Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108793
Ziyang Zhou , Zhengquan Wang , Ranming Niu , Siyu Huang , Julie M. Cairney , Xueling Fan , Eason Yi-Sheng Chen
Rust conversion and composite coatings offer effective solutions for enhancing corrosion resistance in structural materials used in marine environments. They are both cost-effective and easy to implement. In this study, we introduce a novel coating that combines tannic acid-based iron-rust conversion with graphene-based nanocomposites, resulting in improved corrosion resistance for epoxy coatings on steel surfaces. We employed a variety of characterization techniques to assess the superior anti-corrosion and structural properties of these new coatings, including X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with focused ion beam and energy dispersion X-ray spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, as well as mechanical testing. The development of the new materials holds promise for environmental benefits and widespread industrial applications of nanocomposites in the field of rust conversion coatings.
{"title":"Enhancing maritime corrosion resistance of epoxy coating on steels by using rust conversion and graphene-based composites","authors":"Ziyang Zhou , Zhengquan Wang , Ranming Niu , Siyu Huang , Julie M. Cairney , Xueling Fan , Eason Yi-Sheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rust conversion and composite coatings offer effective solutions for enhancing corrosion resistance in structural materials used in marine environments. They are both cost-effective and easy to implement. In this study, we introduce a novel coating that combines tannic acid-based iron-rust conversion with graphene-based nanocomposites, resulting in improved corrosion resistance for epoxy coatings on steel surfaces. We employed a variety of characterization techniques to assess the superior anti-corrosion and structural properties of these new coatings, including X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with focused ion beam and energy dispersion X-ray spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, as well as mechanical testing. The development of the new materials holds promise for environmental benefits and widespread industrial applications of nanocomposites in the field of rust conversion coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108793"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108778
Yin Tao , Peishi Yu , Xin Zhang , Linhai Huang , Yuxiang Zhao , Maoyang Li , Junhua Zhao
High-precision strain feedback is crucial for both monitoring and control of structure-sensing assembly, but remains a big challenge especially for soft components due to the transferring loss and reinforcement effect. Here we propose a closed-loop solution from unified mechanics model for sensor-assembly design to hybrid additive manufacturing of structure-sensing component. As a result, the strains of soft component from surface to interior are detected with high accuracy, thereby removing the barriers for the strain-based control. Benefit from the proposed mechanics model, the high-precision strains at the fingertips with printed sensors are detected with a reduction for measurement error from 37% to 7%. Consequently, the grip postures can be adjusted according to the feedback strain to accurately control the pinching forces, which successfully pick up fragile objects without damage. This mechanics-model-based strain-feedback control strategy provides insight for achieving intelligent soft equipment with the demand of high-precision control of postures and forces.
{"title":"A unified mechanics model of direct-ink-writing printed flexible sensor benefits the accurate force control of soft manipulator","authors":"Yin Tao , Peishi Yu , Xin Zhang , Linhai Huang , Yuxiang Zhao , Maoyang Li , Junhua Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-precision strain feedback is crucial for both monitoring and control of structure-sensing assembly, but remains a big challenge especially for soft components due to the transferring loss and reinforcement effect. Here we propose a closed-loop solution from unified mechanics model for sensor-assembly design to hybrid additive manufacturing of structure-sensing component. As a result, the strains of soft component from surface to interior are detected with high accuracy, thereby removing the barriers for the strain-based control. Benefit from the proposed mechanics model, the high-precision strains at the fingertips with printed sensors are detected with a reduction for measurement error from 37% to 7%. Consequently, the grip postures can be adjusted according to the feedback strain to accurately control the pinching forces, which successfully pick up fragile objects without damage. This mechanics-model-based strain-feedback control strategy provides insight for achieving intelligent soft equipment with the demand of high-precision control of postures and forces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108778"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143376717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108775
Yuxuan Sun , Fei Zhang , Lei Guo , Zifu Zhu , Xiaobo Gao , Wei Feng , Qingbin Zheng
Developing polymer-based thermal interface materials (TIMs) with multifunctional properties remains a severe challenge for modern electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, we demonstrate silicon carbide (SiC)-boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) skeleton reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite with comprehensive properties based on an interconnected and oriented SiC-BNNS skeleton through directional freeze-drying and in-situ growth methods. The SiC nanowire bridged oriented BNNS skeleton synergistically enhances overall thermal conduction of the nanocomposite. Notably, the SiC-BNNS/PDMS nanocomposite exhibits an unprecedented in-plane thermal conductivity of 2.09 W·m−1·K−1, and through-plane thermal conductivity of 1.39 W·m−1·K−1 at 9.70 vol% content. The SiC-BNNS/PDMS nanocomposite also shows an excellent breakdown strength of 37.78 kV/mm, and an improved flame resistance. Molecular dynamics simulations and finite element analysis were used to investigate the interfacial thermal transport behaviour of the SiC-BNNS/PDMS. The unique fabrication strategy provides a bright prospect to construct multifunctional TIMs with optimized comprehensive performance, promoting their applications in next-generation electronics.
{"title":"Thermally conductive nanocomposite with silicon carbide nanowire-bridged boron nitride skeleton for multifunctional thermal interface materials","authors":"Yuxuan Sun , Fei Zhang , Lei Guo , Zifu Zhu , Xiaobo Gao , Wei Feng , Qingbin Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing polymer-based thermal interface materials (TIMs) with multifunctional properties remains a severe challenge for modern electronic and optoelectronic devices. Herein, we demonstrate silicon carbide (SiC)-boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) skeleton reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite with comprehensive properties based on an interconnected and oriented SiC-BNNS skeleton through directional freeze-drying and in-situ growth methods. The SiC nanowire bridged oriented BNNS skeleton synergistically enhances overall thermal conduction of the nanocomposite. Notably, the SiC-BNNS/PDMS nanocomposite exhibits an unprecedented in-plane thermal conductivity of 2.09 W·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup>, and through-plane thermal conductivity of 1.39 W·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup> at 9.70 vol% content. The SiC-BNNS/PDMS nanocomposite also shows an excellent breakdown strength of 37.78 kV/mm, and an improved flame resistance. Molecular dynamics simulations and finite element analysis were used to investigate the interfacial thermal transport behaviour of the SiC-BNNS/PDMS. The unique fabrication strategy provides a bright prospect to construct multifunctional TIMs with optimized comprehensive performance, promoting their applications in next-generation electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108775"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108759
L. Torres , K. Saavedra , F. Daghia
This work explores different strategies to improve the delamination response of carbon fibers reinforced composite materials. In particular, it targets the creation of bridging ligaments to provide an extra dissipation mechanism with a long cohesive length. Two types of interlaminar inserts are considered: glass fiber mat and 3D printed TPU patterns. The delamination response is evaluated with respect to the baseline using both DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) and CDP (Climbing Drum Peel) tests. The process zone size and the microscale fracture mechanisms are also observed. Although an overall improvement of the delamination response is observed for all inserts, it strongly depend on the type of insert and test. CDP result in less ligament creation than DCB tests while TPU patterns reach higher energy release rates but, in some cases, a more unstable propagation than mat inserts.
{"title":"Experimental strategies to improve composite delamination response by promoting dissipation mechanisms at different length scales","authors":"L. Torres , K. Saavedra , F. Daghia","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work explores different strategies to improve the delamination response of carbon fibers reinforced composite materials. In particular, it targets the creation of bridging ligaments to provide an extra dissipation mechanism with a long cohesive length. Two types of interlaminar inserts are considered: glass fiber mat and 3D printed TPU patterns. The delamination response is evaluated with respect to the baseline using both DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) and CDP (Climbing Drum Peel) tests. The process zone size and the microscale fracture mechanisms are also observed. Although an overall improvement of the delamination response is observed for all inserts, it strongly depend on the type of insert and test. CDP result in less ligament creation than DCB tests while TPU patterns reach higher energy release rates but, in some cases, a more unstable propagation than mat inserts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108759"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108769
Ali Nour El Dein , Nicolas Le Moigne , Monica Francesca Pucci , Arnaud Regazzi , Antoine Barbulée , Olivier Gamond , Anne-Sophie Caro
This study presents an in-depth microstructural analysis of injection-moulded polypropylene composites reinforced with flax shives (FS) of different sizes and compounded by twin-screw extrusion. A multi-scale approach, using laser diffraction, 2D scanning, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray tomography, is developed to investigate the influence of initial FS size distribution on composite microstructure, including FS size and shape distribution, orientation, and dispersion. The 2D scanner proves to be the most practical and user-friendly tool for measuring FS size and shape distribution. Fibre size reduction during extrusion was successfully modelled, particularly for aspect ratio estimation, with medium-sized particles yielding the highest aspect ratios in injection moulded specimens. SEM observations reveals that fine particles give the best dispersion. FS orientation analysis using X-ray tomography shows that medium-sized particles align more along the injection flow compared to coarser particles. Such 2D and 3D microstructural analyses are required for advanced modelling of biocomposite properties.
{"title":"Multiscale structural analysis of plant fibre-reinforced thermoplastic biocomposites: Towards realistic 2D and 3D descriptors for advanced modelling","authors":"Ali Nour El Dein , Nicolas Le Moigne , Monica Francesca Pucci , Arnaud Regazzi , Antoine Barbulée , Olivier Gamond , Anne-Sophie Caro","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an in-depth microstructural analysis of injection-moulded polypropylene composites reinforced with flax shives (FS) of different sizes and compounded by twin-screw extrusion. A multi-scale approach, using laser diffraction, 2D scanning, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray tomography, is developed to investigate the influence of initial FS size distribution on composite microstructure, including FS size and shape distribution, orientation, and dispersion. The 2D scanner proves to be the most practical and user-friendly tool for measuring FS size and shape distribution. Fibre size reduction during extrusion was successfully modelled, particularly for aspect ratio estimation, with medium-sized particles yielding the highest aspect ratios in injection moulded specimens. SEM observations reveals that fine particles give the best dispersion. FS orientation analysis using X-ray tomography shows that medium-sized particles align more along the injection flow compared to coarser particles. Such 2D and 3D microstructural analyses are required for advanced modelling of biocomposite properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108769"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108777
Fengzhen Sun , Qianming Wang , Bamber R.K. Blackman
In this work, the validity of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) for measuring the energy release rates for adhesively bonded carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) joints under Mode II and Mixed Mode I/II loading, using end loaded split (ELS) and fixed ratio mixed mode (FRMM) specimens respectively, has been investigated. The G values determined using LEFM coupled with an effective crack length approach have been compared with the J-integral values measured simultaneously using the crack length independent slope-based J-integral methods. It is shown that higher GIIc values than JIIc values were measured using ELS specimens, but the GI/IIc values were in good agreement with the JI/IIc values measured using FRMM specimens. It is shown (by experimental and numerical investigations) that LEFM became invalid in Mode II due to the occurrence of local damage in the bondline of the specimen close to the clamp. This local damage resulted in erroneously high GIIc values being measured via LEFM. In contrast, the J method was able to provide accurate and valid toughness values as the contribution of local damage could be excluded through careful selection of the integral contour. Further analysis indicates that, if the local damage was eliminated by adding additional constraint to the specimen at the clamp, then valid values of GIIc via LEFM could be obtained. The J-integral method in this work provides an alternative tool to determine the fracture toughness of adhesive joints under Mode II loading in case of additional (secondary) damage outside the fracture process zone (FPZ) occurs, which is quite challenging for LEFM methods to separate the energy dissipated in and outside the FPZ.
{"title":"Validity of LEFM to measure the Mode II and Mixed Mode I/II fracture toughness of adhesively bonded CFRP","authors":"Fengzhen Sun , Qianming Wang , Bamber R.K. Blackman","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the validity of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) for measuring the energy release rates for adhesively bonded carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) joints under Mode II and Mixed Mode I/II loading, using end loaded split (ELS) and fixed ratio mixed mode (FRMM) specimens respectively, has been investigated. The <em>G</em> values determined using LEFM coupled with an effective crack length approach have been compared with the <em>J</em>-integral values measured simultaneously using the crack length independent slope-based <em>J-</em>integral methods. It is shown that higher <em>G</em><sub>IIc</sub> values than <em>J</em><sub>IIc</sub> values were measured using ELS specimens, but the <em>G</em><sub>I/IIc</sub> values were in good agreement with the <em>J</em><sub>I/IIc</sub> values measured using FRMM specimens. It is shown (by experimental and numerical investigations) that LEFM became invalid in Mode II due to the occurrence of local damage in the bondline of the specimen close to the clamp. This local damage resulted in erroneously high <em>G</em><sub>IIc</sub> values being measured via LEFM. In contrast, the <em>J</em> method was able to provide accurate and valid toughness values as the contribution of local damage could be excluded through careful selection of the integral contour. Further analysis indicates that, if the local damage was eliminated by adding additional constraint to the specimen at the clamp, then valid values of <em>G</em><sub>IIc</sub> via LEFM could be obtained. The <em>J</em>-integral method in this work provides an alternative tool to determine the fracture toughness of adhesive joints under Mode II loading in case of additional (secondary) damage outside the fracture process zone (FPZ) occurs, which is quite challenging for LEFM methods to separate the energy dissipated in and outside the FPZ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108777"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108776
Chunxiao Li , Lifeng Ma , Zhiyuan Zhu , Longhao Li , Chengyuan He
Thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) is a versatile material whose mechanical properties are significantly influenced by its primary phases, polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM). This research explores how variations in the elastic moduli of these phases affect TPV performance. Finite element modeling and experimental validation reveal that increasing the elastic modulus of PP enhances both the elastic and plastic moduli of TPV, exhibiting linear behavior at high moduli and nonlinear behavior as PP and EPDM moduli converge, reducing PP’s control over elasticity. A higher PP modulus also reduces resilience due to limited elasticity, while an increased EPDM modulus improves strength, elasticity, and resilience owing to EPDM’s exceptional elasticity. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing phase properties to achieve targeted TPV performance, offering valuable insights for TPV design and material enhancement.
{"title":"Microstructure-Driven mechanical behavior and recovery mechanism of thermoplastic vulcanizates: A multi-scale analysis","authors":"Chunxiao Li , Lifeng Ma , Zhiyuan Zhu , Longhao Li , Chengyuan He","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) is a versatile material whose mechanical properties are significantly influenced by its primary phases, polypropylene (PP) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM). This research explores how variations in the elastic moduli of these phases affect TPV performance. Finite element modeling and experimental validation reveal that increasing the elastic modulus of PP enhances both the elastic and plastic moduli of TPV, exhibiting linear behavior at high moduli and nonlinear behavior as PP and EPDM moduli converge, reducing PP’s control over elasticity. A higher PP modulus also reduces resilience due to limited elasticity, while an increased EPDM modulus improves strength, elasticity, and resilience owing to EPDM’s exceptional elasticity. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing phase properties to achieve targeted TPV performance, offering valuable insights for TPV design and material enhancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108776"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, there is a rising demand for personal thermal management fabrics. However, polyester fabrics are highly flammable and prone to dripping during combustion, necessitating flame retardant treatments. In this study, flame retardant-conductive-hydrophobic sandwich structure coatings were developed using a sol–gel process combined with a spraying technique. The FR PET-C/PDMS exhibited a char length of 108 mm in the UL-94 test, and the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) reached 22.5 %. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the char yield under air atmosphere was 16.3 %, while the peak Heat Release Rate (pHRR) in Microscale Combustion Calorimetry (MCC) was reduced by 38.3 % compared to pure PET. In a Joule thermal performance test, the coated fabric achieved a maximum temperature of 45.2°C at 10 V, demonstrating its potential for use in personal thermal management devices. The water contact angle (WCA) test indicated a WCA of approximately 123° and a slip angle (SA) of 7.5° for FR PET-C/PDMS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectrometry (TGA-FTIR) were employed to investigate the flame retardant mechanisms of the functional coating. This study provides a straightforward method for fabricating multifunctional coatings with promising applications in personal thermal management, such as in camping tents.
{"title":"Construction of multifunctional coatings of polyester fabric for flame retardancy and personal thermal management","authors":"Jing Gao, Liangyuan Qi, Chuanshen Wang, Zefan Feng, Liang Chen, Suhong Li, Yuan Hu, Weiyi Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, there is a rising demand for personal thermal management fabrics. However, polyester fabrics are highly flammable and prone to dripping during combustion, necessitating flame retardant treatments. In this study, flame retardant-conductive-hydrophobic sandwich structure coatings were developed using a sol–gel process combined with a spraying technique. The FR PET-C/PDMS exhibited a char length of 108 mm in the UL-94 test, and the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) reached 22.5 %. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the char yield under air atmosphere was 16.3 %, while the peak Heat Release Rate (pHRR) in Microscale Combustion Calorimetry (MCC) was reduced by 38.3 % compared to pure PET. In a Joule thermal performance test, the coated fabric achieved a maximum temperature of 45.2°C at 10 V, demonstrating its potential for use in personal thermal management devices. The water contact angle (WCA) test indicated a WCA of approximately 123° and a slip angle (SA) of 7.5° for FR PET-C/PDMS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectrometry (TGA-FTIR) were employed to investigate the flame retardant mechanisms of the functional coating. This study provides a straightforward method for fabricating multifunctional coatings with promising applications in personal thermal management, such as in camping tents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108772"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143376947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108771
Wan-Dong Hou , Fang-Liang Guo , De-Yi Qu , Yu-Tong Fu , Jun-Fei Long , Tao Guan , Chao-Yi Peng , Yuan-Qing Li , Yong-Cun Zhang , Shu-Tian Liu , Shao-Yun Fu
The inherent cryogenic brittleness and liquid oxygen incompatibility of epoxy resins severely limit their development as the matrix material of composite tanks. This work reports the modified epoxy resin by introducing two nanofillers, namely graphene oxide (GO) and nano-Al(OH)3 (NA), to achieve simultaneous improvements of cryogenic mechanical properties and liquid oxygen compatibility. Room temperature (RT), cryogenic (90 K) mechanical properties, and liquid oxygen compatibility of the epoxy resins synergistically modified with 3 phr of NA as the base filler and GO in the content range of 0.05–0.2 phr were comprehensively examined. The results showed that the epoxy resin modified by 0.1 phr GO and 3 phr NA not only displayed the highest cryogenic strength and fracture toughness but also exhibited excellent liquid oxygen compatibility. Therefore, the synergistic modification of epoxy resins by introducing GO and NA is a promising means to improve their cryogenic mechanical properties and liquid oxygen compatibility.
{"title":"Synergistically improved cryogenic mechanical properties and liquid oxygen compatibility of epoxy nanocomposites by GO and nano-Al(OH)3","authors":"Wan-Dong Hou , Fang-Liang Guo , De-Yi Qu , Yu-Tong Fu , Jun-Fei Long , Tao Guan , Chao-Yi Peng , Yuan-Qing Li , Yong-Cun Zhang , Shu-Tian Liu , Shao-Yun Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inherent cryogenic brittleness and liquid oxygen incompatibility of epoxy resins severely limit their development as the matrix material of composite tanks. This work reports the modified epoxy resin by introducing two nanofillers, namely graphene oxide (GO) and nano-Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> (NA), to achieve simultaneous improvements of cryogenic mechanical properties and liquid oxygen compatibility. Room temperature (RT), cryogenic (90 K) mechanical properties, and liquid oxygen compatibility of the epoxy resins synergistically modified with 3 phr of NA as the base filler and GO in the content range of 0.05–0.2 phr were comprehensively examined. The results showed that the epoxy resin modified by 0.1 phr GO and 3 phr NA not only displayed the highest cryogenic strength and fracture toughness but also exhibited excellent liquid oxygen compatibility. Therefore, the synergistic modification of epoxy resins by introducing GO and NA is a promising means to improve their cryogenic mechanical properties and liquid oxygen compatibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108771"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108764
Yan Zhang , Jiayu Lu , Jin Yu , Wei Wang , Shimin Zhai , Yihao Yu , Dongming Qi
Carbonized cotton fabric possesses lightweight softness, stable chemical structure and can be used as wearable electronic skin. However, conventional carbonization method relies on high temperature, oxygen-free or inert gas atmosphere with long time consumption. In this study, a hybrid intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating was introduced on the surface of cotton fabric. When they were placed directly into the heated muffle furnace at air atmosphere, the IFR coating would quickly react with the cotton fiber to form char residue and release non-inflammable gases, providing an inert atmosphere microenvironment for the pyrolysis and carbonization of cotton fabric substrate. The influence factors of temperature and carbonization time were studied comprehensively. Especially, carbonizing for only 15 min at 900 °C shows a value of 26.33 dB. Besides, such fabrics perform the ability for photo-thermal conversion and fire resistance performance. This simple and feasible carbonization strategy holds great promise for large-scale production of flexible conductive fabrics.
{"title":"A controllable and fast carbonization strategy under air conditions and its application in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding","authors":"Yan Zhang , Jiayu Lu , Jin Yu , Wei Wang , Shimin Zhai , Yihao Yu , Dongming Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.108764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonized cotton fabric possesses lightweight softness, stable chemical structure and can be used as wearable electronic skin. However, conventional carbonization method relies on high temperature, oxygen-free or inert gas atmosphere with long time consumption. In this study, a hybrid intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating was introduced on the surface of cotton fabric. When they were placed directly into the heated muffle furnace at air atmosphere, the IFR coating would quickly react with the cotton fiber to form char residue and release non-inflammable gases, providing an inert atmosphere microenvironment for the pyrolysis and carbonization of cotton fabric substrate. The influence factors of temperature and carbonization time were studied comprehensively. Especially, carbonizing for only 15 min at 900 °C shows a value of 26.33 dB. Besides, such fabrics perform the ability for photo-thermal conversion and fire resistance performance. This simple and feasible carbonization strategy holds great promise for large-scale production of flexible conductive fabrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":282,"journal":{"name":"Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 108764"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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