Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v17-e230414-2022-18
Mokhamad Tirono
Apple juice is useful for preventing cardiovascular disease, degenerative disease, and cancer. The supply of apple juice is often contaminated with microbes due to raw materials and different processing methods. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of inactivating L. monocytogenes bacteria using UV-C light by observing its impact on vitamin C content, pH, and color of apple juice. The research sample was Manalagi apple juice contaminated with L. monocytogenes bacteria. The treatment used UV-C with a wavelength of 185-280 nm and the optimum intensity at 256 nm. The light intensity used for the treatment was 0-125 mW/cm2, with treatment times of 30 minutes and 60 minutes. The results showed that the inactivation of bacteria with a light intensity of 125 mW/cm2 for 30 minutes reduced the number of bacteria by 0.49 ± 0.02 log10, while the inactivation for 60 minutes was able to reduce the number of bacteria by 1.01 ± 0.02 log10. Treatment using UV-C reduced the content of vitamin C, raised the pH, and changed the color of apple juice. Treatment using UV-C with higher intensity was effective in reducing the number of large bacteria but had the potential to decrease the vitamin C content and change the color of apple juice to brown. Treatment using UV-C with an intensity of 100 and 125 mW/cm2 affected the smell of apple juice.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of UV-C Light for Inactivating Listeria monocytogenes Bacteria and its Impact on Apple Juice","authors":"Mokhamad Tirono","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v17-e230414-2022-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v17-e230414-2022-18","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Apple juice is useful for preventing cardiovascular disease, degenerative disease, and cancer. The supply of apple juice is often contaminated with microbes due to raw materials and different processing methods. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of inactivating L. monocytogenes bacteria using UV-C light by observing its impact on vitamin C content, pH, and color of apple juice.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The research sample was Manalagi apple juice contaminated with L. monocytogenes bacteria. The treatment used UV-C with a wavelength of 185-280 nm and the optimum intensity at 256 nm. The light intensity used for the treatment was 0-125 mW/cm2, with treatment times of 30 minutes and 60 minutes.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results showed that the inactivation of bacteria with a light intensity of 125 mW/cm2 for 30 minutes reduced the number of bacteria by 0.49 ± 0.02 log10, while the inactivation for 60 minutes was able to reduce the number of bacteria by 1.01 ± 0.02 log10. Treatment using UV-C reduced the content of vitamin C, raised the pH, and changed the color of apple juice.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Treatment using UV-C with higher intensity was effective in reducing the number of large bacteria but had the potential to decrease the vitamin C content and change the color of apple juice to brown. Treatment using UV-C with an intensity of 100 and 125 mW/cm2 affected the smell of apple juice.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122506393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-05DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v17-e230316-2022-25
J. Borjac, Alaa Matar, Maxime Merheb, C. Vazhappilly, Rachel Matar
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Identification of genetic variants that pose risks to MS is of high interest since they contribute largely to disease pathogenesis. A rich body of literature associated these risks with variants of HLA genes located mostly on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21). These genetic variations may result in alteration in protein function and are associated, therefore, with disease phenotype and therapy outcome. Although the HLA region has been routinely known to have the strongest correlation with MS, other genes found within and outside HLA locus are considered risk factors for MS. The objective of this review is to shed light on the non-HLA genes implicated with multiple sclerosis. Due to the interplay between the polygenetic and environmental factors, along with their differential contribution and genetic heterogeneity among populations, it is extremely challenging to determine the contribution of the non-HLA genes to the outcome and onset of MS disease. We conclude that a better assemblage of genetic factors involved in MS can have a critical impact on the establishment of a genetic map of MS that allows proper investigation at the expression and functional levels.
{"title":"Non-HLA Genes and Multiple Sclerosis","authors":"J. Borjac, Alaa Matar, Maxime Merheb, C. Vazhappilly, Rachel Matar","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v17-e230316-2022-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v17-e230316-2022-25","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Identification of genetic variants that pose risks to MS is of high interest since they contribute largely to disease pathogenesis. A rich body of literature associated these risks with variants of HLA genes located mostly on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21). These genetic variations may result in alteration in protein function and are associated, therefore, with disease phenotype and therapy outcome. Although the HLA region has been routinely known to have the strongest correlation with MS, other genes found within and outside HLA locus are considered risk factors for MS. The objective of this review is to shed light on the non-HLA genes implicated with multiple sclerosis. Due to the interplay between the polygenetic and environmental factors, along with their differential contribution and genetic heterogeneity among populations, it is extremely challenging to determine the contribution of the non-HLA genes to the outcome and onset of MS disease. We conclude that a better assemblage of genetic factors involved in MS can have a critical impact on the establishment of a genetic map of MS that allows proper investigation at the expression and functional levels.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128962153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-23DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v17-230223-2022-17
M. Desta, A. Akuma, Metadel Minay, Z. Yusuf, Kassa Baye
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most vital grain legume crop rich in protein and oil. The inoculation of rhizobia with soybean plays a very important role in increasing soil fertility via its contribution to biological nitrogen fixation. This study focuses on the evaluation of indigenous and commercial rhizobia on soybean nodulation and growth parameters. Soil samples were collected from five districts for nodule trapping. The rhizobia were isolated using ‘plant induction following the standard procedures. The greenhouse experiments were arranged in a completed randomized design with three replications and two control units. The data were collected for plant height, nodule number, nodule dry weight, shoot dry weight, root length; root dry weight, total nitrogen and nitrogen-content. The entire isolates were found gram-negative, without absorbing congo-red and did not grow on peptone glucose agar media. Slow grower isolates turned bromothymol blue with yeast extract mannitol agar medium into a moderately deep blue color but fast grower changed to yellow color. All isolates were tested on the sand induced nodule and were significantly superior to the negative control in terms of plant height, shoot dry weight, and nodule dry weight. The shoot dry weight of soybean rhizobial isolates on the sterilized sand experiment was ranging from 1.6 to 2.2g per plant and it was a highly significant correlation to the nodule number, nodule dry weight and root dry weight. The indigenous isolates were highly competent to all commercial rhizobia. This study encourages further evaluation of the field and molecular characteristics.
大豆(Glycine max L.)是最重要的富含蛋白质和油脂的谷物豆科作物。大豆接种根瘤菌通过对土壤生物固氮的贡献，在提高土壤肥力方面发挥着重要作用。本研究的重点是评价本地和商业根瘤菌对大豆结瘤和生长参数的影响。在5个地区采集土壤样品进行根瘤捕获。采用标准的植株诱导法分离根瘤菌。温室试验采用完全随机设计，3个重复，2个对照单元。收集植株高度、根瘤数、根瘤干重、茎干重、根长;根干重、全氮和含氮量。整个分离株均为革兰氏阴性，不吸收刚果红，也不能在蛋白胨葡萄糖琼脂培养基上生长。慢生长菌株用酵母提取物甘露醇琼脂培养基将溴百里酚蓝转化为中深蓝色，而快生长菌株则变为黄色。所有分离株在沙致根瘤上的株高、茎干重和根瘤干重均显著优于阴性对照。大豆根瘤菌绝育砂试验分离株茎部干重在1.6 ~ 2.2g /株之间，与根瘤数、根瘤干重和根干重呈极显著相关。本地分离株对所有商业根瘤菌均有很强的抗性。这项研究鼓励进一步评估领域和分子特征。
{"title":"Effects of Indigenous and Commercial Rhizobia on Growth and Nodulation of Soybean (Glycine max L) under Greenhouse Condition","authors":"M. Desta, A. Akuma, Metadel Minay, Z. Yusuf, Kassa Baye","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v17-230223-2022-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v17-230223-2022-17","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most vital grain legume crop rich in protein and oil. The inoculation of rhizobia with soybean plays a very important role in increasing soil fertility via its contribution to biological nitrogen fixation.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study focuses on the evaluation of indigenous and commercial rhizobia on soybean nodulation and growth parameters.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Soil samples were collected from five districts for nodule trapping. The rhizobia were isolated using ‘plant induction following the standard procedures. The greenhouse experiments were arranged in a completed randomized design with three replications and two control units. The data were collected for plant height, nodule number, nodule dry weight, shoot dry weight, root length; root dry weight, total nitrogen and nitrogen-content.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The entire isolates were found gram-negative, without absorbing congo-red and did not grow on peptone glucose agar media. Slow grower isolates turned bromothymol blue with yeast extract mannitol agar medium into a moderately deep blue color but fast grower changed to yellow color. All isolates were tested on the sand induced nodule and were significantly superior to the negative control in terms of plant height, shoot dry weight, and nodule dry weight. The shoot dry weight of soybean rhizobial isolates on the sterilized sand experiment was ranging from 1.6 to 2.2g per plant and it was a highly significant correlation to the nodule number, nodule dry weight and root dry weight.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The indigenous isolates were highly competent to all commercial rhizobia. This study encourages further evaluation of the field and molecular characteristics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122607914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-02DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v17-e230202-2022-15
Bona Abdella, Z. Yusuf, Yohannes Petros
Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is one of most important fruit crop in the world. Traditionally, vegetative propagation methods (including cutting, budding, and layering) are time consuming (about three years), with a low production rates and low success in obtaining virus-free plants. The present study was planned to investigate the in vitro propagation of apple (M. domestica) cultivars from nodal segments. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with sucrose and different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were used for shoot proliferation and root induction. The optimal concentrations of PGRs in MS medium were assessed. The effect of full and half strength MS medium on root induction was investigated. Examination of the effects of MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin revealed that significantly highest shoot response was recorded for the ‘Princess’ cultivar with maximum shoot proliferation rate (65.25%), shoot number per explant (2.57), shoot length (7.28cm), and leaf number per shoot (6.15) after four weeks of culture. The root induction in microshoots of three apple cultivars was observed after 20 days of culturing. The strength MS medium (full and half) containing 1.5 mg/L IAA significantly affected (at P<0.05, chi square test) root induction in all three apple cultivars, especially rooting rate. However, there was no significant difference in root number and root length per microshoot among the apple cultivars. Among the cultivars, significantly highest rooting rate(48.30%), root number (6.25),and root length (4.15cm)were recorded for cultivar ‘Princess’ on full strength MS medium. PGR combination of IAA (1.0 mg/L) and kinetin (3.0 mg/L) was found to be the best for shoot proliferations. The shoot responses were found to increase with an increase in kinetin concentration combined with IAA at 1.00 mg/L.
{"title":"Optimization of Hormonal Compositions of Media for In vitro Propagation of Apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) Cultivars","authors":"Bona Abdella, Z. Yusuf, Yohannes Petros","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v17-e230202-2022-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v17-e230202-2022-15","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is one of most important fruit crop in the world. Traditionally, vegetative propagation methods (including cutting, budding, and layering) are time consuming (about three years), with a low production rates and low success in obtaining virus-free plants.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The present study was planned to investigate the in vitro propagation of apple (M. domestica) cultivars from nodal segments.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with sucrose and different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were used for shoot proliferation and root induction. The optimal concentrations of PGRs in MS medium were assessed. The effect of full and half strength MS medium on root induction was investigated.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Examination of the effects of MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin revealed that significantly highest shoot response was recorded for the ‘Princess’ cultivar with maximum shoot proliferation rate (65.25%), shoot number per explant (2.57), shoot length (7.28cm), and leaf number per shoot (6.15) after four weeks of culture. The root induction in microshoots of three apple cultivars was observed after 20 days of culturing. The strength MS medium (full and half) containing 1.5 mg/L IAA significantly affected (at P<0.05, chi square test) root induction in all three apple cultivars, especially rooting rate. However, there was no significant difference in root number and root length per microshoot among the apple cultivars. Among the cultivars, significantly highest rooting rate(48.30%), root number (6.25),and root length (4.15cm)were recorded for cultivar ‘Princess’ on full strength MS medium.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 PGR combination of IAA (1.0 mg/L) and kinetin (3.0 mg/L) was found to be the best for shoot proliferations. The shoot responses were found to increase with an increase in kinetin concentration combined with IAA at 1.00 mg/L.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116888718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v17-e230109-2022-13
S. Singh, Abhijeet Sharma, S. Srivastava, Lokesh Sharma, S. Sundaram
Amongall challenges facing humanity today, global warming has become a major concern in the last two decades due to an increase of almost 2.41 mg.L-1of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. Although many CO2 capture technologies have ramped up significantly in the last few decades, most of them are still not sustainable with scanty economic incentive to use it. Harnessing the inherent ability of photosynthetic microorganisms as algae to capture and convert CO2 into value added products and fuels has great prospective for utilization of atmospheric carbon waste. A synergistic union of algal cultivation with effective mitigation of CO2 emitted from power plants has been proved as economically viable and energetically feasible as algae can fix CO2 ten times greater than terrestrial plants. In order to meet current bio-economy challenges to produce high-value multiple products at a time, new integrated strategies are necessary for algal cultivation with cost-effective CO2 capturing from thermoelectric plants. The feasibility of large-scale algal cultivation depends on various physico-chemical parameters, affecting growth as well as carbon mitigation efficiency, directly or indirectly. This paper highlights the vital variables which help to craft an efficient algae cultivation system particularly for effective industrial CO2 mitigation. It includes algal-bacteria interactions, physicochemical conditions, cultivation system and utilization of produced algal biomass toward value addition. The aim is to apply the fundamentals of algae based integrated approaches to capture CO2 and achieve a green economy that improves the quality of energy, environment, and health of mankind.
{"title":"Crafting the Synergistic Fusion of Algal Cultivation with Effective Industrial CO2 Mitigation","authors":"S. Singh, Abhijeet Sharma, S. Srivastava, Lokesh Sharma, S. Sundaram","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v17-e230109-2022-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v17-e230109-2022-13","url":null,"abstract":"Amongall challenges facing humanity today, global warming has become a major concern in the last two decades due to an increase of almost 2.41 mg.L-1of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. Although many CO2 capture technologies have ramped up significantly in the last few decades, most of them are still not sustainable with scanty economic incentive to use it. Harnessing the inherent ability of photosynthetic microorganisms as algae to capture and convert CO2 into value added products and fuels has great prospective for utilization of atmospheric carbon waste. A synergistic union of algal cultivation with effective mitigation of CO2 emitted from power plants has been proved as economically viable and energetically feasible as algae can fix CO2 ten times greater than terrestrial plants. In order to meet current bio-economy challenges to produce high-value multiple products at a time, new integrated strategies are necessary for algal cultivation with cost-effective CO2 capturing from thermoelectric plants. The feasibility of large-scale algal cultivation depends on various physico-chemical parameters, affecting growth as well as carbon mitigation efficiency, directly or indirectly. This paper highlights the vital variables which help to craft an efficient algae cultivation system particularly for effective industrial CO2 mitigation. It includes algal-bacteria interactions, physicochemical conditions, cultivation system and utilization of produced algal biomass toward value addition. The aim is to apply the fundamentals of algae based integrated approaches to capture CO2 and achieve a green economy that improves the quality of energy, environment, and health of mankind.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115919424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-13DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v16-e221213-2022-6
Amit K. Mittal, D. S. Shekhawat, Vibha Joshi, Pratibha Singh, Kuldeep Singh
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revamped the area of genetics with improve the sequence of a substantial number of genes with high accuracy and short turn-around time. It may allow being used of NGS as a first-tier diagnostic test for inborn errors of metabolic or other genetic disorders. Early diagnosis of genetic disorders may help to improve the clinical condition of the child. The advantages of NGS included panel-specific gene sequencing, which targets disease-specific genes to confirm the genetic conditions. This review discussed the advantage and potential challenges of the NGS in newborn screening, other methodologies for newborn screening v/s NGS, application of NGS in various disorders, in comparison to the other, clinical importance, and economic aspects. Gene-specific panels and whole exome sequencing have shortened the clinical diagnosis of complex medical conditions at an early age. Furthermore, gene sequencing facilitates to recognize the novel mutations. There are innumerable gaps in between knowledge, as well as the views of varied populations, abilities of public health, and health economics. DNA sequencing through NGS is nowadays frequently used in some clinical diagnoses, and its execution in newborn screening can provide us with better outcomes. Although inferences across the countries additional rigorous cost-effectiveness studies towards NGS have to be piloted and it is a favour to use NGS for newborn screening. In conclusion, NGS is a rapid, robust, and accurate diagnostic tool that can be used for newborn screening which helps the clinician to make a correct diagnosis and help in prior prevention and surveillance of disorder conditions.
{"title":"Next-generation sequencing in Newborn Screening: A review on clinical and economic prospects","authors":"Amit K. Mittal, D. S. Shekhawat, Vibha Joshi, Pratibha Singh, Kuldeep Singh","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v16-e221213-2022-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v16-e221213-2022-6","url":null,"abstract":"Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revamped the area of genetics with improve the sequence of a substantial number of genes with high accuracy and short turn-around time. It may allow being used of NGS as a first-tier diagnostic test for inborn errors of metabolic or other genetic disorders. Early diagnosis of genetic disorders may help to improve the clinical condition of the child. The advantages of NGS included panel-specific gene sequencing, which targets disease-specific genes to confirm the genetic conditions. This review discussed the advantage and potential challenges of the NGS in newborn screening, other methodologies for newborn screening v/s NGS, application of NGS in various disorders, in comparison to the other, clinical importance, and economic aspects. Gene-specific panels and whole exome sequencing have shortened the clinical diagnosis of complex medical conditions at an early age. Furthermore, gene sequencing facilitates to recognize the novel mutations. There are innumerable gaps in between knowledge, as well as the views of varied populations, abilities of public health, and health economics. DNA sequencing through NGS is nowadays frequently used in some clinical diagnoses, and its execution in newborn screening can provide us with better outcomes. Although inferences across the countries additional rigorous cost-effectiveness studies towards NGS have to be piloted and it is a favour to use NGS for newborn screening. In conclusion, NGS is a rapid, robust, and accurate diagnostic tool that can be used for newborn screening which helps the clinician to make a correct diagnosis and help in prior prevention and surveillance of disorder conditions.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116184289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v16-e221206-2022-10
D. Kawadza, T. Dikobe, Patience Chatukuta, M. Takundwa, E. Bobo, Katlego S. Sehlabane, O. Ruzvidzo
Second messengers have a key role in linking environmental stimuli to cellular responses. One such messenger, 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generated by adenylyl cyclase (AC), has long been established as an essential signaling molecule in many physiological processes of higher plants, including growth, development and stress response. To date, very few ACs have been identified in plants, thus a need to search for more. To test the probable AC activity of an Arabidopsis MEE (AtMEE) protein and infer its function bioinformatically. A truncated version of the AtMEE protein (encoded by At2g34780 gene) harboring the annotated AC catalytic center (AtMEE-AC) was cloned and expressed in BL21 Star pLysS Escherichia coli cells followed by its purification using the nickel-nitriloacetic acid (Ni-NTA) affinity system. The purified protein was tested for its probable in vitro AC activity by enzyme immunoassay. The AtMEE-AC protein was also expressed in the SP850 mutant E. coli strain, followed by assessment (visually) of its ability to complement the AC-deficiency (cyaA mutation) in this mutant. Finally, the AtMEE protein was analyzed bioinformatically to infer its probable biological function(s). AtMEE is an AC molecule, whose in vitro activity is Mn2+-dependent and positively modulated by NaF. Moreover, AtMEE is capable of complementing the AC-deficiency (cyaA) mutation in the SP850 mutant strain. AtMEE is primarily involved in embryo development and also specifically expressed in response to abiotic stress via the MYB expression core motif signaled by cAMP. AtMEE is an AC protein, whose functions are associated with embryo development and response to abiotic stress.
第二信使在连接环境刺激和细胞反应方面起着关键作用。腺苷酸环化酶(AC)产生的3′，5′-环腺苷单磷酸(cAMP)是其中的一种信使分子，在高等植物的生长、发育和逆境反应等许多生理过程中都是必不可少的信号分子。迄今为止，在植物中发现的ac很少，因此需要寻找更多的ac。目的检测拟南芥MEE (AtMEE)蛋白可能的AC活性，并从生物信息学角度推断其功能。我们克隆了At2g34780基因编码的AtMEE蛋白的截断版本，其中包含了AC催化中心(AtMEE-AC)，并在BL21 Star pLysS大肠杆菌细胞中表达，随后使用镍-腈乙酸(Ni-NTA)亲和体系纯化。用酶免疫法测定纯化蛋白的体外AC活性。AtMEE-AC蛋白也在SP850突变型大肠杆菌菌株中表达，随后(目视)评估其补足该突变型ac缺乏症(cyaA突变)的能力。最后，对AtMEE蛋白进行生物信息学分析，推断其可能的生物学功能。AtMEE是一种AC分子，其体外活性依赖于Mn2+，并受NaF的正向调节。此外，AtMEE能够补充SP850突变株中的ac缺乏症(cyaA)突变。AtMEE主要参与胚胎发育，也通过cAMP信号传导的MYB表达核心基序特异性表达以应对非生物胁迫。 AtMEE是一种AC蛋白，其功能与胚胎发育和对非生物胁迫的反应有关。
{"title":"An Arabidopsis Maternal Effect Embryo Arrest Protein is an Adenylyl Cyclase with Predicted Roles in Embryo Development and Response to Abiotic Stress","authors":"D. Kawadza, T. Dikobe, Patience Chatukuta, M. Takundwa, E. Bobo, Katlego S. Sehlabane, O. Ruzvidzo","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v16-e221206-2022-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v16-e221206-2022-10","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Second messengers have a key role in linking environmental stimuli to cellular responses. One such messenger, 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generated by adenylyl cyclase (AC), has long been established as an essential signaling molecule in many physiological processes of higher plants, including growth, development and stress response. To date, very few ACs have been identified in plants, thus a need to search for more.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To test the probable AC activity of an Arabidopsis MEE (AtMEE) protein and infer its function bioinformatically.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A truncated version of the AtMEE protein (encoded by At2g34780 gene) harboring the annotated AC catalytic center (AtMEE-AC) was cloned and expressed in BL21 Star pLysS Escherichia coli cells followed by its purification using the nickel-nitriloacetic acid (Ni-NTA) affinity system. The purified protein was tested for its probable in vitro AC activity by enzyme immunoassay. The AtMEE-AC protein was also expressed in the SP850 mutant E. coli strain, followed by assessment (visually) of its ability to complement the AC-deficiency (cyaA mutation) in this mutant. Finally, the AtMEE protein was analyzed bioinformatically to infer its probable biological function(s).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 AtMEE is an AC molecule, whose in vitro activity is Mn2+-dependent and positively modulated by NaF. Moreover, AtMEE is capable of complementing the AC-deficiency (cyaA) mutation in the SP850 mutant strain. AtMEE is primarily involved in embryo development and also specifically expressed in response to abiotic stress via the MYB expression core motif signaled by cAMP.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u2028AtMEE is an AC protein, whose functions are associated with embryo development and response to abiotic stress.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133489162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v16-e2208300
Esraa M. Arabi, A. S. Mohra, K. S. Ahmed
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most epidemic type of dementia. The cause and treatment of the disease remain unidentified. However, when the impairment is still at a preliminary stage or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the symptoms might be more controlled, and the treatment can be more efficient. As a result, computational diagnosis of the disease based on brain medical images is crucial for early diagnosis. In this study, an efficient computational method was introduced to classify MRI brain scans for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and normal aging control (NC), comprising three main steps: I) feature extraction, II) feature selection III) classification. Although most of the current approaches utilize binary classification, the proposed model can differentiate between multiple stages of Alzheimer’s disease and achieve superior results in early-stage AD diagnosis. 158 magnetic resonance images (MRI) were taken from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database (ADNI), which were preprocessed and normalized to be suitable for extracting the volume, cortical thickness, sulci depth, and gyrification index measures for various brain regions of interest (ROIs), as they play a considerable role in the detection of AD. One of the embedded feature selection method was used to select the most informative features for AD diagnosis. Three models were used to classify AD based on the selected features: an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machine (SVM), and K-nearest neighborhood (KNN). XGBoost showed the highest accuracy of 92.31%, precision of 0.92, recall of 0.92, F1-score of 0.92, and AUC of 0.9543. Recent research has reported using multivariable data analysis to classify dementia stages such as MCI and AD and employing machine learning to predict dementia stages. In the proposed method, we achieved good performance for early-stage AD (MCI) detection, which is the most targeted stage to be identified. Moreover, we investigated the most reliable features for the diagnosis of AD.
{"title":"High Accuracy Diagnosis for MRI Imaging Of Alzheimer’s Disease using Xgboost","authors":"Esraa M. Arabi, A. S. Mohra, K. S. Ahmed","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v16-e2208300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v16-e2208300","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most epidemic type of dementia. The cause and treatment of the disease remain unidentified. However, when the impairment is still at a preliminary stage or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the symptoms might be more controlled, and the treatment can be more efficient. As a result, computational diagnosis of the disease based on brain medical images is crucial for early diagnosis.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this study, an efficient computational method was introduced to classify MRI brain scans for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and normal aging control (NC), comprising three main steps: I) feature extraction, II) feature selection III) classification. Although most of the current approaches utilize binary classification, the proposed model can differentiate between multiple stages of Alzheimer’s disease and achieve superior results in early-stage AD diagnosis. 158 magnetic resonance images (MRI) were taken from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database (ADNI), which were preprocessed and normalized to be suitable for extracting the volume, cortical thickness, sulci depth, and gyrification index measures for various brain regions of interest (ROIs), as they play a considerable role in the detection of AD. One of the embedded feature selection method was used to select the most informative features for AD diagnosis. Three models were used to classify AD based on the selected features: an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machine (SVM), and K-nearest neighborhood (KNN).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 XGBoost showed the highest accuracy of 92.31%, precision of 0.92, recall of 0.92, F1-score of 0.92, and AUC of 0.9543. Recent research has reported using multivariable data analysis to classify dementia stages such as MCI and AD and employing machine learning to predict dementia stages.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In the proposed method, we achieved good performance for early-stage AD (MCI) detection, which is the most targeted stage to be identified. Moreover, we investigated the most reliable features for the diagnosis of AD.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129468172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v16-e2206160
Muhammednur Sado, Z. Yusuf, M. Desta, M. Idris
Citrus sinensis L., commonly called sweet orange, fruit waste (peel, seed, and pulp) oils, are used as natural preservatives due to their broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of sweet orange peel and pulp oils extracted using the solvent extraction method. The oil extraction was done in the Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether as a solvent. Then, the physicochemical properties of the oil extracts were assessed based on the determination of oil yield, acid value, free fatty acid, and peroxide value. The antioxidant activity of the oil extract was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging activity as well as ascorbic acid content. The results indicated that significantly higher antioxidant activities with respect to ascorbic acid (47.94%) and DPPH value 85.20% were recorded for sweet orange pulp/juice oil. Stronger antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (10.67mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25µg/ml, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.25µg/ml were recorded for fruit pulp oil extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Stronger antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (9.67mm), MIC (0.25µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 0.50µg/ml were also observed for fruit pulp oil extract against Aspergillus versicolor. C. sinensis fruit pulp oil was found to demonstrate stronger biological activities, including both antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials.
{"title":"Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. OSBECK) Fruit Peel and Pulp Oil Extracts","authors":"Muhammednur Sado, Z. Yusuf, M. Desta, M. Idris","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v16-e2206160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v16-e2206160","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Citrus sinensis L., commonly called sweet orange, fruit waste (peel, seed, and pulp) oils, are used as natural preservatives due to their broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of sweet orange peel and pulp oils extracted using the solvent extraction method.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The oil extraction was done in the Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether as a solvent. Then, the physicochemical properties of the oil extracts were assessed based on the determination of oil yield, acid value, free fatty acid, and peroxide value. The antioxidant activity of the oil extract was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging activity as well as ascorbic acid content.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results indicated that significantly higher antioxidant activities with respect to ascorbic acid (47.94%) and DPPH value 85.20% were recorded for sweet orange pulp/juice oil. Stronger antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (10.67mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25µg/ml, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.25µg/ml were recorded for fruit pulp oil extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Stronger antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (9.67mm), MIC (0.25µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 0.50µg/ml were also observed for fruit pulp oil extract against Aspergillus versicolor.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 C. sinensis fruit pulp oil was found to demonstrate stronger biological activities, including both antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129187183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18DOI: 10.2174/18740707-v16-e2205190
T. P. Krishna, T. Maharajan, S. Ceasar
Cereals are an important source of food for millions of people across low-middle-income countries. Cereals are considered a staple food for poor people. The majority of the people are depending upon agricultural occupation. Agriculture provides a primary source of income for many farmers in low-middle-income countries. The pre- and post-harvest loss of crop yield affects farmers and is a major problem in achieving food security. Biotic and abiotic factors cause pre- and post-harvest loss of crop yield worldwide. It significantly affects the economic status of farmers as well as low-middle-income countries. Many advanced technologies are available for resolving the pre- and post-harvest loss of crop yield. The past few decades have seen remarkable progress in crop improvement. Especially high-throughput genome sequencing approaches contributed to advancement in the crop improvement. Genome-editing has also been considered a key tool for crop improvement. The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has become a potent genome editing system for modifying key traits in cereal crops. CRISPR/Cas9 system offers new opportunities for addressing pre-and post-harvest constraints affecting cereal grain production and storage. In this review, we discuss the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to reduce pre-and post-harvest yield loss in cereal crops. It may promote the economic status of farmers and reduce food demand in the coming decades.
{"title":"Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing System to Reduce the Pre- and Post-Harvest Yield Losses in Cereals","authors":"T. P. Krishna, T. Maharajan, S. Ceasar","doi":"10.2174/18740707-v16-e2205190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18740707-v16-e2205190","url":null,"abstract":"Cereals are an important source of food for millions of people across low-middle-income countries. Cereals are considered a staple food for poor people. The majority of the people are depending upon agricultural occupation. Agriculture provides a primary source of income for many farmers in low-middle-income countries. The pre- and post-harvest loss of crop yield affects farmers and is a major problem in achieving food security. Biotic and abiotic factors cause pre- and post-harvest loss of crop yield worldwide. It significantly affects the economic status of farmers as well as low-middle-income countries. Many advanced technologies are available for resolving the pre- and post-harvest loss of crop yield. The past few decades have seen remarkable progress in crop improvement. Especially high-throughput genome sequencing approaches contributed to advancement in the crop improvement. Genome-editing has also been considered a key tool for crop improvement. The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has become a potent genome editing system for modifying key traits in cereal crops. CRISPR/Cas9 system offers new opportunities for addressing pre-and post-harvest constraints affecting cereal grain production and storage. In this review, we discuss the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to reduce pre-and post-harvest yield loss in cereal crops. It may promote the economic status of farmers and reduce food demand in the coming decades.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125541131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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