed to deform stably without shear damage or fracture, facilitating the increase of energy-absorbing capability. Specific energy absorption of interpenetrating composites is up to three times higher than that of corresponding pure skeletons, which could extend the potentials of plate lattice metamaterials in energy-absorbing applications.

事实证明，具有板格结构的机械超材料具有优于传统桁架格结构的特定刚度和强度。目前的研究主要集中在板格骨架的机械性能上，而对板格架构的互穿复合材料的研究则相对较少。在这项研究中，通过在加成制造的不锈钢板格骨架中填充环氧树脂基体，制备了板格互穿复合材料。通过进行单轴准静态压缩试验和有限元分析，揭示了板格互穿复合材料的力学性能和变形模式。结果表明，通过引入环氧树脂基体形成互穿复合材料，可大大提高板晶格骨架的杨氏模量和屈服强度。此外，还观察到互穿复合材料能够稳定变形，不会出现剪切损伤或断裂，从而有助于提高能量吸收能力。互穿复合材料的比能量吸收能力比相应的纯骨架高出三倍，这可以扩展板晶格超材料在能量吸收应用方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Three-dimensional graded metamaterials with customizable thermal responses under space-variant temperature stimuli 在空间变温刺激下具有可定制热响应的三维梯度超材料

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118717

Kaiyu Wang , Zhengtong Han , Fan Lin , Xin-Lin Gao

Metamaterials with customizable thermal expansions are desirable for important engineering applications. However, existing metamaterials were designed by considering uniform temperature distributions. In the current study, a new design strategy is proposed to develop metamaterials with customizable thermal deformations under space-variant temperature (SVT) stimuli which are non-uniform. Three types of bi-material pyramidal units are first devised through using different material distributions and geometrical configurations. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of these units are derived in closed-form expressions. Graded metamaterials are then constructed from the pyramidal units through combined periodic and graded tessellations. Based on targeted thermal deformations under prescribed stimuli, geometrical parameters are identified, and the thermal strains are determined using the newly derived analytical formulas and finite element simulations. The two sets of predictions are found to agree well, which indicates the effectiveness of the new design strategy for the graded metamaterials. The numerical results reveal that the graded metamaterials exhibit customizable uniform deformations under the SVT stimuli. In addition, targeted customizable thermal deformations with quadric-shape strain profiles are achieved in the graded metamaterials. Compared with the conventional design with uniform temperature distributions, the newly proposed design of metamaterials under non-uniform SVT stimuli is more versatile and flexible, thereby providing a systematic strategy for developing graded metamaterials.

具有可定制热膨胀特性的超材料是重要工程应用的理想选择。然而，现有的超材料都是在考虑均匀温度分布的情况下设计的。本研究提出了一种新的设计策略，以开发在非均匀的空间变温（SVT）刺激下具有可定制热变形的超材料。首先，通过使用不同的材料分布和几何配置，设计出三种类型的双材料金字塔单元。这些单元的热膨胀系数（CTE）以闭合形式表达。然后，通过组合周期性和梯度性的网格，从金字塔单元中构建出梯度超材料。根据规定刺激下的目标热变形，确定了几何参数，并使用新推导的分析公式和有限元模拟确定了热应变。两组预测结果非常吻合，这表明新设计策略对梯度超材料的有效性。数值结果表明，在 SVT 刺激下，分级超材料表现出可定制的均匀变形。此外，分级超材料还实现了具有四边形应变曲线的定向定制热变形。与温度分布均匀的传统设计相比，新提出的非均匀 SVT 刺激下的超材料设计更具通用性和灵活性，从而为开发梯度超材料提供了系统性策略。

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引用次数: 0

A transparent multifunctional integrated meta-window with excellent sound insulation and vibration reduction performance 具有出色隔音和减震性能的透明多功能一体化元窗

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118719

Zhengqing Tang, Xingzhong Wang, Shilin Li, Hongxing Li, Zicai Zhu, Fuyin Ma

As the speed of transportation vehicles such as high-speed train continues to increase, there has been a significant rise in both noise and vibration levels, substantially compromising passenger comfort and overall travel experience. In transportation vehicles, the necessity for transparency in windows poses a challenge in incorporating high sound-insulating or vibration-damping materials, rendering windows vulnerable in sound isolation and vibration attenuation. This study employs an integrated material-structural design concept to develop a multifunctional meta-window, which ensures optimal lighting transmission while achieving outstanding sound-insulating and vibration-damping capabilities. Two distinct structures, named ultra-lightweight thin plate-type metamaterial and high-stability thick plate-type metamaterial, are precisely designed to adapt to varied application scenarios. Utilizing a gradient parameter multi-cell parallel synergetic coupling design method broadens the working bandwidth for sound insulation. The meta-window incorporates localized resonance units, enabling acoustic and vibrational energy dissipation through low-frequency resonance, effectively enhancing the window’s sound-insulating and vibration-damping capabilities. Comprising a composite of various transparent materials, the design amalgamates sound insulation, vibration reduction, and light transmission, eliminating the need for opaque sound-insulating or damping materials. Consequently, it holds substantial potential for applications across sectors, including train, aircraft, and architectural domains.

随着高速列车等交通工具的速度不断提高，噪音和振动水平也大幅上升，严重影响了乘客的舒适度和整体旅行体验。在交通工具中，车窗必须具有透明度，这对采用高隔音或减振材料提出了挑战，使车窗在隔音和减振方面变得脆弱。本研究采用材料-结构一体化设计理念，开发出一种多功能元车窗，在实现出色隔音和减震性能的同时，确保最佳的透光性。我们精确设计了两种不同的结构，即超轻薄板型超材料和高稳定性厚板型超材料，以适应不同的应用场景。利用梯度参数多单元平行协同耦合设计方法，拓宽了隔音的工作带宽。元窗采用局部共振单元，通过低频共振实现声能和振动能的消散，有效增强了元窗的隔音和减振能力。该设计由多种透明材料复合而成，集隔音、减震和透光于一体，无需使用不透明的隔音或减震材料。因此，它在火车、飞机和建筑等各个领域都具有巨大的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Non-dimensional linear analysis of one-dimensional wave propagation in tensegrity structures 张弦结构中一维波传播的非线性分析

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118694

R. Yazbeck , S. El-Borgi , J.G. Boyd , M. Chen , D.C. Lagoudas

This study presents a methodology for analyzing wave propagation in tensegrity lattices within a non-dimensional framework. Two strategies are employed to predict pass bands and bandgaps. The first examines wave dispersion through a single representative unit cell, using dispersion curves to identify bandgaps and pass bands. The second models the structure as a finite system, using modal analysis to compute the steady-state response to harmonic loads and plot the frequency response function. Two unit cells are analyzed: a two-dimensional D-bar unit and a three-dimensional tensegrity prism. The study investigates axial and in-plane bending wave propagation in a D-bar chain and axial wave propagation in a prism chain. After non-dimensionalizing the equations of motion, key parameters such as ratios of stiffness per unit length, mass per unit length, and prestress are identified. Its is shown that varying these parameters shifts the bandgap locations and widths. Prestress has minimal effect in the D-bar case, while a slight shift in the first bandgap is observed in the prism. The predictions from unit cell and finite structure analyses show good agreement.

本研究提出了一种在非维度框架内分析张力格栅中波传播的方法。研究采用了两种策略来预测通带和带隙。第一种方法是研究波在单个代表性单元格中的频散，利用频散曲线确定带隙和通带。第二种方法是将结构作为有限系统建模，利用模态分析计算对谐波负载的稳态响应，并绘制频率响应函数图。研究分析了两个单元：二维 D 型杆单元和三维张弦棱柱体。研究调查了轴向波和平面内弯曲波在 D 形杆链中的传播情况，以及轴向波在棱柱链中的传播情况。在对运动方程进行非尺寸化之后，确定了一些关键参数，如单位长度刚度比、单位长度质量比和预应力。结果表明，这些参数的变化会改变带隙的位置和宽度。预应力对 D 型棒的影响微乎其微，而在棱柱中观察到第一带隙有轻微移动。单细胞和有限结构分析的预测结果显示出良好的一致性。

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引用次数: 0

Lightning damage analysis of composite bolted joint structures based on thermal-electrical-structural simulation 基于热-电-结构模拟的复合螺栓连接结构雷击损伤分析

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118720

Yuchen Zhu , Yuan Li , Jinru Sun , Chuang Liu , Xiangjie Xu , Kaifu Zhang , Hui Cheng

To analyze the impact of connection behavior on lightning-induced ablation damage in composite bolted joints, this paper analyzes contact properties based on thermoelectric characteristics and develops a lightning ablation damage model for composite interference joint structures. A preliminary analysis of the electrothermal conduction process in the interference-fit composite joints clarifies the influence of connection behavior on lightning damage. The results indicate that a skin effect occurs near the fastener-to-CFRP interface, and both Joule heating and conductive heat significantly affect the temperature distribution in the composite bolted joint structure. A lightning current impact test was also conducted for validation and comparison. Quantitative comparisons show that the predicted in-plane damage aligns well with the experimental results, with an error of 7.37%, while the difference in thickness direction damage is more significant, with an error of 40.02%. Furthermore, the analysis of ablation damage characteristics reveals that the most severe damage occurs in the lower-middle region of the CFRP thickness due to the combined effects of interference damage and bolt preload, while damage in other areas is suppressed.

为了分析连接行为对复合材料螺栓连接中雷电诱发的烧蚀损伤的影响，本文基于热电特性分析了接触特性，并建立了复合材料过盈连接结构的雷电烧蚀损伤模型。通过初步分析过盈配合复合材料接头中的电热传导过程，阐明了连接行为对雷击损伤的影响。结果表明，紧固件-CFRP 接口附近会产生集肤效应，焦耳热和传导热都会显著影响复合材料螺栓连接结构中的温度分布。此外，还进行了雷电流冲击试验进行验证和比较。定量比较结果表明，平面内损伤的预测结果与实验结果吻合较好，误差为 7.37%，而厚度方向损伤的差异较大，误差为 40.02%。此外，对烧蚀损伤特征的分析表明，由于干涉损伤和螺栓预紧力的共同作用，最严重的损伤发生在 CFRP 厚度的中下部区域，而其他区域的损伤受到抑制。

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引用次数: 0

Bi-directional homogenization method for the design of multi-scale mechanical metamaterials 设计多尺度机械超材料的双向均质化方法

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118678

Senlin Huo , Bingxiao Du , Yong Zhao , Xiaoqian Chen

Inverse Homogenization (IH) is a classical concept for the Topology Optimization (TO) of metamaterials. Traditional IH design methods are mainly the single-scale TO within a Representative Volume Element (RVE), suffering from challenges like design inefficiency and under-utilization of the design space. To address the problems, a Bi-Directional Homogenization (BDH) method based on the multi-scale TO principle is proposed for the design of mechanical metamaterials. The general design framework includes a forward homogenization process from the microscale to the mesoscale, and an inverse design process from the macroscale to the mesoscale. Firstly, at the microscale, the Graded Microstructures (GMs) are generated via a multi-cut level set method. Then, by varying the relative densities, the microstructure instances are sampled and the mesoscopic equivalent properties are computed using the homogenization method. After that, a spectral decomposition-based interpolation model is used to predict the relationship between the relative densities and the elastic tensors. These preparations allow for the mesoscopic optimization of the GMs distribution, and the reconstruction of the graded multi-scale metamaterial structures by using a mapping transformation on the density field. Various types of auxetic metamaterials are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the proposed method.

反均质（IH）是超材料拓扑优化（TO）的一个经典概念。传统的 IH 设计方法主要是在代表体积元素（RVE）内进行单尺度 TO，存在设计效率低、设计空间利用不足等问题。针对这些问题，我们提出了一种基于多尺度 TO 原理的双向均质化（BDH）方法，用于机械超材料的设计。总体设计框架包括从微观尺度到中观尺度的正向均质化过程，以及从宏观尺度到中观尺度的反向设计过程。首先，在微观尺度上，通过多切水平集方法生成分级微结构（GMs）。然后，通过改变相对密度，对微结构实例进行采样，并使用均质化方法计算中观等效特性。然后，使用基于谱分解的插值模型来预测相对密度和弹性张量之间的关系。通过这些准备工作，可以对 GMs 分布进行介观优化，并利用密度场上的映射变换重建分级多尺度超材料结构。为了证明所提方法的有效性和多功能性，我们对各种类型的辅助超材料进行了研究。

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引用次数: 0

Repair technologies for structural polymeric composites: An automotive perspective 结构性聚合复合材料的修复技术：汽车视角

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118711

Sandeep Olhan , Bindu Antil , B.K. Behera

Structural polymeric composite (SPC) materials have become increasingly popular in the automotive industry due to their lightweight potential, excellent fatigue, and impact resistance, superior damping behavior, and high strength and stiffness properties. The automotive sector shows a strong interest in enhancing the repair methods for SPC. However, with immature SPC design rules, production processes, and joining technologies, the safety and efficiency of composite automotive components will heavily rely on effective structural maintenance and repair. Despite its importance, minimal progress has been made in repairing SPC materials over the past decades. Consequently, there is a pressing need to enhance composite repair practices and foster innovation in this vital area. This paper aims to address this demand by focusing on repair techniques and covering various state-of-the-art processing steps associated with SPC materials in the automotive industry. The review contributes an overview of several crucial aspects of composite repair, encompassing advanced non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for damage assessment, machining of structural composites, and surface preparation techniques. Furthermore, it delves into scarfing repair methods, such as patching and bonding, along with repair monitoring and automation, case studies, and emerging trends in composite repair technologies.

结构聚合物复合材料（SPC）具有轻质、抗疲劳、抗冲击、阻尼性能优越、强度和刚度高等特点，因此在汽车行业越来越受欢迎。汽车行业对改进 SPC 的维修方法表现出浓厚的兴趣。然而，由于 SPC 设计规则、生产工艺和连接技术尚不成熟，复合材料汽车部件的安全性和效率将在很大程度上依赖于有效的结构维护和修理。尽管 SPC 十分重要，但在过去几十年中，SPC 材料的修复工作进展甚微。因此，迫切需要加强复合材料维修实践，促进这一重要领域的创新。本文旨在满足这一需求，重点介绍修复技术，并涵盖汽车行业中与 SPC 材料相关的各种最先进的加工步骤。综述概述了复合材料修复的几个关键方面，包括用于损伤评估的先进无损检测 (NDT) 方法、结构复合材料的机加工以及表面处理技术。此外，它还深入探讨了修补和粘接等疤痕修复方法，以及修复监测和自动化、案例研究和复合材料修复技术的新兴趋势。

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引用次数: 0

Damage of composite thin-walled L profiles made in one production cycle 在一个生产周期内制成的复合薄壁 L 型材的损坏情况

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118705

Jarosław Gawryluk, Andrzej Teter

The experimental results for a thin-walled laminated L-profile under uniform shortening are discussed in this paper. The objective of this study is to explore if accurately manufactured thin-walled structures exhibit similar behaviour at their limit state. Test samples consisted of 18 carbon laminate plies with a nominal structural thickness 0.81 mm. Geometry analysis of real samples was carried out on all samples using a 3D scanner. The columns are subjected to uniform shortening using a testing machine until they fail structurally. Additionally, acoustic emission and the Aramis system are employed. Despite being produced in a single manufacturing cycle, three different form of damage are identified: a crack in one wall near the sample’s center, opening of both walls, and crushing of one end. The acoustic emission signals acquired are analyzed to determine the load at which damage initiates, as well as the moments at which matrix and fiber breakage occur. The accuracy of the sample production (including its thickness and geometrical imperfections) has a significant impact on the form of damage that occurs when thin-walled profiles with one corner are compressed.

本文讨论了薄壁层压 L 型材在均匀缩短条件下的实验结果。本研究的目的是探讨精确制造的薄壁结构在极限状态下是否表现出类似的行为。测试样品由 18 层碳纤维层压板组成，标称结构厚度为 0.81 毫米。使用三维扫描仪对所有样品进行了实际几何分析。使用试验机对支柱进行均匀缩短，直至其结构失效。此外，还采用了声发射和 Aramis 系统。尽管是在一个制造周期内生产的，但还是发现了三种不同形式的损坏：靠近样品中心的一侧壁上出现裂缝、两侧壁开裂以及一端破碎。对获取的声发射信号进行分析，以确定损伤开始时的载荷，以及基体和纤维断裂时的力矩。样品制作的精度（包括厚度和几何缺陷）对单角薄壁型材受压时的损坏形式有很大影响。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal design of electrical conductivity of hybrid multi-dimensional carbon fillers reinforced porous cement-based Composites: Experiment and modelling 混合多维碳填料增强多孔水泥基复合材料导电性的优化设计：实验与建模

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118714

Yucheng Fan , Chuang Feng , Ziyan Hang , Luming Shen , Wengui Li

Cement-based composites with tailored electrical conductivity have promising applications in various intelligent and multifunctional infrastructures. Hybrid reinforcement using multi-dimensional carbon nanofillers is an effective approach for tailoring. However, determining the optimal recipe while balancing electrical properties and cost is challenging, which has not been carried out previously. This study develops a comprehensive micromechanical model with imperfect micromorphology, interface effect and electron tunneling to predict the electrical conductivity of cement-based composites reinforced with different combinations of 0D (zero-dimensional)-carbon black (CB), 1D-carbon nanotube (CNT) and 2D-graphene nanoplatelet (GNP). The influence of pore orientation on the electrical conductivity of the carbon nanofiller reinforced cement-based composites (CNRCCs) is studied for the first time and an effective conductive cross-sectional area method is proposed to investigate the anisotropy of the electrical conductivity in the CNRCCs. Furthermore, this model captures the synergistic effects of the hybrid carbon nanofillers, which has not been addressed in existing theoretical work on conductive composites. The developed model exhibits outstanding agreement with the experimental data of various samples. The optimal proportions for maximum electrical conductivity and performance-to-cost ratio are identified, such as mixing ratios of 80:20 for 0D-CB + 1D-CNT, 50:50 to 70:30 for 0D-CB + 2D-GNP, and 90:10 for 1D-CNT + 2D-GNP. The work is envisaged to provide guidelines for optimizing the performances of CNRCCs with tailored electrical properties and moderate cost.

具有定制导电性的水泥基复合材料在各种智能和多功能基础设施中有着广阔的应用前景。使用多维碳纳米填料进行混合加固是一种有效的定制方法。然而，如何在兼顾导电性能和成本的同时确定最佳配方是一项具有挑战性的工作，这在以前尚未开展过。本研究建立了一个包含不完美微观形态、界面效应和电子隧道的综合微观力学模型，以预测用 0D（零维）-炭黑（CB）、1D-碳纳米管（CNT）和 2D -石墨烯纳米板（GNP）的不同组合增强的水泥基复合材料的导电性。首次研究了孔取向对碳纳米填料增强水泥基复合材料（CNRCCs）导电性的影响，并提出了一种有效导电截面积法来研究 CNRCCs 中导电性的各向异性。此外，该模型还捕捉到了混合碳纳米填料的协同效应，这在现有的导电复合材料理论研究中尚未涉及。所建立的模型与各种样品的实验数据非常吻合。确定了实现最大导电率和性能成本比的最佳比例，如 0D-CB + 1D-CNT 的混合比例为 80:20，0D-CB + 2D-GNP 的混合比例为 50:50 至 70:30，1D-CNT + 2D-GNP 的混合比例为 90:10。这项工作旨在为优化具有定制电气性能和适中成本的 CNRCC 性能提供指导。

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引用次数: 0

A comparative study of tensile fatigue life in various flexible-oriented three-dimensional woven process structures based on finite element models 基于有限元模型的各种柔性导向三维编织工艺结构拉伸疲劳寿命比较研究

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Composite Structures

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118680

Chenchen Tan , Hao Huang , Zheng Sun , Zhongde Shan , Zitong Guo , Kehong Guo , Jinshuai Bian , Weihao Wang

To achieve a comparative study of tensile fatigue life in various three-dimensional (3D) structures, 3D orthogonal woven composite (3DOWC), off-axis 3D orthogonal woven composite (OA-3DOWC) and multiaxial 3D woven composite (M3DWC), were designed and manufactured. Tensile and fatigue tests were performed, and microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT) was utilized to observe the mesoscale structural characteristics and the fatigue fracture morphology. Finite element models were established based on the observation. Then a modified power-law fatigue damage model was used for reduction of stiffness and strength during fatigue loading process, and a normalized life model was used to predict the fatigue life at different stress levels. Comparisons were conducted with existing models to analyze their predictive accuracy. Results showed that the tensile strength of M3DWC decreased by 54.6 % compared to 3DOWC, while its fatigue performance of M3DWC was significantly improved. Additionally, OA-3DOWC had the worst tensile strength but slightly improved fatigue performance compared to 3DOWC. And for the maximum error between the prediction and experimental results for the fatigue life is 11.16 %. For the fatigue life at the same stress level, M3DWC > OA-3DOWC > 3DOWC, due to the complex crack propagation paths in the staggered fiber arrangement.

为了比较研究各种三维（3D）结构的拉伸疲劳寿命，设计并制造了三维正交编织复合材料（3DOWC）、离轴三维正交编织复合材料（OA-3DOWC）和多轴三维编织复合材料（M3DWC）。研究人员进行了拉伸和疲劳试验，并利用微计算机断层扫描（Micro-CT）技术观察了中尺度结构特征和疲劳断裂形态。根据观察结果建立了有限元模型。然后使用修正的幂律疲劳损伤模型来降低疲劳加载过程中的刚度和强度，并使用归一化寿命模型来预测不同应力水平下的疲劳寿命。与现有模型进行比较，分析其预测精度。结果表明，与 3DOWC 相比，M3DWC 的抗拉强度降低了 54.6%，而其疲劳性能却有了显著改善。此外，与 3DOWC 相比，OA-3DOWC 的抗拉强度最差，但疲劳性能略有改善。疲劳寿命的预测结果与实验结果之间的最大误差为 11.16%。在相同应力水平下的疲劳寿命方面，M3DWC > OA-3DOWC > 3DOWC 由于交错纤维排列的裂纹扩展路径复杂。

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引用次数: 0