The objectives of this study are to identify factors affecting bus rollover and to study the association between vehicle and environment factors on bus rollover. For analysis, an analytical mathematical model of steady-state vehicle stability for heavy vehicle was used. For the analysis, four parameters were selected namely the super elevation and gradient of road, the track width of the vehicle and the radius of curvature. The design factorial was used to analyse the effect of these four factors to the increase of rollover index. This study has demonstrated the effect of superevelation, gradient, track width of vehicle and radius of curvature to the rollover index of vehicle. It is shown that the most significant factor on rollover index of vehicle is the radius of curvature during manoeuvring.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Bus Rollover","authors":"Z. Zulkipli, S. A. Mohd Faudzi, A. R. Abdul Manap","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.134","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The objectives of this study are to identify factors affecting bus rollover and to study the association between vehicle and environment factors on bus rollover. For analysis, an analytical mathematical model of steady-state vehicle stability for heavy vehicle was used. For the analysis, four parameters were selected namely the super elevation and gradient of road, the track width of the vehicle and the radius of curvature. The design factorial was used to analyse the effect of these four factors to the increase of rollover index. This study has demonstrated the effect of superevelation, gradient, track width of vehicle and radius of curvature to the rollover index of vehicle. It is shown that the most significant factor on rollover index of vehicle is the radius of curvature during manoeuvring. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124050300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Road accidents involving commercial vehicles are showing an alarming trend from year to year. Ironically the accidents involving heavy vehicles would involve the third party such as cars, motorcycles and other vehicles; due to several factors such as fatigue, speeding, tire defect, road defect, road design issue and risky driving. When occurred, it normally involved higher number of fatalities. Therefore, in order to improve the situation with regards to road accidents involving heavy vehicles, especially buses, a holistic road safety strategy is necessary and vital towards better road safety in the future. This paper aims to understand Safety Management System of bus operators using Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) by analysing three case studies namely Genting, Tapah and Pagoh bus crashes in 2013, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Hazard analysis and causal factors were carried out on the bus operators' Safety Management System by using STPA (Systems- Theoretic Process Analysis) and CAST (Causal Analysis based on STAMP). The results of the analyses showed that the operating process could be revised or redesigned to improve the existing safety system. Moreover, STAMP could be a very useful approach to understand the whole safety system that may involve several complex factors.
{"title":"STAMP-Based Analysis on the Safety Management System of Bus Operators","authors":"M. S. Ahmad, A. H. Ariffin, M. Fathi","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.142","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Road accidents involving commercial vehicles are showing an alarming trend from year to year. Ironically the accidents involving heavy vehicles would involve the third party such as cars, motorcycles and other vehicles; due to several factors such as fatigue, speeding, tire defect, road defect, road design issue and risky driving. When occurred, it normally involved higher number of fatalities. Therefore, in order to improve the situation with regards to road accidents involving heavy vehicles, especially buses, a holistic road safety strategy is necessary and vital towards better road safety in the future. This paper aims to understand Safety Management System of bus operators using Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) by analysing three case studies namely Genting, Tapah and Pagoh bus crashes in 2013, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Hazard analysis and causal factors were carried out on the bus operators' Safety Management System by using STPA (Systems- Theoretic Process Analysis) and CAST (Causal Analysis based on STAMP). The results of the analyses showed that the operating process could be revised or redesigned to improve the existing safety system. Moreover, STAMP could be a very useful approach to understand the whole safety system that may involve several complex factors. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114191768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hazard perception test (HPT) is one of a common task in perceiving hazard among drivers. Many countries have been adopting this method to assess an individual’s driving competency in order to acquire driving licenses. Computer-based assessment was a common method widely used to carry out the HPT. Previous hazard perception studies using Malaysian samples reported mixed findings on the effectivity of reaction time-based HPT. Dissimilar with the common method, this study employed a full-size cabin driving simulator to study hazard perception, focussing on hazards detection between two groups of drivers: young and experienced. Results from 28 (15 young, 13 experienced) drivers indicated that young drivers detected hazards faster than their experienced counterparts, even though both groups have the same performance of hazard recognition. Correlational analysis revealed that driving frequency may be a factor contributing to the difference in response time between these two groups. Further analysis also indicates that different road environments contribute to different hazard perception performance.
{"title":"Hazard Detection among Young and Experienced Drivers via Driving Simulator","authors":"N. Borhan, M. Ibrahim, A. A. Rashid","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.136","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Hazard perception test (HPT) is one of a common task in perceiving hazard among drivers. Many countries have been adopting this method to assess an individual’s driving competency in order to acquire driving licenses. Computer-based assessment was a common method widely used to carry out the HPT. Previous hazard perception studies using Malaysian samples reported mixed findings on the effectivity of reaction time-based HPT. Dissimilar with the common method, this study employed a full-size cabin driving simulator to study hazard perception, focussing on hazards detection between two groups of drivers: young and experienced. Results from 28 (15 young, 13 experienced) drivers indicated that young drivers detected hazards faster than their experienced counterparts, even though both groups have the same performance of hazard recognition. Correlational analysis revealed that driving frequency may be a factor contributing to the difference in response time between these two groups. Further analysis also indicates that different road environments contribute to different hazard perception performance. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131181160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Mohamed Jamil, A. Shabadin, H. H. Hashim, A. Poi, R. Hamidun, A. Roslan, M.R. Abd Ghani
Autonomous Vehicle (AV), also known as self-driving or driverless vehicles, is a technology that intends to replace driving tasks traditionally performed by human drivers. This study aims to gain a better understanding of opinions, concerns, and general acceptance by Malaysian drivers regarding autonomous and self-driving vehicles. The survey questionnaires were adopted from Schoettle & Sivak (2014b) on the topic of public acceptance of driverless vehicles and what would the respondents do when they are not driving. The survey was conducted among the general public in Malaysia inclusive of 19 questions to address topics on public awareness and understanding about AV, benefits of AV, concerns on AV, attitudes toward owning or sharing AV, willingness to pay for AV and their use of free time while riding AV. A total of 520 respondents involved in this survey, however the analysis only considered the respondents who have heard of AV, which amounted to 361 via face to face interview and online survey form. Based on the survey,63.7% were male and 36.3% female. Only 15.2% of the respondents said that they would not ride in a completely self-driving vehicles. AV is also expected to provide a wide range of benefits that attracted most of the respondents. The majority of the respondents expect lower vehicle emission and better fuel economy. Most respondents were also concerned with issues related to AV especially on safety consequences of equipment failure. The survey also shows that most Malaysians are not willing to invest in owning a driverless vehicle. Future studies should continuously consider people’s perception from different perspectives, by taking into account various user viewpoints and characteristics.
{"title":"Public Perception on Autonomous Vehicle in Malaysia","authors":"H. Mohamed Jamil, A. Shabadin, H. H. Hashim, A. Poi, R. Hamidun, A. Roslan, M.R. Abd Ghani","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.135","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Autonomous Vehicle (AV), also known as self-driving or driverless vehicles, is a technology that intends to replace driving tasks traditionally performed by human drivers. This study aims to gain a better understanding of opinions, concerns, and general acceptance by Malaysian drivers regarding autonomous and self-driving vehicles. The survey questionnaires were adopted from Schoettle & Sivak (2014b) on the topic of public acceptance of driverless vehicles and what would the respondents do when they are not driving. The survey was conducted among the general public in Malaysia inclusive of 19 questions to address topics on public awareness and understanding about AV, benefits of AV, concerns on AV, attitudes toward owning or sharing AV, willingness to pay for AV and their use of free time while riding AV. A total of 520 respondents involved in this survey, however the analysis only considered the respondents who have heard of AV, which amounted to 361 via face to face interview and online survey form. Based on the survey,63.7% were male and 36.3% female. Only 15.2% of the respondents said that they would not ride in a completely self-driving vehicles. AV is also expected to provide a wide range of benefits that attracted most of the respondents. The majority of the respondents expect lower vehicle emission and better fuel economy. Most respondents were also concerned with issues related to AV especially on safety consequences of equipment failure. The survey also shows that most Malaysians are not willing to invest in owning a driverless vehicle. Future studies should continuously consider people’s perception from different perspectives, by taking into account various user viewpoints and characteristics. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123860395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Distraction while driving among drivers is one of the factors which cause road accidents. Data from the Ministry of Transport Malaysia shows that accidents involving cars, vans, buses, lorries, 4-wheel drives and taxi drivers contribute to road accidents which involve 787,237 cases that is 82% from total cases in 2016. Distraction while driving is involving the lack of focus of a driver due to another task doing instead of driving. The distraction while driving includes mobile phone use, manipulating car navigation system devices or car's features, eating or drinking, interaction with passengers and smoking. In Malaysia, there is not enough data regarding driver distraction. For example, research from the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) only depends on the survey regarding driver distraction while driving. The objective of this research is to determine the portion of drivers in Shah Alam who involve in the form of distracting activities while driving. The method for this research is a set of questionnaires to survey the distraction influenced by the age of the drivers. Next, a method of a real-life observation by using a high definition camera from upper view. The collected data is to investigate the differences between gender and between peak and non-peak hours for distracted driving. The observation took place in three selected locations which is the major road that consists of three lanes in Seksyen 7, Seksyen 19 and Seksyen 21. It is obtained that 9.5% of drivers observed in Shah Alam are distracted while driving. Next, the male is more into smoking compared with female. There is a slight difference between the other types of distraction. Next, as in total, peak hour shows that drivers tend to be distracted more than a non-peak hour. As for gender, younger drivers tend to be distracted by mobile phones compared with older drivers.
{"title":"Observation Study on Distracted Driving Behaviour in Shah Alam Area","authors":"A. K. Makhtar, M.H. Abdul Latib, M. H. Md Isa","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.118","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Distraction while driving among drivers is one of the factors which cause road accidents. Data from the Ministry of Transport Malaysia shows that accidents involving cars, vans, buses, lorries, 4-wheel drives and taxi drivers contribute to road accidents which involve 787,237 cases that is 82% from total cases in 2016. Distraction while driving is involving the lack of focus of a driver due to another task doing instead of driving. The distraction while driving includes mobile phone use, manipulating car navigation system devices or car's features, eating or drinking, interaction with passengers and smoking. In Malaysia, there is not enough data regarding driver distraction. For example, research from the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) only depends on the survey regarding driver distraction while driving. The objective of this research is to determine the portion of drivers in Shah Alam who involve in the form of distracting activities while driving. The method for this research is a set of questionnaires to survey the distraction influenced by the age of the drivers. Next, a method of a real-life observation by using a high definition camera from upper view. The collected data is to investigate the differences between gender and between peak and non-peak hours for distracted driving. The observation took place in three selected locations which is the major road that consists of three lanes in Seksyen 7, Seksyen 19 and Seksyen 21. It is obtained that 9.5% of drivers observed in Shah Alam are distracted while driving. Next, the male is more into smoking compared with female. There is a slight difference between the other types of distraction. Next, as in total, peak hour shows that drivers tend to be distracted more than a non-peak hour. As for gender, younger drivers tend to be distracted by mobile phones compared with older drivers. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121506378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mansor, H. Zamzuri, N. Ismail, A. Puad, M.Z. Che Mustafar, N. Abu Husain, L. Mohd Anuar, Z. Zainuddin, S. A. Mazlan, A.N. Mohd Jahari
Vehicle suspension system would complement vehicle safety in terms of ride comfort, handling and braking, and also isolation from road irregularities. This can be better achieved by introducing a semi-active suspension system where the magneto-rheological (MR) fluid is used to manipulate its damping characteristics. This paper explains the controller development for MR semi-active suspension system. The process started by developing the non-parametric linearized data driven (NPLDD) double input with proportional-integral (PI) controller as an inner loop algorithm for MR damper modelling and force tracking control; then, Improved PI controller as an outer loop control algorithm for vehicle response improvement, and finally validation work using quarter-car test bench. All the algorithm development is based on Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional (PROTON) vehicle characteristics and specifications. From the simulation results, it is verified that the NPLDD double input model together with the PI control strategy has the capability to track the desired damping force well. Meanwhile, the Improved PI controller for the outer loop is capable to reduce the magnitude of vehicle body acceleration and displacement. The validation at the quarter-car test bench also shows significant reduction of these two parameters. As a result, the PI controller for the MR semi-active suspension system is found sufficient for vehicle safety improvement.
车辆悬架系统将在乘坐舒适性、操控性和制动性方面补充车辆的安全性，并与道路不规范隔离。通过引入半主动悬架系统，利用磁流变(MR)流体来控制其阻尼特性，可以更好地实现这一目标。本文阐述了磁流变半主动悬架系统控制器的研制。该过程首先开发了非参数线性化数据驱动(NPLDD)双输入与比例积分(PI)控制器作为MR阻尼器建模和力跟踪控制的内环算法;然后，将改进的PI控制器作为外环控制算法对车辆响应进行改进，最后利用四分之一小车试验台进行验证工作。所有算法的开发都是基于Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional (PROTON)车辆的特性和规格。仿真结果验证了NPLDD双输入模型与PI控制策略相结合能够很好地跟踪所需的阻尼力。同时，改进的外环PI控制器能够减小车身加速度和位移的大小。在四分之一小车试验台的验证也表明这两个参数显著降低。结果表明，采用PI控制器控制的磁流变半主动悬架系统足以提高车辆的安全性。
{"title":"Controller Development for Magneto-Rheological Semi-Active Suspension System to Improve Vehicle Safety","authors":"M. Mansor, H. Zamzuri, N. Ismail, A. Puad, M.Z. Che Mustafar, N. Abu Husain, L. Mohd Anuar, Z. Zainuddin, S. A. Mazlan, A.N. Mohd Jahari","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.116","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Vehicle suspension system would complement vehicle safety in terms of ride comfort, handling and braking, and also isolation from road irregularities. This can be better achieved by introducing a semi-active suspension system where the magneto-rheological (MR) fluid is used to manipulate its damping characteristics. This paper explains the controller development for MR semi-active suspension system. The process started by developing the non-parametric linearized data driven (NPLDD) double input with proportional-integral (PI) controller as an inner loop algorithm for MR damper modelling and force tracking control; then, Improved PI controller as an outer loop control algorithm for vehicle response improvement, and finally validation work using quarter-car test bench. All the algorithm development is based on Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional (PROTON) vehicle characteristics and specifications. From the simulation results, it is verified that the NPLDD double input model together with the PI control strategy has the capability to track the desired damping force well. Meanwhile, the Improved PI controller for the outer loop is capable to reduce the magnitude of vehicle body acceleration and displacement. The validation at the quarter-car test bench also shows significant reduction of these two parameters. As a result, the PI controller for the MR semi-active suspension system is found sufficient for vehicle safety improvement. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133918718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of using GPS- based action cameras in a large-scale naturalistic motorcycle riding data collection. A Garmin VIRB XE action camera was used to record riding behaviour data of four consenting participants from their place of residence to their place of work and other locations. Despite some limitations, the present study found that the methodology, data analysis approach and overall implementation plan were suitable for a larger scale study of this kind. Based on the recorded crash-relevant events, this study established a set of minimum required variables for a meaningful analysis of a naturalistic riding data. In addition, issues pertaining to data recording, data analysis and instrumentation were discussed and the potential solutions were suggested. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that a large-scale naturalistic motorcycle riding study can be conducted with lower financial cost, without substantially reducing the advantage of naturalistic data established by the previous large-scale studies.
{"title":"Use of GPS-Based Action Cameras in a Naturalistic Motorcycle Riding Study","authors":"M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.143","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of using GPS- based action cameras in a large-scale naturalistic motorcycle riding data collection. A Garmin VIRB XE action camera was used to record riding behaviour data of four consenting participants from their place of residence to their place of work and other locations. Despite some limitations, the present study found that the methodology, data analysis approach and overall implementation plan were suitable for a larger scale study of this kind. Based on the recorded crash-relevant events, this study established a set of minimum required variables for a meaningful analysis of a naturalistic riding data. In addition, issues pertaining to data recording, data analysis and instrumentation were discussed and the potential solutions were suggested. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that a large-scale naturalistic motorcycle riding study can be conducted with lower financial cost, without substantially reducing the advantage of naturalistic data established by the previous large-scale studies. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133950727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Prasetijo, Zulhaidi Mohd Jawi, M. A. Mustafa, Z. Zadie, H. Majid, M. H. Roslan, I. Baba, A. Zulkifli
Based on several studies, driving above certain speed at night while using low beam headlights has been found to result in insufficient visibility to respond to road hazards. Luckily, vehicle headlight technology has advanced so much and the system is commercially available in many parts of the world. However, the technical development for optimal photometric performance raises a few questions. The use of high beam headlight system creates a glare to drivers of oncoming and preceding vehicles (because of both oncoming headlights and preceding taillights), to the extent that it has become necessary to determine the need to put a limit on the luminous intensity of high-beam headlights. This study shall therefore summarize and investigate visual performance that allows for evaluation of the potential benefits of increased luminous intensity by considering glare rating related to safety. Two different car models; the Proton Prevé and the Perodua Myvi were used in the experiments. The results showed that the highest average illuminance [lux] for single vehicle was 17.5, 7.5, 5.0 and 1.0 for the distances of 30m, 60m, 120m and 150m. However, the average illuminance based on total number of vehicles was 1.0, 0.5, 0.0 and 0.0 at distances of 30m, 60m, 120m and 150m, which were considered below maximum recommended safety level (max. 9.0 – 11.0 lux). The current average vehicle high-beam headlight control was found at the level of acceptable glare control (glare to oncoming and preceding drivers) and below the maximum level of illuminance rate with the normal speed of 40 km/h.
{"title":"Impacts of Various High Beam Headlight Intensities on Driver Visibility and Road Safety","authors":"J. Prasetijo, Zulhaidi Mohd Jawi, M. A. Mustafa, Z. Zadie, H. Majid, M. H. Roslan, I. Baba, A. Zulkifli","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.96","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Based on several studies, driving above certain speed at night while using low beam headlights has been found to result in insufficient visibility to respond to road hazards. Luckily, vehicle headlight technology has advanced so much and the system is commercially available in many parts of the world. However, the technical development for optimal photometric performance raises a few questions. The use of high beam headlight system creates a glare to drivers of oncoming and preceding vehicles (because of both oncoming headlights and preceding taillights), to the extent that it has become necessary to determine the need to put a limit on the luminous intensity of high-beam headlights. This study shall therefore summarize and investigate visual performance that allows for evaluation of the potential benefits of increased luminous intensity by considering glare rating related to safety. Two different car models; the Proton Prevé and the Perodua Myvi were used in the experiments. The results showed that the highest average illuminance [lux] for single vehicle was 17.5, 7.5, 5.0 and 1.0 for the distances of 30m, 60m, 120m and 150m. However, the average illuminance based on total number of vehicles was 1.0, 0.5, 0.0 and 0.0 at distances of 30m, 60m, 120m and 150m, which were considered below maximum recommended safety level (max. 9.0 – 11.0 lux). The current average vehicle high-beam headlight control was found at the level of acceptable glare control (glare to oncoming and preceding drivers) and below the maximum level of illuminance rate with the normal speed of 40 km/h. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133271028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Z. Zainal Abidin, Z. Mohd Jawi, D. Kak, C. Tan, M. A. Abdul Wahab, M. R. Osman, Ankur Omar, K. A. Abu Kassim
Issues related to tyre safety are one of the major concerns when discussing the motor-vehicles' safety. Moreover, various articles reported in the print and electronic media on tyre failures, particularly involving retread tyres were often associated as the cause of crashes. However, before any effective solutions can be proposed to the relevant authorities, weaknesses and loopholes in the current ecosystem needs to be identified. Thus, this paper is aimed at reviewing the current status of motor vehicle tyre ecosystem in the country and establishing the knowledge on current related issues. This paper will look into five stages in the ecosystem, from tyre production until disposal and tyre scraping. Current and potential gaps are identified and recommendations to improve the situations are put forward. To enable a clearer explanation of the issues found and the proposed recommendations, the findings are tabulated according to each stage. The findings are expected to provide useful insights into the current status and issues in the ecosystem, and providing a useful and beneficial method of solution.
{"title":"Motor-Vehicle Tyre Ecosystem in Malaysia - A Status Review","authors":"A. Z. Zainal Abidin, Z. Mohd Jawi, D. Kak, C. Tan, M. A. Abdul Wahab, M. R. Osman, Ankur Omar, K. A. Abu Kassim","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.133","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Issues related to tyre safety are one of the major concerns when discussing the motor-vehicles' safety. Moreover, various articles reported in the print and electronic media on tyre failures, particularly involving retread tyres were often associated as the cause of crashes. However, before any effective solutions can be proposed to the relevant authorities, weaknesses and loopholes in the current ecosystem needs to be identified. Thus, this paper is aimed at reviewing the current status of motor vehicle tyre ecosystem in the country and establishing the knowledge on current related issues. This paper will look into five stages in the ecosystem, from tyre production until disposal and tyre scraping. Current and potential gaps are identified and recommendations to improve the situations are put forward. To enable a clearer explanation of the issues found and the proposed recommendations, the findings are tabulated according to each stage. The findings are expected to provide useful insights into the current status and issues in the ecosystem, and providing a useful and beneficial method of solution. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128806621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driving Simulators are a valuable tool for the evaluation of driver assistance systems and analysis of user behaviour. They consist of a vehicle mock-up and a display, motion and an audio system. As, driving is mainly a visual task and the driver receives most of the information through his eyes, so the configuration of the display is very important for accurate perception of surroundings. Important features of a display system are its distance from driver's eyes, field of view, continuity and the picture quality of the displayed image. In order to simulate motion, most of the existing driving simulators consist of a dome, mounted on a Stewart platform, which is either stationary or moves on a rail or a horizontal table. Due to the limiting working space of the motion system of such driving simulators, they cannot accurately simulate longitudinal accelerations so they use scaled vehicle dynamics model or blend the longitudinal movement of simulator with the tilt movement, which the driver perceives as unrealistic motion cues. To eliminate the issues of false motion perception in the driver, a mobile driving simulator is developed, which is to be driven on a planar area and a display system is designed around it. The display system covers the horizontal and vertical field of view of the driver and the distance of the display system from the driver's eyes is chosen in such a way that it takes into account the accommodation effects, which helps in the perception of depth. This results in a display system in the form of 220º cylindrical dome with a diameter of approximately 4.8 meter.
{"title":"Development of a Mobile Driving Simulator to Eliminate False Motion Cues","authors":"M. Abdullah, S. Koetniyom, J. Carmai","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.91","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Driving Simulators are a valuable tool for the evaluation of driver assistance systems and analysis of user behaviour. They consist of a vehicle mock-up and a display, motion and an audio system. As, driving is mainly a visual task and the driver receives most of the information through his eyes, so the configuration of the display is very important for accurate perception of surroundings. Important features of a display system are its distance from driver's eyes, field of view, continuity and the picture quality of the displayed image. In order to simulate motion, most of the existing driving simulators consist of a dome, mounted on a Stewart platform, which is either stationary or moves on a rail or a horizontal table. Due to the limiting working space of the motion system of such driving simulators, they cannot accurately simulate longitudinal accelerations so they use scaled vehicle dynamics model or blend the longitudinal movement of simulator with the tilt movement, which the driver perceives as unrealistic motion cues. To eliminate the issues of false motion perception in the driver, a mobile driving simulator is developed, which is to be driven on a planar area and a display system is designed around it. The display system covers the horizontal and vertical field of view of the driver and the distance of the display system from the driver's eyes is chosen in such a way that it takes into account the accommodation effects, which helps in the perception of depth. This results in a display system in the form of 220º cylindrical dome with a diameter of approximately 4.8 meter. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114801739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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