P. Salehen, H. Razali, K. Sopian, T. Lee, M. S. Su’ait
The development of suitable cathode materials of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage towards improving the performance of LIBs in order to meet the increasing demand globally is one of the challenges. This paper investigates the charge-discharge characteristic for lithium ion batteries developed focusing on cathode materials of LiNiCoMnO2 (NCM) – layered structured material with lithium anode. It also discusses the characteristic features of charge-discharge profile, optimized charge-end voltage as well as discharged limit voltage with a constant current C-rate with 0.1C, 0.3C and 0.5C. The coin cells were fabricated in a glove box full of argon gas using those cathode and anode with separator and organic electrolyte (1M LiPF6, EC: DEC 1:1). The performance of charge-discharge test was conducted with NEWARE tester equipment BTS 3000. This includes obtaining experimental data charge- discharge and power capacity to improve the performance of battery. Thus it is reported that charge-discharge characteristic of LNCM material is important to be analysed for LIBs. The parameter attained is vital and necessary enhancement work for the resolution of optimization BMS simulation.
开发适合锂离子电池储能的正极材料，以提高锂离子电池的性能，以满足日益增长的全球需求，是锂离子电池面临的挑战之一。本文以LiNiCoMnO2 (NCM)层状结构材料为正极材料，研究了锂离子电池的充放电特性。讨论了在恒流c倍率为0.1C、0.3C和0.5C时的充放电曲线特征、优化的充电端电压以及放电极限电压。硬币电池是在一个充满氩气的手套箱中制造的，使用阴极和阳极的隔板和有机电解质(1M LiPF6, EC: DEC 1:1)。利用NEWARE测试设备BTS 3000进行了充放电性能测试。这包括获得实验数据的充放电和功率容量，以提高电池的性能。因此，LNCM材料的充放电特性是分析锂离子电池的重要内容。所获得的参数是优化BMS仿真分辨率的重要和必要的提高工作。
{"title":"Evaluation of Charge-Discharge Characteristic of Lithium Cobalt Nickel Manganese Oxide for High-Energy Density Lithium-Ion Batte","authors":"P. Salehen, H. Razali, K. Sopian, T. Lee, M. S. Su’ait","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.66","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The development of suitable cathode materials of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage towards improving the performance of LIBs in order to meet the increasing demand globally is one of the challenges. This paper investigates the charge-discharge characteristic for lithium ion batteries developed focusing on cathode materials of LiNiCoMnO2 (NCM) – layered structured material with lithium anode. It also discusses the characteristic features of charge-discharge profile, optimized charge-end voltage as well as discharged limit voltage with a constant current C-rate with 0.1C, 0.3C and 0.5C. The coin cells were fabricated in a glove box full of argon gas using those cathode and anode with separator and organic electrolyte (1M LiPF6, EC: DEC 1:1). The performance of charge-discharge test was conducted with NEWARE tester equipment BTS 3000. This includes obtaining experimental data charge- discharge and power capacity to improve the performance of battery. Thus it is reported that charge-discharge characteristic of LNCM material is important to be analysed for LIBs. The parameter attained is vital and necessary enhancement work for the resolution of optimization BMS simulation. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129905449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driver alertness, behaviour, and performance are central aspects of road traffic safety to achieve sustainable mobility. In addition, the type of environment where mobility occurs tend to affect drivers. Typically, monotonous stretches along highway deteriorate drivers’ vigilance thus leading to fatigue, drowsiness, and even crashes. Based on extensive review of related literature, this paper shall present the various issues of monotonous driving environment, countermeasures, as well as related research in Malaysia, aside from highway landscaping and other fatigue related road safety issues. Despite the significant amount of research on such issues, due to the current development trend and the highly motorised nature of Malaysia, there is need for more robust research especially in terms of countermeasure improvement and appraisal as well as development of monotony effect indices.
{"title":"Monotonous Driving Environment along Highway and Driver Behaviour in Malaysia: A Review","authors":"M. Zainon, M. Zaly Shah, M. A. Chiroma, M. Kafi","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.78","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Driver alertness, behaviour, and performance are central aspects of road traffic safety to achieve sustainable mobility. In addition, the type of environment where mobility occurs tend to affect drivers. Typically, monotonous stretches along highway deteriorate drivers’ vigilance thus leading to fatigue, drowsiness, and even crashes. Based on extensive review of related literature, this paper shall present the various issues of monotonous driving environment, countermeasures, as well as related research in Malaysia, aside from highway landscaping and other fatigue related road safety issues. Despite the significant amount of research on such issues, due to the current development trend and the highly motorised nature of Malaysia, there is need for more robust research especially in terms of countermeasure improvement and appraisal as well as development of monotony effect indices. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134484297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are more issues surrounding general workshops (GWs) compared to authorised service centres (SCs) especially concerning consumerism. Regardless, GWs still hold equal market share and have sustained their businesses. This article discusses car users' preference of maintenance involving SCs and GWs. Additionally, current government initiatives and the future of automotive workshops in Malaysia are also discussed.
{"title":"Authorised Service Centre vs General Workshop: Consumers' Preference of Car Maintenance","authors":"M. A. Abdul Wahab, M. F. Ibrahim, M.H. Mohd Latif","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.81","url":null,"abstract":"There are more issues surrounding general workshops (GWs) compared to authorised service centres (SCs) especially concerning consumerism. Regardless, GWs still hold equal market share and have sustained their businesses. This article discusses car users' preference of maintenance involving SCs and GWs. Additionally, current government initiatives and the future of automotive workshops in Malaysia are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124151950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. S. Solah, A. Hamzah, A. H. Ariffin, N. F. Paiman, I. Abdul Hamid, M. A. Abdul Wahab, Z. Mohd Jawi, M. R. Osman
Vehicle defect is one of the contributing factors of road mishaps, although the magnitude of the problem is less prominent compared to human behaviour or road environment factors. What is more important is that this technical problem may find a more direct solution as opposed to human behavioural issues. This study aims to discuss common vehicle defects that probably contribute to road crashes by using Periodical Technical Inspection (PTI) database as the basis. Data was analysed to determine common failures of private passenger vehicles based on selected inspections and vehicle types. At this stage, only voluntary and routine inspections were scrutinized. In addition, this study is able to predict the probability of a vehicle failure by using information from the database. From such an analysis, it was found that the two most common private passenger vehicle defects were worn out tire (or lack of tread) and structural integrity. It was also found that vehicles sent for voluntary inspection have a higher probability of failure compared to those sent for routine inspection.
{"title":"Private Vehicle Roadworthiness in Malaysia from the Vehicle Inspection Perspective","authors":"M. S. Solah, A. Hamzah, A. H. Ariffin, N. F. Paiman, I. Abdul Hamid, M. A. Abdul Wahab, Z. Mohd Jawi, M. R. Osman","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.67","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Vehicle defect is one of the contributing factors of road mishaps, although the magnitude of the problem is less prominent compared to human behaviour or road environment factors. What is more important is that this technical problem may find a more direct solution as opposed to human behavioural issues. This study aims to discuss common vehicle defects that probably contribute to road crashes by using Periodical Technical Inspection (PTI) database as the basis. Data was analysed to determine common failures of private passenger vehicles based on selected inspections and vehicle types. At this stage, only voluntary and routine inspections were scrutinized. In addition, this study is able to predict the probability of a vehicle failure by using information from the database. From such an analysis, it was found that the two most common private passenger vehicle defects were worn out tire (or lack of tread) and structural integrity. It was also found that vehicles sent for voluntary inspection have a higher probability of failure compared to those sent for routine inspection. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"635 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124561908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A through-the-road (TTR) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a sub-type of the parallel hybrid, in which the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor provide propulsion power to different axles. TTR architecture allows for hybrid conversion of an existing vehicle using in- wheel motors (IWM), as alternative to on-board motor. Operation requires different types of signals to be acquired and processed: hardwire low- voltage analog signals, digital pulse-train and CAN-bus signals. This work discusses system integration in a TTR hybrid: motor controller, engine control unit (ECU) and energy management system (EMS), using FPGA- based CompactRIO controller. The EMS needs to generate an enhanced throttle signal to the ECU - bypassing the original signal from the throttle position sensor - to gain control of the internal combustion engine for proper hybrid operation.
{"title":"System Integration in a Through-the-Road, In-Wheel Motor Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using FPGA-Based CompactRIO and LabVIEW","authors":"S. Zulkifli, M. H. Hamdan, N. Saad, A. Aziz","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.68","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000A through-the-road (TTR) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a sub-type of the parallel hybrid, in which the internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor provide propulsion power to different axles. TTR architecture allows for hybrid conversion of an existing vehicle using in- wheel motors (IWM), as alternative to on-board motor. Operation requires different types of signals to be acquired and processed: hardwire low- voltage analog signals, digital pulse-train and CAN-bus signals. This work discusses system integration in a TTR hybrid: motor controller, engine control unit (ECU) and energy management system (EMS), using FPGA- based CompactRIO controller. The EMS needs to generate an enhanced throttle signal to the ECU - bypassing the original signal from the throttle position sensor - to gain control of the internal combustion engine for proper hybrid operation. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124713210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. F. Paiman, B. Md Deros, A. Hamzah, D. Kak, M. S. Solah, Y. Ahmad
In car crashes, children are more likely to suffer more severe injuries than adults. For prevention, Child Restraint System (CRS) is normally used. However, inappropriate use of CRS may exacerbate injury risks. This research aims to determine the prevalence of CRS use and misuse among car owners, especially those travelling with children aged 11 years and below. A total of 178 parents were interviewed and 267 children were observed. Overall, only 12.7% children were properly restrained in CRS for their size, with the correct installation and appropriate seating position. Prior to CRS law implementation, initiatives such as awareness campaigns, community based programs and CRS clinics should be introduced.
{"title":"A Study on the Use and Misuse of Child Restraint System (CRS) in Malaysia","authors":"N. F. Paiman, B. Md Deros, A. Hamzah, D. Kak, M. S. Solah, Y. Ahmad","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.75","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000In car crashes, children are more likely to suffer more severe injuries than adults. For prevention, Child Restraint System (CRS) is normally used. However, inappropriate use of CRS may exacerbate injury risks. This research aims to determine the prevalence of CRS use and misuse among car owners, especially those travelling with children aged 11 years and below. A total of 178 parents were interviewed and 267 children were observed. Overall, only 12.7% children were properly restrained in CRS for their size, with the correct installation and appropriate seating position. Prior to CRS law implementation, initiatives such as awareness campaigns, community based programs and CRS clinics should be introduced. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126106040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ibrahim, A. A. Ab. Rashid, Z. Mohd Jawi, H. Mohamed Jamil
This study aims to determine the types of hazards and crash risks facing courier riders during delivery trips by recording the riding scenarios on their actual delivery route. A digital camera and a hands-free camera harness were used to hold the camera at the chest level to record the riding scenarios. Fifteen courier riders in the Klang Valley, Malaysia participated in the study. The final analysis reveals that a courier rider encounters 30 hazardous riding events and 5 near misses on average for each hour of delivery trips. Two-thirds of all hazardous riding events were instigated by road users, including the participants themselves. Interestingly, the participants' own riding behaviours contributed to almost a third (29%) of the total near misses. Obstruction of view was found to increase the odds of causing a near miss by 4.61 times compared to hazards related to driving behaviours of other motorists. Further, incidents related to lane changing or overtaking manoeuvres were found to have 7.81 times higher odds of causing a near miss compared to incidents related to braking or sudden stopping. The classification of hazards and risk assessment presented in this study should be seriously considered for better operation management and defensive driving training.
{"title":"Riding Hazards and Crash Risks Facing Malaysian Courier Riders in the Last Mile Delivery","authors":"M. Ibrahim, A. A. Ab. Rashid, Z. Mohd Jawi, H. Mohamed Jamil","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.84","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This study aims to determine the types of hazards and crash risks facing courier riders during delivery trips by recording the riding scenarios on their actual delivery route. A digital camera and a hands-free camera harness were used to hold the camera at the chest level to record the riding scenarios. Fifteen courier riders in the Klang Valley, Malaysia participated in the study. The final analysis reveals that a courier rider encounters 30 hazardous riding events and 5 near misses on average for each hour of delivery trips. Two-thirds of all hazardous riding events were instigated by road users, including the participants themselves. Interestingly, the participants' own riding behaviours contributed to almost a third (29%) of the total near misses. Obstruction of view was found to increase the odds of causing a near miss by 4.61 times compared to hazards related to driving behaviours of other motorists. Further, incidents related to lane changing or overtaking manoeuvres were found to have 7.81 times higher odds of causing a near miss compared to incidents related to braking or sudden stopping. The classification of hazards and risk assessment presented in this study should be seriously considered for better operation management and defensive driving training. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131389465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motorcyclists swerving in and out of lanes and in between lines of vehicles contribute to traffic conflicts thus creating unnecessary risk of collision. Keeping their travels in dedicated lanes ('keep left' order) as much as possible, may perhaps increase their safety on the road and consequently help reduce road deaths and injuries in Malaysia.
{"title":"Motorcycles ‘keep left’ order: Is it viable?","authors":"A. Hamzah, M. S. Solah, N. F. Paiman","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.71","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Motorcyclists swerving in and out of lanes and in between lines of vehicles contribute to traffic conflicts thus creating unnecessary risk of collision. Keeping their travels in dedicated lanes ('keep left' order) as much as possible, may perhaps increase their safety on the road and consequently help reduce road deaths and injuries in Malaysia. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121191923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inclusivity and equality in the context of women's mobility has recently gained attention. This is due to the increased demands of women travelling with either private vehicles or public transportation. Inclusivity and equality planning is more than just providing women's coaches, special pregnant women seats, and women-only lines in public transportation. Walkability, as one of the most important keywords for mobility, must be enhanced by excellent walking conditions and facilities that are inclusive and equal. In this context, walking for women often relates to the issue of safety and security in addition to accessibility and connectivity. This paper describes different groups of women with divergent perceptions of safety reasons and security. Through the questionnaire survey we have establish a significant relationship between distance and the nature of activity regarding reasons for women walking to the LRT stations.
{"title":"Assessing Elements of Walkability in Women's Mobility","authors":"Y.A.S. Harumain, N. Azmi, S. M. Yusoff","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.61","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Inclusivity and equality in the context of women's mobility has recently gained attention. This is due to the increased demands of women travelling with either private vehicles or public transportation. Inclusivity and equality planning is more than just providing women's coaches, special pregnant women seats, and women-only lines in public transportation. Walkability, as one of the most important keywords for mobility, must be enhanced by excellent walking conditions and facilities that are inclusive and equal. In this context, walking for women often relates to the issue of safety and security in addition to accessibility and connectivity. This paper describes different groups of women with divergent perceptions of safety reasons and security. Through the questionnaire survey we have establish a significant relationship between distance and the nature of activity regarding reasons for women walking to the LRT stations. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127880442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advent of autonomous driving has led researchers toward a whole new technological age where vehicle positioning and localization system form the back bone of an autonomous electric vehicle. However, localization becomes poor as a vehicle enters GPS-denied areas due to multi path errors. Autonomous vehicle, in addition, needs to be localized from time to time and be guided on the right path along its destination. The purpose of this study is to overcome the problem of adopting an alternative method by using the vehicle’s Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS) for localization. WSS as an auxiliary sensor is attached to the vehicle’s wheel to track its position upon considering its travelling speed in a period of time. This is done in such a way that the existence of obscured portion along the guideway will be neglected. The data obtained from WSS are combined with yaw rate from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) through Kinematic Modelling algorithm and then be converted to get the local position coordinates. In order to analyse whether the yaw rate produced by IMU is acceptable or not, comparison with simulation is needed. A Bicycle Model is used to generate simulated yaw rate from the steering angle of the vehicle and Kalman Filter estimates the simulated yaw rate to be close with the raw yaw rate. Therefore, this will clarify that the yaw rate obtained from IMU is acceptable and that true localization path is generated.
{"title":"Vehicle Localization Using Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS) and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)","authors":"Mohd Azizi Abdul Rahman, H. Zamzuri","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.76","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The advent of autonomous driving has led researchers toward a whole new technological age where vehicle positioning and localization system form the back bone of an autonomous electric vehicle. However, localization becomes poor as a vehicle enters GPS-denied areas due to multi path errors. Autonomous vehicle, in addition, needs to be localized from time to time and be guided on the right path along its destination. The purpose of this study is to overcome the problem of adopting an alternative method by using the vehicle’s Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS) for localization. WSS as an auxiliary sensor is attached to the vehicle’s wheel to track its position upon considering its travelling speed in a period of time. This is done in such a way that the existence of obscured portion along the guideway will be neglected. The data obtained from WSS are combined with yaw rate from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) through Kinematic Modelling algorithm and then be converted to get the local position coordinates. In order to analyse whether the yaw rate produced by IMU is acceptable or not, comparison with simulation is needed. A Bicycle Model is used to generate simulated yaw rate from the steering angle of the vehicle and Kalman Filter estimates the simulated yaw rate to be close with the raw yaw rate. Therefore, this will clarify that the yaw rate obtained from IMU is acceptable and that true localization path is generated. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117237657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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