Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130163
M. Lepore, I. Delfino
Intralipid is a material widely employed for the preparation of phantoms for optical imaging and biophotonics applications in medical field. The development of new optical diagnostic equipment in these fields requires the use of well-designed phantoms with optical properties (including scattering and absorption) mimicking those of biological tissues in all the pre-clinical stages of investigations. For this reason, great research effort has been devoted to optically characterize Intralipid and at preparing optimal phantoms. In this short review, we summarize the principal physico-chemical characteristics of Intralipid and the main contributions in the assessment of its scattering and absorption properties. In addition, the most largely used Intralipid-based homogeneous and non-homogeneous phantoms are discussed. Even though other materials are available for the preparation of phantoms, the use of Intralipid still offers an inexpensive and easy-to-use method for preparing phantoms with finely tuned optical properties.
{"title":"Intralipid-Based Phantoms for the Development of New Optical Diagnostic Techniques","authors":"M. Lepore, I. Delfino","doi":"10.2174/187407070190130163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/187407070190130163","url":null,"abstract":"Intralipid is a material widely employed for the preparation of phantoms for optical imaging and biophotonics applications in medical field. The development of new optical diagnostic equipment in these fields requires the use of well-designed phantoms with optical properties (including scattering and absorption) mimicking those of biological tissues in all the pre-clinical stages of investigations. For this reason, great research effort has been devoted to optically characterize Intralipid and at preparing optimal phantoms. In this short review, we summarize the principal physico-chemical characteristics of Intralipid and the main contributions in the assessment of its scattering and absorption properties. In addition, the most largely used Intralipid-based homogeneous and non-homogeneous phantoms are discussed. Even though other materials are available for the preparation of phantoms, the use of Intralipid still offers an inexpensive and easy-to-use method for preparing phantoms with finely tuned optical properties.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"39 Suppl 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133159496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.2174/1874070701913010155
D. Mihaylova, A. Lante
In this review, the function of water and the increasing role of water as a green solvent and co-extractant based on its application in ancient times and the need of environmental thinking have been discussed. A brief summary of various extraction methods for natural products, the application of conventional and innovative processes, based on water and future insights and perspectives considering water as an eco-friendly crossroad in green extraction have been reported. Taking into account also the issue of wastewater, this paper calls for-more effective use of water as a finite resource.
{"title":"Water an Eco-Friendly Crossroad in Green Extraction: An Overview","authors":"D. Mihaylova, A. Lante","doi":"10.2174/1874070701913010155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701913010155","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, the function of water and the increasing role of water as a green solvent and co-extractant based on its application in ancient times and the need of environmental thinking have been discussed. A brief summary of various extraction methods for natural products, the application of conventional and innovative processes, based on water and future insights and perspectives considering water as an eco-friendly crossroad in green extraction have been reported. Taking into account also the issue of wastewater, this paper calls for-more effective use of water as a finite resource.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129552664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130129
Bibhudatta S. K. Panda, S. K. Mohapatra, Mohanned Naif Alhussien, A. Dang
18 Karan Fries cows of similar parity, milk yield and lactation stage were selected and screened for mastitis based upon milk Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) as well as California mastitis test and divided into 3 groups of 6 each i.e., healthy, sub-clinical (SCM), Clinical Mastitis (CM). Milk samples were analyzed for milk composition and technological properties. Milk neutrophils were isolated and their percentage, Phagocytic Activity (PA), viability were estimated. Activities of neutrophil enzymes i.e. Elastase 2, Collagenase and Cathepsin G were analyzed using ELISA. Relative mRNA expression of cell surface molecules like selectin (CD-62L), integrin (CD-11b), chemokine receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2), CD-44 and chemotactic factor (IL-8) in milk neutrophil were also studied.
{"title":"Amount of Milk Neutrophil Percentage and Associated CD Molecular Changes on the Compositional and Technological Properties of Milk","authors":"Bibhudatta S. K. Panda, S. K. Mohapatra, Mohanned Naif Alhussien, A. Dang","doi":"10.2174/187407070190130129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/187407070190130129","url":null,"abstract":"18 Karan Fries cows of similar parity, milk yield and lactation stage were selected and screened for mastitis based upon milk Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) as well as California mastitis test and divided into 3 groups of 6 each i.e., healthy, sub-clinical (SCM), Clinical Mastitis (CM). Milk samples were analyzed for milk composition and technological properties. Milk neutrophils were isolated and their percentage, Phagocytic Activity (PA), viability were estimated. Activities of neutrophil enzymes i.e. Elastase 2, Collagenase and Cathepsin G were analyzed using ELISA. Relative mRNA expression of cell surface molecules like selectin (CD-62L), integrin (CD-11b), chemokine receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2), CD-44 and chemotactic factor (IL-8) in milk neutrophil were also studied.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128547765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130113
A. E. Urusov, A. V. Petrakova, A. Zherdev, E. Zvereva
Actually, food safety is an extremely important concern for modern society [1, 2]. New tools for rapid on-site detection of toxic contaminants in food and agricultural products are highly requested for technological control and health protection of consumers [3 6]. Among different proposed techniques, lateral flow tests seem to be perspective tools for wide primary screening control due to their rapidity, simplicity and low cost [7 9]. The lateral flow tests realize a principle of Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) with preliminary application of all the reagents to a multi membrane composite (a test strip)
{"title":"Indirect Labeling of Antibodies as a Universal Approach to Increase Sensitivity of Lateral Flow Tests: A Case Study for Mycotoxins Detection","authors":"A. E. Urusov, A. V. Petrakova, A. Zherdev, E. Zvereva","doi":"10.2174/187407070190130113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/187407070190130113","url":null,"abstract":"Actually, food safety is an extremely important concern for modern society [1, 2]. New tools for rapid on-site detection of toxic contaminants in food and agricultural products are highly requested for technological control and health protection of consumers [3 6]. Among different proposed techniques, lateral flow tests seem to be perspective tools for wide primary screening control due to their rapidity, simplicity and low cost [7 9]. The lateral flow tests realize a principle of Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) with preliminary application of all the reagents to a multi membrane composite (a test strip)","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124620243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130146
Y. Ivanov
Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. Sheep polyclonal-anti-paraoxon and antidichlorvos antibodies were produced. Dichlorvos-cationized ovalbumin-HPR and paraoxon-ovalbumin-HPR conjugates were prepared and characterized. The optimal conditions for antibody immobilization were determined. Enzyme immunosorbent assay based on Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) for the determination of pesticides was developed. A comparison of the developed modified MNPs-based ELISA with the conventional ELISA was performed. The effect of protein, pH, and fats in milk samples on the analytical characteristics of the MNPs-based ELISA was investigated. In order to validate the results obtained from the MNPs-based ELISA method, experiments with HPLC were performed.
{"title":"Development of MNPs Based Enzyme Immuno-Sorbent Analysis for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Milk","authors":"Y. Ivanov","doi":"10.2174/187407070190130146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/187407070190130146","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. Sheep polyclonal-anti-paraoxon and antidichlorvos antibodies were produced. Dichlorvos-cationized ovalbumin-HPR and paraoxon-ovalbumin-HPR conjugates were prepared and characterized. The optimal conditions for antibody immobilization were determined. Enzyme immunosorbent assay based on Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) for the determination of pesticides was developed. A comparison of the developed modified MNPs-based ELISA with the conventional ELISA was performed. The effect of protein, pH, and fats in milk samples on the analytical characteristics of the MNPs-based ELISA was investigated. In order to validate the results obtained from the MNPs-based ELISA method, experiments with HPLC were performed.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"135 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114463634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130137
T. Godjevargova, Z. Becheva, Y. Ivanov, A. Tchorbanov
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive microorganism. S. aureus can grow in various foods and cause food poisoning by secreting enterotoxins. The most common enterotoxins involved in food poisoning are staphylococcal enterotoxin A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B, but Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) is predominant. The main types of food contaminated with SEs are meat and meat products, poultry and eggs, milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive fluorescence immunoassay for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in milk.
{"title":"Immunofluorescence Assay Using Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A in Milk","authors":"T. Godjevargova, Z. Becheva, Y. Ivanov, A. Tchorbanov","doi":"10.2174/187407070190130137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/187407070190130137","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive microorganism. S. aureus can grow in various foods and cause food poisoning by secreting enterotoxins. The most common enterotoxins involved in food poisoning are staphylococcal enterotoxin A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B, but Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) is predominant. The main types of food contaminated with SEs are meat and meat products, poultry and eggs, milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive fluorescence immunoassay for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in milk.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128061294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130111
T. Godjevargova
Food safety has become an extremely important problem for modern society. With increasing pollution of agricultural products with various toxic compounds, the need for technological control and consumer health protection has increased [1]. Therefore, new methods for sensitive and rapid on-site detection of toxic contaminants in food and agricultural products are required. The aim of this thematic issue is to carry out the detection of various toxic contaminants in food and agricultural products, and also the development of new sensitive methods for their detection. Pathogenic microorganisms such as Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium langsethia, and Staphylococcus aureus and their toxic metabolite compounds – aflatoxins, T-2 toxins, and enterotoxins, respectively, are present in agricultural products and are dangerous for human health [2]. Furthermore, pathogenic microorganisms cause mastitis in cows. During the onset of mastitis, neutrophils get activated, attracted and attempt to kill the invading pathogens [3]. Studying the role of neutrophils in the infection and its subsequent effect on some of the milk quality parameters is a very important task. Also, organophosphorus pesticides play an important role in agriculture, but they are very toxic compounds and they need constant monitoring [4]. The necessity of wide screening control of food and agriculture contamination is due to the widespread distribution and the significant and multiple toxic effects of these toxic compounds. The high toxicity of these toxins requires accurate and reliable detection methods for safety food, agricultural products and water. It is necessary to develop rapid and sensitive assays for the determination of low concentrations of these toxic compounds. Therefore, different new sensitive methods for the determination of the mentioned toxins are presented in this thematic issue. All the proposed assays are based on an immunoreaction antibody-antigen that is highly specific and sensitive [5]. A rapid and sensitive fluorescent immunoassay based on Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) with a polyclonal and monoclonal antibody for deter-mination of enterotoxin A
{"title":"Current Trends in Toxin Analysis of Agricultural Products: Improving the Food Safety with the Help of Biotechnologies","authors":"T. Godjevargova","doi":"10.2174/187407070190130111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/187407070190130111","url":null,"abstract":"Food safety has become an extremely important problem for modern society. With increasing pollution of agricultural products with various toxic compounds, the need for technological control and consumer health protection has increased [1]. Therefore, new methods for sensitive and rapid on-site detection of toxic contaminants in food and agricultural products are required. The aim of this thematic issue is to carry out the detection of various toxic contaminants in food and agricultural products, and also the development of new sensitive methods for their detection. Pathogenic microorganisms such as Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium langsethia, and Staphylococcus aureus and their toxic metabolite compounds – aflatoxins, T-2 toxins, and enterotoxins, respectively, are present in agricultural products and are dangerous for human health [2]. Furthermore, pathogenic microorganisms cause mastitis in cows. During the onset of mastitis, neutrophils get activated, attracted and attempt to kill the invading pathogens [3]. Studying the role of neutrophils in the infection and its subsequent effect on some of the milk quality parameters is a very important task. Also, organophosphorus pesticides play an important role in agriculture, but they are very toxic compounds and they need constant monitoring [4]. The necessity of wide screening control of food and agriculture contamination is due to the widespread distribution and the significant and multiple toxic effects of these toxic compounds. The high toxicity of these toxins requires accurate and reliable detection methods for safety food, agricultural products and water. It is necessary to develop rapid and sensitive assays for the determination of low concentrations of these toxic compounds. Therefore, different new sensitive methods for the determination of the mentioned toxins are presented in this thematic issue. All the proposed assays are based on an immunoreaction antibody-antigen that is highly specific and sensitive [5]. A rapid and sensitive fluorescent immunoassay based on Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) with a polyclonal and monoclonal antibody for deter-mination of enterotoxin A","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128796132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-16DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130122
Raya Raykova, Dessislava A. Marinkova, Vera A. Semerdzhieva, M. Michiel, P. Griesmar, M. Mourdjeva, S. Yaneva, Ivo T. Iliev
New biosensor techniques allowing detection of low concentrated substances show a great variety nowadays. The construction of a system with modified quartz as a part of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) techniques helps the detection and confirmation of low toxin concentrations in a sample. The study aims to allow the application of methods for preparation and modification of the gold surface of piezoelectric crystal for detection of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in the concentration range 0.2 - 2.0 µg/L by QCM technique (quartz - crystal microbalance). The procedure for the preparation of quartz crystal sensors for experimental purposes was performed. The quartz surface was activated and covered with self-assembled monolayer to immobilize antibody (rabbit anti-aflatoxin B1) for the detection of antigen - antibody reaction. The G” corresponds to viscous properties of the material, during applied deformation of the material in the presence of different concentrations, which revealed in the sensitivity of the used resonator. Detection of toxic pollutants may be achieved via QCM methods, ultrasound resonator and piezoelectric quartz techniques for measurement. These techniques allow detection of significantly low concentrations of toxic pollutants, in particular, AFB1, compared to analysis with direct and indirect ELISA immunoassays.
{"title":"Quartz Crystal Microbalance Detection of Aflatoxin B1 by Self-Assembled Monolayer Technique","authors":"Raya Raykova, Dessislava A. Marinkova, Vera A. Semerdzhieva, M. Michiel, P. Griesmar, M. Mourdjeva, S. Yaneva, Ivo T. Iliev","doi":"10.2174/187407070190130122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/187407070190130122","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 New biosensor techniques allowing detection of low concentrated substances show a great variety nowadays. The construction of a system with modified quartz as a part of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) techniques helps the detection and confirmation of low toxin concentrations in a sample.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study aims to allow the application of methods for preparation and modification of the gold surface of piezoelectric crystal for detection of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in the concentration range 0.2 - 2.0 µg/L by QCM technique (quartz - crystal microbalance).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The procedure for the preparation of quartz crystal sensors for experimental purposes was performed. The quartz surface was activated and covered with self-assembled monolayer to immobilize antibody (rabbit anti-aflatoxin B1) for the detection of antigen - antibody reaction.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The G” corresponds to viscous properties of the material, during applied deformation of the material in the presence of different concentrations, which revealed in the sensitivity of the used resonator.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Detection of toxic pollutants may be achieved via QCM methods, ultrasound resonator and piezoelectric quartz techniques for measurement. These techniques allow detection of significantly low concentrations of toxic pollutants, in particular, AFB1, compared to analysis with direct and indirect ELISA immunoassays.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114750630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-30DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130105
E. Calabrò, S. Magazù
The use of electromagnetic fields has been considered as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of cancer given that some clinical trials have shown that the irradiation of cancer cells with electromagnetic fields can slow down the disease progression. We hypothesize that this effect could be amplified by irradiating tumor cells with electromagnetic fields having frequencies close to the natural resonant frequencies of membrane channels in tumor cells, in order to obtain a significant change of the ion flux across tumor cell membrane channels, inducing the largest harmful alteration in their cellular function. Neuronal-like cells were used as a cell model and exposed for 6 h to electromagnetic fields at different frequencies (0, 50 Hz, 900 MHz) at the same intensity of 2 mT. The exposure system was represented by two Helmholtz coils driven by a power amplifier in current mode and an arbitrary function generator. FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the results of the exposure. The results of this study showed that the Amide I vibration band increased in intensity with the increase of the frequency, leading us to assume that the displacement of the cell channels α-helices depends on the frequency of the applied electromagnetic fields. This preliminary result leads us to plan future research aimed at searching for the natural frequencies of membrane channels in tumor cells using resonant electromagnetic fields in order to damage the cellular functions of tumor cells. Clinical trials are needed to confirm such a hypothesis derived from this physical study.
{"title":"New Perspectives in the Treatment of Tumor Cells by Electromagnetic Radiation at Resonance Frequencies in Cellular Membrane Channels","authors":"E. Calabrò, S. Magazù","doi":"10.2174/187407070190130105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/187407070190130105","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The use of electromagnetic fields has been considered as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of cancer given that some clinical trials have shown that the irradiation of cancer cells with electromagnetic fields can slow down the disease progression.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 We hypothesize that this effect could be amplified by irradiating tumor cells with electromagnetic fields having frequencies close to the natural resonant frequencies of membrane channels in tumor cells, in order to obtain a significant change of the ion flux across tumor cell membrane channels, inducing the largest harmful alteration in their cellular function.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Neuronal-like cells were used as a cell model and exposed for 6 h to electromagnetic fields at different frequencies (0, 50 Hz, 900 MHz) at the same intensity of 2 mT. The exposure system was represented by two Helmholtz coils driven by a power amplifier in current mode and an arbitrary function generator. FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the results of the exposure.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results of this study showed that the Amide I vibration band increased in intensity with the increase of the frequency, leading us to assume that the displacement of the cell channels α-helices depends on the frequency of the applied electromagnetic fields.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This preliminary result leads us to plan future research aimed at searching for the natural frequencies of membrane channels in tumor cells using resonant electromagnetic fields in order to damage the cellular functions of tumor cells. Clinical trials are needed to confirm such a hypothesis derived from this physical study.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121275990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-30DOI: 10.2174/1874070701913010093
S. Sahu, S. Shera, R. Banik
Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is an important biocatalyst extensively used in enzymatic reactions. Cholesterol oxidase (ChoX) is a commercially valuable enzyme used in the estimation of cholesterol in human serum. ChoX is an oxygen oxidoreductase class of enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of O2, liberating hydrogen peroxide H2O2as a by-product. HRP catalyzes the reduction of this H2O2in the presence of a redox dye (chromophore), producing a pink colored Quinoneimine which can be measured spectrophotometrically. The use of soluble HRP makes this assay method expensive for each time use and the recovery of HRP is not possible.Our aim was to prepare the HRP immobilized beads having magnetic properties for the ease of separation and increasing the reusability of HRP for the low cost ChoX assay.In the present work, we prepared magnetic chitosan beads using chitosan-Fe2O3nanoparticle blend coated with Graphene Oxide (GO), and subsequently activated with 2.5% glutaraldehyde (GA). Enzyme loaded beads were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis.The immobilization efficiency was ~80% and the immobilized HRP retained 90% of its initial activity up to 12 times reuse. The pH and temperature optima were shifted from 6.5 and 50°C for soluble HRP to 7.0 and 55°C for the immobilized HRP, respectively. Storage stability of immobilized HRP was 93.72% and 60.97% after 30 and 60 days storage respectively, at 4°C.On the basis of the present study, the HRP loaded magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide beads could be used for low-cost ChoX assay at laboratory scale due to its enhanced reusability and stability.
{"title":"Enhanced Reusability of Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized onto Graphene Oxide/Magnetic Chitosan Beads for Cost Effective Cholesterol Oxidase Assay","authors":"S. Sahu, S. Shera, R. Banik","doi":"10.2174/1874070701913010093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701913010093","url":null,"abstract":"Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is an important biocatalyst extensively used in enzymatic reactions. Cholesterol oxidase (ChoX) is a commercially valuable enzyme used in the estimation of cholesterol in human serum. ChoX is an oxygen oxidoreductase class of enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of O2, liberating hydrogen peroxide H2O2as a by-product. HRP catalyzes the reduction of this H2O2in the presence of a redox dye (chromophore), producing a pink colored Quinoneimine which can be measured spectrophotometrically. The use of soluble HRP makes this assay method expensive for each time use and the recovery of HRP is not possible.Our aim was to prepare the HRP immobilized beads having magnetic properties for the ease of separation and increasing the reusability of HRP for the low cost ChoX assay.In the present work, we prepared magnetic chitosan beads using chitosan-Fe2O3nanoparticle blend coated with Graphene Oxide (GO), and subsequently activated with 2.5% glutaraldehyde (GA). Enzyme loaded beads were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis.The immobilization efficiency was ~80% and the immobilized HRP retained 90% of its initial activity up to 12 times reuse. The pH and temperature optima were shifted from 6.5 and 50°C for soluble HRP to 7.0 and 55°C for the immobilized HRP, respectively. Storage stability of immobilized HRP was 93.72% and 60.97% after 30 and 60 days storage respectively, at 4°C.On the basis of the present study, the HRP loaded magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide beads could be used for low-cost ChoX assay at laboratory scale due to its enhanced reusability and stability.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114347434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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