Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120037
Swarup K. Barman, Azam Arefi
This paper presents a unified numerical framework for delamination modeling that couples a 3D degenerated shell formulation with a sub-laminate representation of delaminated regions and a penalty-based normal contact (frictionless) law enforced at paired interface nodes. The free vibration eigenproblem augments global stiffness with contact contributions and is solved iteratively with an adaptive penalty update to suppress interpenetration of sub-laminates while ensuring numerical stability and convergence. The framework enables efficient quantification of contact induced nonlinearity in composite plates using frequency- and mode shape-based indicators together with plate level spatial maps. Validation against published results shows good agreement. A parametric study covering 54 single-interface configurations (spanning layup, boundary condition, delamination size, and in-plane location) and two multi-interface case studies demonstrates the method’s performance and robustness. Enforcing contact eliminates interpenetration and suppresses spurious local modes present in no-contact models. Contact nonlinearity alters both spectrum and shapes, with effects that increase with mode number; mode shapes are generally more sensitive than frequencies, and sensitivity is governed more by damage size than by in-plane location. The study provides a useful reference for model-updating or digital-twin frameworks, where understanding contact-sensitive modal behavior is essential.
{"title":"Penalty-contact-driven nonlinearity in the eigenstructure of laminated plates","authors":"Swarup K. Barman, Azam Arefi","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a unified numerical framework for delamination modeling that couples a 3D degenerated shell formulation with a sub-laminate representation of delaminated regions and a penalty-based normal contact (frictionless) law enforced at paired interface nodes. The free vibration eigenproblem augments global stiffness with contact contributions and is solved iteratively with an adaptive penalty update to suppress interpenetration of sub-laminates while ensuring numerical stability and convergence. The framework enables efficient quantification of contact induced nonlinearity in composite plates using frequency- and mode shape-based indicators together with plate level spatial maps. Validation against published results shows good agreement. A parametric study covering 54 single-interface configurations (spanning layup, boundary condition, delamination size, and in-plane location) and two multi-interface case studies demonstrates the method’s performance and robustness. Enforcing contact eliminates interpenetration and suppresses spurious local modes present in no-contact models. Contact nonlinearity alters both spectrum and shapes, with effects that increase with mode number; mode shapes are generally more sensitive than frequencies, and sensitivity is governed more by damage size than by in-plane location. The study provides a useful reference for model-updating or digital-twin frameworks, where understanding contact-sensitive modal behavior is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 120037"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120031
Jianxing Mao , Xiaoqi Wu , Wulin Si , Xiaojie Zhang , Jinchao Pan , Chao Wu , Dianyin Hu , Rongqiao Wang
Wrinkle defects in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite blades, especially in dovetail regions, exhibit complex polymorphic morphologies that impair structural performance. However, conventional non-destructive testing and image-based detection methods struggle to accurately recognize and quantify such defects due to data scarcity, segmentation discontinuities and the lack of robust geometric evaluation tools. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a novel framework based on a fiber-reconstruction generative adversarial network (FR-GAN) for the intelligent recognition and quantification of polymorphic wrinkles in CFRP dovetails. The method introduces a high-quality and annotated dataset focused on dovetail-region wrinkle morphologies. It then establishes an FR-GAN to restore the segmentation results. FR-GAN reconstructs continuous fiber structures via orientation-aware modeling. It also incorporates a quantification strategy combining connected component analysis with Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial (PCHIP) curve fitting for accurate geometric evaluation. Results indicate the method achieves an average mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 89.25% and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 8.8680 on the validation set, while FR-GAN refinement yields a Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) of 0.4097 and L1 loss of 0.4405. Most wrinkle angle measurements deviate less than 15% from the ground truth, demonstrating the framework’s effectiveness for engineering-level defect detection. This work offers a scalable and high-precision solution for assessing wrinkle defects in aerospace composites and lays the groundwork for future multimodal wrinkle inspection.
碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料叶片的褶皱缺陷，特别是在燕尾区域，表现出复杂的多态形态，影响结构性能。然而，传统的无损检测和基于图像的检测方法由于数据稀缺、分割不连续和缺乏鲁棒的几何评估工具而难以准确识别和量化这些缺陷。为了克服这些限制，本研究提出了一种基于纤维重建生成对抗网络（FR-GAN）的新框架，用于智能识别和量化CFRP燕尾中的多态褶皱。该方法引入了一个高质量的、带注释的数据集，重点关注燕尾区域皱纹形态。然后建立一个FR-GAN来恢复分割结果。FR-GAN通过定向感知建模重建连续纤维结构。结合连通分量分析和分段三次埃尔米特插值多项式（PCHIP）曲线拟合的定量策略，进行精确的几何评价。结果表明，该方法在验证集上实现了89.25%的平均交联（Intersection over Union, mIoU）和8.8680的平均绝对误差（MAE），而FR-GAN改进的结构相似指数度量（SSIM）为0.4097，L1损失为0.4405。大多数折皱角度测量值与地面真实值的偏差小于15%，证明了该框架在工程级缺陷检测方面的有效性。该研究为航空复合材料的折皱缺陷评估提供了一种可扩展、高精度的解决方案，为未来的多模态折皱检测奠定了基础。
{"title":"Recognition and quantification of polymorphic wrinkles based on FR-GAN in resin-based composite blade","authors":"Jianxing Mao , Xiaoqi Wu , Wulin Si , Xiaojie Zhang , Jinchao Pan , Chao Wu , Dianyin Hu , Rongqiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wrinkle defects in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite blades, especially in dovetail regions, exhibit complex polymorphic morphologies that impair structural performance. However, conventional non-destructive testing and image-based detection methods struggle to accurately recognize and quantify such defects due to data scarcity, segmentation discontinuities and the lack of robust geometric evaluation tools. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a novel framework based on a fiber-reconstruction generative adversarial network (FR-GAN) for the intelligent recognition and quantification of polymorphic wrinkles in CFRP dovetails. The method introduces a high-quality and annotated dataset focused on dovetail-region wrinkle morphologies. It then establishes an FR-GAN to restore the segmentation results. FR-GAN reconstructs continuous fiber structures via orientation-aware modeling. It also incorporates a quantification strategy combining connected component analysis with Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial (PCHIP) curve fitting for accurate geometric evaluation. Results indicate the method achieves an average mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 89.25% and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 8.8680 on the validation set, while FR-GAN refinement yields a Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) of 0.4097 and L1 loss of 0.4405. Most wrinkle angle measurements deviate less than 15% from the ground truth, demonstrating the framework’s effectiveness for engineering-level defect detection. This work offers a scalable and high-precision solution for assessing wrinkle defects in aerospace composites and lays the groundwork for future multimodal wrinkle inspection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 120031"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120074
Haiyang Li , Jiajie Deng , Zhichun Yin , Bing Yang , Lixia Du , Shoune Xiao , Dongdong Chen
Thick composite structures have attracted numerous attentions in vehicle structural design owing to their high load-carrying capability and lightweight potentials. Understanding their impact resistance and damage mechanisms is crucial for structural safety design. In this study, plain-weave fabric prepregs reinforced by carbon and/or glass fiber were stacked and hot-pressed to produce carbon fiber, glass fiber, and sandwich-like hybrid laminates. Low-velocity impact tests were performed at four distinct energy levels of 25 J, 40 J, 75 J, and 110 J. Post-impact damage characterizations were systematically conducted through optical inspection, phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). A finite element model based on continuum damage mechanics theory was developed to explore the impact damage mechanisms. Experimental results demonstrated that the impact response of the thick composite laminates comprises the following typical stages: the loading, unloading, and/or plateau stages. Compared to carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) specimens, fiber hybrid specimens exhibited superior energy absorption capacity at low to medium impact energies. At an impact energy of 25 J, the CGC(CFRP-GFRP-CFRP) specimen exhibited a maximum energy absorption enhancement of 16.35%. However, at high impact energy levels, fiber hybridization exhibited negligible improvement in energy absorption. Furthermore, the macroscopic failure modes of C/G (CFRP/GFRP) hybrid specimens were predominantly governed by their surface layer materials. Compared to CFRP specimens, the incorporation of GFRP layers effectively suppressed initial delamination and through-thickness crack propagation, primarily due to an altered energy dissipation mechanism involving transitioning from localized brittle fracture to more extensive delamination, buckling, and other deformation mechanisms across larger areas. Numerical simulations revealed that fiber hybridization can effectively reduce the intra-laminar damage extent in composite laminates, albeit at the expense of increased inter-laminar damage. Compared to the C-110J specimen, the CGC-110J specimen exhibited a maximum inter-laminar damage area of 12.06 cm2, representing a 63.83% increase.
{"title":"Internal damage quantification of low-velocity impact damage in thick FRP laminates using phased-array ultrasound, X-ray CT, and finite element methods","authors":"Haiyang Li , Jiajie Deng , Zhichun Yin , Bing Yang , Lixia Du , Shoune Xiao , Dongdong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thick composite structures have attracted numerous attentions in vehicle structural design owing to their high load-carrying capability and lightweight potentials. Understanding their impact resistance and damage mechanisms is crucial for structural safety design. In this study, plain-weave fabric prepregs reinforced by carbon and/or glass fiber were stacked and hot-pressed to produce carbon fiber, glass fiber, and sandwich-like hybrid laminates. Low-velocity impact tests were performed at four distinct energy levels of 25 J, 40 J, 75 J, and 110 J. Post-impact damage characterizations were systematically conducted through optical inspection, phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT), and X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). A finite element model based on continuum damage mechanics theory was developed to explore the impact damage mechanisms. Experimental results demonstrated that the impact response of the thick composite laminates comprises the following typical stages: the loading, unloading, and/or plateau stages. Compared to carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) specimens, fiber hybrid specimens exhibited superior energy absorption capacity at low to medium impact energies. At an impact energy of 25 J, the CGC(CFRP-GFRP-CFRP) specimen exhibited a maximum energy absorption enhancement of 16.35%. However, at high impact energy levels, fiber hybridization exhibited negligible improvement in energy absorption. Furthermore, the macroscopic failure modes of C/G (CFRP/GFRP) hybrid specimens were predominantly governed by their surface layer materials. Compared to CFRP specimens, the incorporation of GFRP layers effectively suppressed initial delamination and through-thickness crack propagation, primarily due to an altered energy dissipation mechanism involving transitioning from localized brittle fracture to more extensive delamination, buckling, and other deformation mechanisms across larger areas. Numerical simulations revealed that fiber hybridization can effectively reduce the intra-laminar damage extent in composite laminates, albeit at the expense of increased inter-laminar damage. Compared to the C-110J specimen, the CGC-110J specimen exhibited a maximum inter-laminar damage area of 12.06 cm<sup>2</sup>, representing a 63.83% increase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 120074"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120050
Xinying Zhu , Lulu Liu , Chenyang Shao , Jianwu Zhou , Gang Luo , Zhenhua Zhao , Wei Chen
Voids, characterized by intra-filament and inter-filament voids, are critical defects in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed continuous fiber composites, significantly influencing their mechanical behavior and damage mechanisms. While previous studies have mainly focused on fiber printing damage and inter-filament voids, the impact of voids formed within the filaments during deposition has received limited attention, especially in relation to dynamic mechanical properties vital for structural impact resistance. This research gap hampers accurate assessments of FDM structural components with both intra- and inter-filament voids. To address this, the present study innovatively investigates the impact of intra-filament voids by comparing two types of continuous carbon fiber (CCF) filaments— as-received and printed— in terms of microstructural characteristics, quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties, and damage mechanisms. Through quasi-static tests, the effects of intra-filament voids and fiber damage caused by the printing process are preliminary decoupled. Dynamic tests further reveal that intra-filament voids positively influence the dynamic mechanical properties of the composites. In addition, the quantitative analysis of microstructure and mechanical performance provides essential data for developing microscopic and constitutive models that incorporate void defects, advancing the design and assessment of FDM composites.
{"title":"Intra-filament voids in FDM 3D-printed continuous carbon fiber composites: microstructure, quasi-static/dynamic mechanical properties, and damage mechanisms","authors":"Xinying Zhu , Lulu Liu , Chenyang Shao , Jianwu Zhou , Gang Luo , Zhenhua Zhao , Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Voids, characterized by intra-filament and inter-filament voids, are critical defects in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed continuous fiber composites, significantly influencing their mechanical behavior and damage mechanisms. While previous studies have mainly focused on fiber printing damage and inter-filament voids, the impact of voids formed within the filaments during deposition has received limited attention, especially in relation to dynamic mechanical properties vital for structural impact resistance. This research gap hampers accurate assessments of FDM structural components with both intra- and inter-filament voids. To address this, the present study innovatively investigates the impact of intra-filament voids by comparing two types of continuous carbon fiber (CCF) filaments— as-received and printed— in terms of microstructural characteristics, quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties, and damage mechanisms. Through quasi-static tests, the effects of intra-filament voids and fiber damage caused by the printing process are preliminary decoupled. Dynamic tests further reveal that intra-filament voids positively influence the dynamic mechanical properties of the composites. In addition, the quantitative analysis of microstructure and mechanical performance provides essential data for developing microscopic and constitutive models that incorporate void defects, advancing the design and assessment of FDM composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 120050"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119941
Ahmed Lahbazi, Adrien Baldit, Jean-François Ganghoffer
Higher gradient nonlinear models capturing size effects are elaborated for soft composites and architected media. A two-scale homogenization method is established to identify the nonlinear response of the underlying periodic microstructure, in the framework of strain gradient mechanics. The response of the base material is supposed to obey isotropic nonlinear elasticity. The anisotropy of the microstructure is captured by structural tensors reflecting its material symmetry group. A set of kinematic invariants of the macroscopic energy density is derived as the components of the Cauchy–Green first and second gradient tensors in the basis of the principal directions of anisotropy, proving to be invariant under the action of the material symmetry group, and accounting for rotations, reflections and permutations of the principal directions of anisotropy. The developed hyperelastic formulation is validated thanks to both full-field FE simulations and comparison with measurements done over pantographic structures exhibiting pronounced strain gradient effects. We exemplify the proposed homogenization method with different 2D microstructures and demonstrate the predictive capacity of the identified anisotropic hyperelastic model.
{"title":"Hyperelastic anisotropic effective strain gradient models based on large strains homogenization and applications to architected materials","authors":"Ahmed Lahbazi, Adrien Baldit, Jean-François Ganghoffer","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Higher gradient nonlinear models capturing size effects are elaborated for soft composites and architected media. A two-scale homogenization method is established to identify the nonlinear response of the underlying periodic microstructure, in the framework of strain gradient mechanics. The response of the base material is supposed to obey isotropic nonlinear elasticity. The anisotropy of the microstructure is captured by structural tensors reflecting its material symmetry group. A set of kinematic invariants of the macroscopic energy density is derived as the components of the Cauchy–Green first and second gradient tensors in the basis of the principal directions of anisotropy, proving to be invariant under the action of the material symmetry group, and accounting for rotations, reflections and permutations of the principal directions of anisotropy. The developed hyperelastic formulation is validated thanks to both full-field FE simulations and comparison with measurements done over pantographic structures exhibiting pronounced strain gradient effects. We exemplify the proposed homogenization method with different 2D microstructures and demonstrate the predictive capacity of the identified anisotropic hyperelastic model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 119941"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120006
Maximilian Jux, Thorsten Mahrholz, Peter Wierach
While boehmite nanoparticle integration enhances GFRP mechanical performance under standard conditions, their behavior under environmental stressors is less understood. This study investigates the effect of moisture absorption and temperature on nanoparticle-reinforced GFRP. A wind power-proven epoxy resin was modified with 5 and 10 wt% taurine-modified boehmite nanoparticles using a three-roll mill. Appropriate processing parameters are identified using viscosity and DSC measurements. Nanomodified GFRP composites are prepared via Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI). Furthermore, the influence of moisture and temperature on GFRP properties, considering particle content and layer thickness, was investigated. Therefore, samples are stored under hot-wet conditions (50 °C; 70 % RH) until water saturation. Tensile properties of saturated and dry samples are then evaluated at test temperatures between − 20 °C and + 60 °C. Rheological tests have shown that the viscosity increases more quickly with rising temperature and increasing particle content. At the same time, the initial viscosity drops and the pot life extends by increasing the temperature, particularly for the particle-reinforced resins. DSC measurements confirm that the investigated particle modification only has a small impact on the epoxy system’s cross-linking, while the addition of water leads to reduced cross-linking. Furthermore, the storage of GFRP samples under hot-wet conditions showed that particle modification leads to reduced moisture absorption, which, however, increases again with increasing particle content. Different mechanisms, particularly based on polarity and tortuosity effects, are discussed. The tensile tests reveal that storage under hot-wet conditions results in a decrease in secant modulus (up to 58 %), ultimate tensile strength (up to 53 %) and strain to failure (up to 62 %). This effect is more pronounced in materials with particle modification.
{"title":"Influence of boehmite nanoparticles on moisture absorption and temperature effects in GFRP used for wind turbine blades","authors":"Maximilian Jux, Thorsten Mahrholz, Peter Wierach","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While boehmite nanoparticle integration enhances GFRP mechanical performance under standard conditions, their behavior under environmental stressors is less understood. This study investigates the effect of moisture absorption and temperature on nanoparticle-reinforced GFRP. A wind power-proven epoxy resin was modified with 5 and 10 wt% taurine-modified boehmite nanoparticles using a three-roll mill. Appropriate processing parameters are identified using viscosity and DSC measurements. Nanomodified GFRP composites are prepared via Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI). Furthermore, the influence of moisture and temperature on GFRP properties, considering particle content and layer thickness, was investigated. Therefore, samples are stored under hot-wet conditions (50 °C; 70 % RH) until water saturation. Tensile properties of saturated and dry samples are then evaluated at test temperatures between − 20 °C and + 60 °C. Rheological tests have shown that the viscosity increases more quickly with rising temperature and increasing particle content. At the same time, the initial viscosity drops and the pot life extends by increasing the temperature, particularly for the particle-reinforced resins. DSC measurements confirm that the investigated particle modification only has a small impact on the epoxy system’s cross-linking, while the addition of water leads to reduced cross-linking. Furthermore, the storage of GFRP samples under hot-wet conditions showed that particle modification leads to reduced moisture absorption, which, however, increases again with increasing particle content. Different mechanisms, particularly based on polarity and tortuosity effects, are discussed. The tensile tests reveal that storage under hot-wet conditions results in a decrease in secant modulus (up to 58 %), ultimate tensile strength (up to 53 %) and strain to failure (up to 62 %). This effect is more pronounced in materials with particle modification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 120006"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120028
Wonjong Jeong , Joowon Suh , Suk Hoon Kang , Taejeong An , Avinash Chavan , Sang Hoon Kim , Heung Nam Han , Ho Jin Ryu
Additive manufacturing (AM) of Inconel 718 suffers from severe high-temperature ductility loss and dynamic strain aging (DSA) attributed to solute–dislocation interactions and microstructural heterogeneities. This study introduces a laser-driven in-situ boride-formation strategy using laser powder-directed energy deposition (LPDED) with SMART-processed powders containing up to 3 wt% TiB2. During deposition, TiB2 decomposes and reacts with Cr, Mo, and Nb to form thermally stable (Cr,Mo,Nb)3B2 borides, while increasing Al2O3 particle density and refining the microstructure. These in-situ phases reduce thermal conductivity, promote Zener pinning during heat treatment, and modify γ′/γ″ precipitation by enriching the matrix in Ti and depleting Nb. Mechanical testing demonstrates that TiB2 addition enhances both strength and strain-hardening at room and high temperatures. At 650 °C, the 1 wt% TiB2 composite achieved a yield strength of 1013 MPa with 12.6 % elongation, exceeding the AMS requirement. While the unreinforced alloy exhibited pronounced DSA-induced serrations, TiB2-reinforced samples exhibited smooth flow behavior. DSA suppression arises from the sequestration of Nb, Cr, and Mo into stable M3B2 borides, eliminating solute-dislocation pinning, while the borides provide barriers. Overall, in-situ boride formation effectively addresses deformation instabilities in AM Inconel 718, enabling simultaneous improvements in high-temperature strength, ductility, and thermal stability.
{"title":"Laser-driven in-situ synthesis of boride-reinforced Inconel 718 for overcoming high temperature deformation instabilities","authors":"Wonjong Jeong , Joowon Suh , Suk Hoon Kang , Taejeong An , Avinash Chavan , Sang Hoon Kim , Heung Nam Han , Ho Jin Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing (AM) of Inconel 718 suffers from severe high-temperature ductility loss and dynamic strain aging (DSA) attributed to solute–dislocation interactions and microstructural heterogeneities. This study introduces a laser-driven in-situ boride-formation strategy using laser powder-directed energy deposition (LPDED) with SMART-processed powders containing up to 3 wt% TiB<sub>2</sub>. During deposition, TiB<sub>2</sub> decomposes and reacts with Cr, Mo, and Nb to form thermally stable (Cr,Mo,Nb)<sub>3</sub>B<sub>2</sub> borides, while increasing Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particle density and refining the microstructure. These in-situ phases reduce thermal conductivity, promote Zener pinning during heat treatment, and modify γ′/γ″ precipitation by enriching the matrix in Ti and depleting Nb. Mechanical testing demonstrates that TiB<sub>2</sub> addition enhances both strength and strain-hardening at room and high temperatures. At 650 °C, the 1 wt% TiB<sub>2</sub> composite achieved a yield strength of 1013 MPa with 12.6 % elongation, exceeding the AMS requirement. While the unreinforced alloy exhibited pronounced DSA-induced serrations, TiB<sub>2</sub>-reinforced samples exhibited smooth flow behavior. DSA suppression arises from the sequestration of Nb, Cr, and Mo into stable M<sub>3</sub>B<sub>2</sub> borides, eliminating solute-dislocation pinning, while the borides provide barriers. Overall, in-situ boride formation effectively addresses deformation instabilities in AM Inconel 718, enabling simultaneous improvements in high-temperature strength, ductility, and thermal stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 120028"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120047
Yang Li, Zhi-Jian Wang, Yu-Hang Ke, Jian Zang, Ye-Wei Zhang
Driven by the demand for lightweight design in aerospace composite structures, this study proposes an image recognition technique (IRT) to analyze the vibration behavior of aircraft composite support structures (ACSS) containing irregularly shaped cutouts. The image recognition technology accurately extracts the shape, dimensions and quantity of cutout from photographs of the support structure. Moreover, compared to traditional methods, IRT does not require specific formulas or equations to solve for the cutouts. By combining IRT with the Rayleigh-Ritz method, a dynamic model for aircraft composite support structures with complex cutouts is established. Numerical results analysis and modal validation through finite element analysis and modal experiments confirmed the model’s accuracy. Furthermore, the study investigates the effects of varying notch shapes, quantities, and sizes on the vibration characteristics of composite combined structures. This technology provides a rapid, non-contact tool for designing and optimizing perforated composite components in aerospace applications.
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Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120072
Elshan Ahani , Jian Yang , Ali Ahani
Laminated glass (LG) has become a core construction material, yet its brittle behavior and configuration dependent mechanics complicate reliable assessment under dynamic loading. The need for early damage detection is critical, as even small stiffness losses or microcracks can rapidly undermine façade safety. This study establishes a regulation compliant SHM framework by integrating a finite element (FE) and Python engine with 1944 impact simulations across nine LG configurations, incorporating polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and SentryGlas Plus (SGP) interlayers for ply thicknesses of 4, 6, and 8 mm. Modal, spectral, time frequency, and statistical indicators are extracted from pre impact and post impact responses. The results show that only a select subset of features, principally eigenfrequencies, frequency response function (FRF) descriptors, and targeted transmissibility function (TF) metrics, retains stable discriminative power, with damaged cases presenting frequency reductions exceeding 8–12 % in higher modes. Small missile impacts generate strain peaks nearly twice those of large missile events, producing far clearer diagnostic signatures. These findings provide a physically grounded basis for SHM driven failure detection, digital twin integration, and intelligent monitoring strategies for next generation glass façades.
夹层玻璃（LG）已成为核心建筑材料，但其脆性行为和结构依赖力学使动态载荷下的可靠评估复杂化。早期损伤检测是至关重要的，因为即使是很小的刚度损失或微裂纹也会迅速破坏表面的安全性。本研究通过将有限元（FE）和Python引擎与1944年9种LG配置的碰撞模拟集成在一起，建立了符合法规的SHM框架，其中包括聚乙烯醇丁醛（PVB），乙烯乙酸乙烯酯（EVA）和sentryglass Plus （SGP）夹层，厚度分别为4,6和8mm。从撞击前和撞击后的响应中提取模态、频谱、时间频率和统计指标。结果表明，只有一部分特征（主要是特征频率、频响函数（FRF）描述符和目标传递函数（TF）指标）保持稳定的判别能力，损坏情况在更高模式下频率降低超过8 - 12%。小型导弹撞击产生的应变峰值几乎是大型导弹事件的两倍，从而产生更清晰的诊断特征。这些发现为SHM驱动的故障检测、数字孪生集成和下一代玻璃幕墙的智能监测策略提供了物理基础。
{"title":"Structural glass health monitoring: A comparative evaluation of flaw detection approaches","authors":"Elshan Ahani , Jian Yang , Ali Ahani","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laminated glass (LG) has become a core construction material, yet its brittle behavior and configuration dependent mechanics complicate reliable assessment under dynamic loading. The need for early damage detection is critical, as even small stiffness losses or microcracks can rapidly undermine façade safety. This study establishes a regulation compliant SHM framework by integrating a finite element (FE) and Python engine with 1944 impact simulations across nine LG configurations, incorporating polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and SentryGlas Plus (SGP) interlayers for ply thicknesses of 4, 6, and 8 mm. Modal, spectral, time frequency, and statistical indicators are extracted from pre impact and post impact responses. The results show that only a select subset of features, principally eigenfrequencies, frequency response function (FRF) descriptors, and targeted transmissibility function (TF) metrics, retains stable discriminative power, with damaged cases presenting frequency reductions exceeding 8–12 % in higher modes. Small missile impacts generate strain peaks nearly twice those of large missile events, producing far clearer diagnostic signatures. These findings provide a physically grounded basis for SHM driven failure detection, digital twin integration, and intelligent monitoring strategies for next generation glass façades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 120072"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120034
Yanqin Zeng , Lihua Xu , Fanghong Wu , Le Huang , Min Yu , Yin Chi
The GFRP tube-confined UHPC-filled steel-encased column (FUSRC), renowned for its ultrahigh load-carrying capacity and superior corrosion resistance, emerges as a highly promising structural candidate for future marine engineering applications. This study presented an experimental investigation on 20 FUSRC stub specimens subjected to eccentric compression for varying GFRP winding angles and tube thicknesses. Pressure-sensing films and a macro-mesoscale finite element model were employed to elucidate the working mechanism of the specimen throughout the loading process. Experimental results showed that FUSRC stub specimens exhibited two distinct failure patterns: compression-controlled and tension-controlled failure patterns, which can be influenced by the GFRP winding angles and thickness. Specimens with a fiber winding angle 70° predominantly exhibited compression-controlled failure with the same load eccentricity. The pressure-sensing films and simulations reveal that the confinement provided by the GFRP tube mainly exists in the compressive region of UHPC, decreasing by 56 % as the load eccentricity increased from 20 mm to 60 mm, resulting in a maximum reduction of 67 % in load-carrying capacity. Moreover, the reinforcing effect of the GFRP tubes combined with the bridging action of steel fibers effectively inhibited the propagation of existing tensile cracks, thereby improving the ductility of FUSRC and inducing a multi-cracking failure pattern. The results confirm that FUSRC specimens satisfy the plane-section assumption, and the yield of the profile steel’s flange on the tension side is recommended as an indicator for predicting the load-carrying capacity of FUSRC exhibiting a tension-controlled failure pattern. This research can inform the practical application of FUSRC, leading to more efficient, resilient, and sustainable structural solutions in marine and harsh environments.
{"title":"Eccentric compression behavior of GFRP tube-confined UHPC-filled steel-encased stub columns","authors":"Yanqin Zeng , Lihua Xu , Fanghong Wu , Le Huang , Min Yu , Yin Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.120034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The GFRP tube-confined UHPC-filled steel-encased column (FUSRC), renowned for its ultrahigh load-carrying capacity and superior corrosion resistance, emerges as a highly promising structural candidate for future marine engineering applications. This study presented an experimental investigation on 20 FUSRC stub specimens subjected to eccentric compression for varying GFRP winding angles and tube thicknesses. Pressure-sensing films and a macro-mesoscale finite element model were employed to elucidate the working mechanism of the specimen throughout the loading process. Experimental results showed that FUSRC stub specimens exhibited two distinct failure patterns: compression-controlled and tension-controlled failure patterns, which can be influenced by the GFRP winding angles and thickness. Specimens with a fiber winding angle <span><math><mrow><mi>θ</mi><mo>≥</mo></mrow></math></span> 70° predominantly exhibited compression-controlled failure with the same load eccentricity. The pressure-sensing films and simulations reveal that the confinement provided by the GFRP tube mainly exists in the compressive region of UHPC, decreasing by 56 % as the load eccentricity <span><math><msub><mi>e</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math></span> increased from 20 mm to 60 mm, resulting in a maximum reduction of 67 % in load-carrying capacity. Moreover, the reinforcing effect of the GFRP tubes combined with the bridging action of steel fibers effectively inhibited the propagation of existing tensile cracks, thereby improving the ductility of FUSRC and inducing a multi-cracking failure pattern. The results confirm that FUSRC specimens satisfy the plane-section assumption, and the yield of the profile steel’s flange on the tension side is recommended as an indicator for predicting the load-carrying capacity of FUSRC exhibiting a tension-controlled failure pattern. This research can inform the practical application of FUSRC, leading to more efficient, resilient, and sustainable structural solutions in marine and harsh environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":281,"journal":{"name":"Composite Structures","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 120034"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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