Time to collision is one of the indices to decide if a collision is avoidable. This paper presents the study on emergency obstacle avoidance from the viewpoint of time to collision. The times to collision at which the autonomous emergency steering has to be initiated to avoid a collision are derived for the five functions which are used for the generation of the emergency lane change paths. These functions are circular arcs, polynomial, ramp sinusoidal, sigmoid, and trapezoidal acceleration profiles. The times to collision at which the steering avoidance by using these functions has to be initiated are computed and compared. For a given lane change maneuver width of 3.5 m and coefficients of friction of 0.9, 0.5, 0.2, circular arcs give the shortest, and sigmoid gives the longest time to collision.
{"title":"Time to Collision for Emergency Obstacle Avoidance","authors":"A.S.P. Singh, A. Putra, K. A. Abu Kassim","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v5i2.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v5i2.166","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Time to collision is one of the indices to decide if a collision is avoidable. This paper presents the study on emergency obstacle avoidance from the viewpoint of time to collision. The times to collision at which the autonomous emergency steering has to be initiated to avoid a collision are derived for the five functions which are used for the generation of the emergency lane change paths. These functions are circular arcs, polynomial, ramp sinusoidal, sigmoid, and trapezoidal acceleration profiles. The times to collision at which the steering avoidance by using these functions has to be initiated are computed and compared. For a given lane change maneuver width of 3.5 m and coefficients of friction of 0.9, 0.5, 0.2, circular arcs give the shortest, and sigmoid gives the longest time to collision. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114206654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Z. Zainal Abidin, A. Roslan, R. Shahril, A. Jamaludin, M. N. Muhd Razali, K. A. Abu Kassim
Every year approximately 1.3 million people are killed on roads around the world. Without new and effective actions, deaths in low to middle-income countries are forecasted to rise steeply, as the level of motorization is increasing. The availability of road safety data is fundamental to improving road safety outcomes, tracking progress, and achieving the road safety targets set by each country. With consistent and standardize collection and management, these data will provide beneficial and accurate insights for trends monitoring, future and time series prediction, and ultimately a reliable review of currently implemented programs. However, managing the data is a challenging aspect especially when it involves multiple agencies with different focuses and requirements and countless bureaucracy. By continued adoption of the "3-5-2" concept from football strategies, this paper will review the status-quo conditions of road crash data collection and management in the middle-income tier ASEAN countries. These shall be one of the core values for effective road safety management and improvement stipulated under the Decade of Action for Road Safety.
{"title":"Road Traffic Crash Data Management in ASEAN: 3-5-2 Perspective","authors":"A. Z. Zainal Abidin, A. Roslan, R. Shahril, A. Jamaludin, M. N. Muhd Razali, K. A. Abu Kassim","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v5i2.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v5i2.169","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Every year approximately 1.3 million people are killed on roads around the world. Without new and effective actions, deaths in low to middle-income countries are forecasted to rise steeply, as the level of motorization is increasing. The availability of road safety data is fundamental to improving road safety outcomes, tracking progress, and achieving the road safety targets set by each country. With consistent and standardize collection and management, these data will provide beneficial and accurate insights for trends monitoring, future and time series prediction, and ultimately a reliable review of currently implemented programs. However, managing the data is a challenging aspect especially when it involves multiple agencies with different focuses and requirements and countless bureaucracy. By continued adoption of the \"3-5-2\" concept from football strategies, this paper will review the status-quo conditions of road crash data collection and management in the middle-income tier ASEAN countries. These shall be one of the core values for effective road safety management and improvement stipulated under the Decade of Action for Road Safety. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"42 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120901147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this research is to assess the road safety performance in Southeast Asian countries to measure to what extent the new vision "safe system" is considered in the national road safety strategies. For this, a road safety index RSAI(ESA) is developed to use as a tool of assessment. The theoretical framework is based on the main pillars of safe system principles: safer roads and mobility, safer vehicles, and safer road users. A set of indicators are selected based on specific criteria. Each indicator is weighted, normalised, then aggregated using a simple linear additive aggregation method to construct the RSAI(ESA). This index is used to assess the performance of road safety in Southeast Asian countries, and then to rank the countries accordingly. The results show that the countries which have high rate of road crashes have started to take action to solve road safety problems, while some countries need to take further steps to apply the recommendations of the DARS 2011-2020. The setting of the minimum vehicle safety standards regulated by the United Nations (UN) is the most critical element that all the countries in this region should consider in their road safety strategies.
{"title":"Assessment of Road Safety Performance for Southeast Asian Countries","authors":"A. Jameel, H. Evdorides","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.125","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The aim of this research is to assess the road safety performance in Southeast Asian countries to measure to what extent the new vision \"safe system\" is considered in the national road safety strategies. For this, a road safety index RSAI(ESA) is developed to use as a tool of assessment. The theoretical framework is based on the main pillars of safe system principles: safer roads and mobility, safer vehicles, and safer road users. A set of indicators are selected based on specific criteria. Each indicator is weighted, normalised, then aggregated using a simple linear additive aggregation method to construct the RSAI(ESA). This index is used to assess the performance of road safety in Southeast Asian countries, and then to rank the countries accordingly. The results show that the countries which have high rate of road crashes have started to take action to solve road safety problems, while some countries need to take further steps to apply the recommendations of the DARS 2011-2020. The setting of the minimum vehicle safety standards regulated by the United Nations (UN) is the most critical element that all the countries in this region should consider in their road safety strategies. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124871468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. F. Mohd Siam, A. A. Ab. Rashid, M. Ibrahim, N. Borhan
This paper discusses the measurement of driver distraction for manual destination entry using navigation devices in a simulated traffic environment. 46 participants completed a number of secondary tasks while synchronously conducting the driving activities and performing the detection task. For comparison of the driving scenarios, three scenarios were used which were low speed, high speed, and traffic congestion. Secondary tasks including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 20 number of characters were assessed in the study. The results of this study showed that participants were more distracted with more demanding tasks to handle the destination entry as compared to baseline. In addition, we also found that participants attended the worst in terms of higher RT in traffic jam scenarios as compared to other two scenarios. This study shows that doing navigation task specifically destination entry while driving is considered as a distracting activity that possibly elevates the risk of a crash.
{"title":"Distracted Driving Measurement for Manual Destination Entry Using Navigation Device","authors":"M. F. Mohd Siam, A. A. Ab. Rashid, M. Ibrahim, N. Borhan","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.137","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This paper discusses the measurement of driver distraction for manual destination entry using navigation devices in a simulated traffic environment. 46 participants completed a number of secondary tasks while synchronously conducting the driving activities and performing the detection task. For comparison of the driving scenarios, three scenarios were used which were low speed, high speed, and traffic congestion. Secondary tasks including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 20 number of characters were assessed in the study. The results of this study showed that participants were more distracted with more demanding tasks to handle the destination entry as compared to baseline. In addition, we also found that participants attended the worst in terms of higher RT in traffic jam scenarios as compared to other two scenarios. This study shows that doing navigation task specifically destination entry while driving is considered as a distracting activity that possibly elevates the risk of a crash. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116177532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. A. Aziz, E. H. Sukadarin, N. S. Suhaimi, H. Osman, M. Noordin, I. Shafiee
Adult Occupant Protection (AOP) is a vital area of evaluation in all New Car Assessment Programs (NCAPs) around the globe. The primary objective of these new car assessment programs is to reduce road deaths by focusing on vehicle (pre-crash) safety features. Starting from the year 2017 until 2020, a single rating system has been introduced whereby AOP contributes 50% to the overall rating with a maximum of 36 points; split into three main domains including offset frontal test (OFT), side impact test (SIT) and head protection technology (HPT). However, the extent of OFT protection to car drivers and passengers during a collision still needs to be explored. Therefore, in this study, an evaluation of body region injury due to AOP failure in frontal crash is conducted to validate and support NCAP rating. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is put forward on the basis of expert's input from various related fields to evaluate the injury to body regions and OFT protection during an accident based on the current situation. The results show that head, neck and chest indicated the highest severity, followed by knee, femur and lower leg with respect to the Consistency Ratio (CR) of 0.0633. This was in line with the focus of ASEAN NCAP's AOP protocol whereby the three body regions were deemed as the critical parts and required sufficient protection. Based on the findings, it is proven that ASEAN NCAP's consideration of OFT in AOP is well developed and suits the current needs.
{"title":"Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process to Evaluate Adult Occupant Protection on Body Region in ASEAN NCAP Offset Frontal Test Domain","authors":"H. A. Aziz, E. H. Sukadarin, N. S. Suhaimi, H. Osman, M. Noordin, I. Shafiee","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.93","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Adult Occupant Protection (AOP) is a vital area of evaluation in all New Car Assessment Programs (NCAPs) around the globe. The primary objective of these new car assessment programs is to reduce road deaths by focusing on vehicle (pre-crash) safety features. Starting from the year 2017 until 2020, a single rating system has been introduced whereby AOP contributes 50% to the overall rating with a maximum of 36 points; split into three main domains including offset frontal test (OFT), side impact test (SIT) and head protection technology (HPT). However, the extent of OFT protection to car drivers and passengers during a collision still needs to be explored. Therefore, in this study, an evaluation of body region injury due to AOP failure in frontal crash is conducted to validate and support NCAP rating. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is put forward on the basis of expert's input from various related fields to evaluate the injury to body regions and OFT protection during an accident based on the current situation. The results show that head, neck and chest indicated the highest severity, followed by knee, femur and lower leg with respect to the Consistency Ratio (CR) of 0.0633. This was in line with the focus of ASEAN NCAP's AOP protocol whereby the three body regions were deemed as the critical parts and required sufficient protection. Based on the findings, it is proven that ASEAN NCAP's consideration of OFT in AOP is well developed and suits the current needs. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124190217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Carmai, S. Koetniyom, W. Sungduang, K. A. Abu Kassim, Y. Ahmad
This paper unveils a classification of motorcycle accident data in Thailand to identify common accident scenarios and impact parameters for multibody dynamics simulation of motorcycle crashes. The simulation results were analysed in terms of kinematics of riders and passengers as well as head impact locations. Motorcycle accident data revealed that rolling over without any contact with other vehicles was the most common scenario, while the side swipe was the most common type of crash involving other vehicles. The majority of accidents involved passenger cars with riders' age ranging between 10-29 years. Serious and severe injuries accounted for 20% of the total number of casualties whereas minor abrasions and bruise accounted for 41%. Four common accident scenarios were identified together with a range of impact speeds, impact angles and impact points to generate impact conditions for multibody simulations. The simulation results revealed two patterns of global kinematics including (i) the rider together with the child pillion passenger were laterally projected towards the other vehicle as the other vehicle hit the lateral side of the motorcycle; and (ii) the rider together with the child pillion were launched forward in the direction of impact when the front wheel of the motorcycle hit the other vehicle. The vehicle hood was found to be the most frequently impacted area by the rider's and child passenger's head. The car windshield was the second most frequently impacted location for the rider's head. For pick-up truck, the passenger window was the second most frequent area of impact. There was a moderate number of A-pillar contact on the car but such a situation was rare for the pick-up truck.
{"title":"Motorcycle Accident Scenarios and Post-Crash Kinematics of Motorcyclists in Thailand","authors":"J. Carmai, S. Koetniyom, W. Sungduang, K. A. Abu Kassim, Y. Ahmad","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.94","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This paper unveils a classification of motorcycle accident data in Thailand to identify common accident scenarios and impact parameters for multibody dynamics simulation of motorcycle crashes. The simulation results were analysed in terms of kinematics of riders and passengers as well as head impact locations. Motorcycle accident data revealed that rolling over without any contact with other vehicles was the most common scenario, while the side swipe was the most common type of crash involving other vehicles. The majority of accidents involved passenger cars with riders' age ranging between 10-29 years. Serious and severe injuries accounted for 20% of the total number of casualties whereas minor abrasions and bruise accounted for 41%. Four common accident scenarios were identified together with a range of impact speeds, impact angles and impact points to generate impact conditions for multibody simulations. The simulation results revealed two patterns of global kinematics including (i) the rider together with the child pillion passenger were laterally projected towards the other vehicle as the other vehicle hit the lateral side of the motorcycle; and (ii) the rider together with the child pillion were launched forward in the direction of impact when the front wheel of the motorcycle hit the other vehicle. The vehicle hood was found to be the most frequently impacted area by the rider's and child passenger's head. The car windshield was the second most frequently impacted location for the rider's head. For pick-up truck, the passenger window was the second most frequent area of impact. There was a moderate number of A-pillar contact on the car but such a situation was rare for the pick-up truck. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"982 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132967672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Ismail, N. Abu Husain, M. Mansor, M.M. Baharuddin, N. I. Mohd Zaki, M. K. Abu Husain, A. Ma’aram, A. Wiyono, T. Chaiyakul, Y. Ahmad
Child Presence Detection (CPD) is a safety system designed to assist drivers to prevent the consequences of mistakenly left children in closed parked vehicles. Recently, ASEAN NCAP has released its 2021-2025 Roadmap that outlines the implementation of CPD technology as an initiative to prevent such incidences from happening in the future. This paper aims to provide an overview of these CPD systems and their associated technologies that are readily embedded in vehicles, or commercially available in the market.
{"title":"Child Presence Detection System and Technologies","authors":"N. Ismail, N. Abu Husain, M. Mansor, M.M. Baharuddin, N. I. Mohd Zaki, M. K. Abu Husain, A. Ma’aram, A. Wiyono, T. Chaiyakul, Y. Ahmad","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.123","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Child Presence Detection (CPD) is a safety system designed to assist drivers to prevent the consequences of mistakenly left children in closed parked vehicles. Recently, ASEAN NCAP has released its 2021-2025 Roadmap that outlines the implementation of CPD technology as an initiative to prevent such incidences from happening in the future. This paper aims to provide an overview of these CPD systems and their associated technologies that are readily embedded in vehicles, or commercially available in the market. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133118479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public perception is an important measuring tool to determine a country's readiness to adopt the Autonomous Vehicle (AV). However, depending on the respondents' locality, the perception of a new technology will normally vary; hence it is important to evaluate the response of individuals from a specific background. This paper will focus on the Malaysian populace and assess their opinions on the AV or self-driving car. A Google online survey was carried out to discover the opinions of Malaysians on this matter. The finding suggests that the general public does have a positive opinion on AV. A majority of them would trust the technology to safely drive them to their destination. However, when presented with three different safety-related situations, the results showed a high number of respondents were very concerned with the probable outcomes. Finally, respondents were open to the idea of the disabled operating an AV but were apprehensive by the thought that youngsters/non-drivers could mishandle the technology.
{"title":"Assessing the Public Opinion on Autonomous Vehicles in Malaysia","authors":"K. A. Abu Kassim, M. A. Nasruddin, Z. Mohd Jawi","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.115","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Public perception is an important measuring tool to determine a country's readiness to adopt the Autonomous Vehicle (AV). However, depending on the respondents' locality, the perception of a new technology will normally vary; hence it is important to evaluate the response of individuals from a specific background. This paper will focus on the Malaysian populace and assess their opinions on the AV or self-driving car. A Google online survey was carried out to discover the opinions of Malaysians on this matter. The finding suggests that the general public does have a positive opinion on AV. A majority of them would trust the technology to safely drive them to their destination. However, when presented with three different safety-related situations, the results showed a high number of respondents were very concerned with the probable outcomes. Finally, respondents were open to the idea of the disabled operating an AV but were apprehensive by the thought that youngsters/non-drivers could mishandle the technology. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115958793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The regulation of Child Restraint System (CRS) in Malaysia will pose a psychosocial challenge for road users' mobility: specifically, the limitation of in-vehicle space to allow for the whole family to travel together. Secondary data that various agencies published indicate significant number of road users will face this issue as their family sizes are five and above. The country's collectivistic culture further contributes to the seriousness of the issue as people need to travel together to fulfil the demands and norms of the society, which includes various "makan- makan" and gathering events. While 7-seater are the potential solution for this issue, the users' financial constraints limit them to only selective options of such vehicles in the market requiring them to make trade-offs. The article ends with a calling to the government to consider various approaches as to make the mobility in Malaysia safer and more psychosocially supportive.
{"title":"Improvement of Psychosocial Supportive Mobility through 7-seater Vehicles: The Scope of Child Restraint System","authors":"A. A. Ab. Rashid, Z. Mohd Jawi","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i1.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i1.111","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The regulation of Child Restraint System (CRS) in Malaysia will pose a psychosocial challenge for road users' mobility: specifically, the limitation of in-vehicle space to allow for the whole family to travel together. Secondary data that various agencies published indicate significant number of road users will face this issue as their family sizes are five and above. The country's collectivistic culture further contributes to the seriousness of the issue as people need to travel together to fulfil the demands and norms of the society, which includes various \"makan- makan\" and gathering events. While 7-seater are the potential solution for this issue, the users' financial constraints limit them to only selective options of such vehicles in the market requiring them to make trade-offs. The article ends with a calling to the government to consider various approaches as to make the mobility in Malaysia safer and more psychosocially supportive. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121419695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. A. Hamid, K. Kamarudin, M. R. Osman, A. N. Abidin, Z. Zulkipli, Zulhaidi Mohd Jawi, M. Isa, M. S. Solah, A. Hamzah, A. H. Ariffin
This study is conducted to verify the rollover test of the finite element bus model. Verification is a process of determining that a computational model accurately represents the theoretical mathematical model and its solutions. In case of bus rollover simulation, the verification process is by looking into its energy balance, in which all energy associated with the bus rollover process must be equal and preserved before and after the rollover. Any energy imbalance indicates errors in the rollover process and must be rectified so that the errors remain in acceptable tolerance. The main energies involved in calculations are potential energy, kinetic energy, internal energy, contact energy, rigidwall energy, damping energy, hourglass energy, and total energy. The finite element bus model used is CONTRAST bus developed by CM/E Group, Politecnico di Milano. The rollover test standard used is UN R66, and the software used to set up and solve the simulation are LS-PrePost and LS- DYNA. Energy balance and energy ratio from the rollover simulation shows that the verification procedure is followed, results are within acceptable values, and the rollover test is verified.
{"title":"Finite Element Bus Rollover Test Verification","authors":"I. A. Hamid, K. Kamarudin, M. R. Osman, A. N. Abidin, Z. Zulkipli, Zulhaidi Mohd Jawi, M. Isa, M. S. Solah, A. Hamzah, A. H. Ariffin","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.140","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This study is conducted to verify the rollover test of the finite element bus model. Verification is a process of determining that a computational model accurately represents the theoretical mathematical model and its solutions. In case of bus rollover simulation, the verification process is by looking into its energy balance, in which all energy associated with the bus rollover process must be equal and preserved before and after the rollover. Any energy imbalance indicates errors in the rollover process and must be rectified so that the errors remain in acceptable tolerance. The main energies involved in calculations are potential energy, kinetic energy, internal energy, contact energy, rigidwall energy, damping energy, hourglass energy, and total energy. The finite element bus model used is CONTRAST bus developed by CM/E Group, Politecnico di Milano. The rollover test standard used is UN R66, and the software used to set up and solve the simulation are LS-PrePost and LS- DYNA. Energy balance and energy ratio from the rollover simulation shows that the verification procedure is followed, results are within acceptable values, and the rollover test is verified. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126078979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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