Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561422
E.R. Heise, R. Heise
ANSI C63.4 provides a criterion for an ideal open area test site (OATS) as normalized site attenuation (NSA) verses frequency. Using these factors, a level of uncertainty with a stated confidence level can be calculated for a given set of measurements. This level of uncertainty can be used as a measure of the quality of a test site and provides a convenient method to assess different sites.
{"title":"A method to compute open area test site uncertainty using ANSI C63.4 normalized site attenuation measurement data","authors":"E.R. Heise, R. Heise","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561422","url":null,"abstract":"ANSI C63.4 provides a criterion for an ideal open area test site (OATS) as normalized site attenuation (NSA) verses frequency. Using these factors, a level of uncertainty with a stated confidence level can be calculated for a given set of measurements. This level of uncertainty can be used as a measure of the quality of a test site and provides a convenient method to assess different sites.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"69 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121004571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561423
K. Takei, O. Ishii, M. Senda
We demonstrate the applicability of magnetic metal thin films to an electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise filter. We examine the magnetic loss of three kinds of thin films consisting of roll-pressed Ni-Fe, sputtered Ni-Fe and roll-cooled amorphous Co-Fe-Si-B. Impedance measurement reveals that the magnetic loss of these metals becomes higher as their permeability increases. The noise reduction characteristic of thin film filters is evaluated by the S-parameter measurement technique. We can obtain the same noise reduction as a conventional ferrite filter with a thin film filter of 1/30-1/7 its volume. These results indicate that the use of magnetic metal thin films is advantageous with regard to minimizing noise filter size.
{"title":"Application of magnetic metal thin films to EMI noise filter","authors":"K. Takei, O. Ishii, M. Senda","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561423","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate the applicability of magnetic metal thin films to an electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise filter. We examine the magnetic loss of three kinds of thin films consisting of roll-pressed Ni-Fe, sputtered Ni-Fe and roll-cooled amorphous Co-Fe-Si-B. Impedance measurement reveals that the magnetic loss of these metals becomes higher as their permeability increases. The noise reduction characteristic of thin film filters is evaluated by the S-parameter measurement technique. We can obtain the same noise reduction as a conventional ferrite filter with a thin film filter of 1/30-1/7 its volume. These results indicate that the use of magnetic metal thin films is advantageous with regard to minimizing noise filter size.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124991871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561252
M. Montrose
To analyze the effectiveness of image planes based on clock edge rates in addition to radiated emissions from a printed circuit board, the following is examined. (1) Effects of an image plane on reducing radiated emissions; (2) The effects of distance spacing between a clock trace and an image plane; (3) The effects of microstrips and striplines on radiated emissions; (4) The effect of a gap/slot in an image plane related to radiated emissions. Results of this analysis are from measurements taken on a specially designed printed circuit board in the frequency domain.
{"title":"Analysis on the effectiveness of image planes within a printed circuit board","authors":"M. Montrose","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561252","url":null,"abstract":"To analyze the effectiveness of image planes based on clock edge rates in addition to radiated emissions from a printed circuit board, the following is examined. (1) Effects of an image plane on reducing radiated emissions; (2) The effects of distance spacing between a clock trace and an image plane; (3) The effects of microstrips and striplines on radiated emissions; (4) The effect of a gap/slot in an image plane related to radiated emissions. Results of this analysis are from measurements taken on a specially designed printed circuit board in the frequency domain.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114276539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561215
R. McConnell, C. Vitek
Fully anechoic rooms may gradually replace open area test sites as the preferred type of testing facility for the measurement of radiated emissions. The fully anechoic room offers several advantages over the open area test site. Immunity to high ambient signal levels, the capability of being located in metropolitan areas close to the customer base, more uniform field over a larger area a reduction in test time since there is no need to scan the receiving antenna in height, and the capability of being used for both emissions and susceptibility testing. Measurements of site attenuation in a fully anechoic room show excellent correlation with the mathematical model for normalized site attenuation in free space. The mathematical model and the measurement results are presented.
{"title":"Calibration of fully anechoic rooms and correlation with OATS measurements","authors":"R. McConnell, C. Vitek","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561215","url":null,"abstract":"Fully anechoic rooms may gradually replace open area test sites as the preferred type of testing facility for the measurement of radiated emissions. The fully anechoic room offers several advantages over the open area test site. Immunity to high ambient signal levels, the capability of being located in metropolitan areas close to the customer base, more uniform field over a larger area a reduction in test time since there is no need to scan the receiving antenna in height, and the capability of being used for both emissions and susceptibility testing. Measurements of site attenuation in a fully anechoic room show excellent correlation with the mathematical model for normalized site attenuation in free space. The mathematical model and the measurement results are presented.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134146667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561428
J. Cunningham
The approval requirements placed on manufacturers of GSM/DCS base station equipment may at first appear daunting, especially when compared to the relatively straightforward FCC requirements for the virtually identical PCS 1900 equipment. This paper explains the approval requirements with regard to EMC and the EU EMC Directive and with regard to type approval requirements for spectrum management considerations. While this paper concentrates on the regulatory requirements of GSM base stations, the tests and procedures are similar for other PMR base station equipment and to a limited extent, radio equipment in general.
{"title":"European EMC and approval requirements for digital cellular telephone base stations","authors":"J. Cunningham","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561428","url":null,"abstract":"The approval requirements placed on manufacturers of GSM/DCS base station equipment may at first appear daunting, especially when compared to the relatively straightforward FCC requirements for the virtually identical PCS 1900 equipment. This paper explains the approval requirements with regard to EMC and the EU EMC Directive and with regard to type approval requirements for spectrum management considerations. While this paper concentrates on the regulatory requirements of GSM base stations, the tests and procedures are similar for other PMR base station equipment and to a limited extent, radio equipment in general.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115629662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561261
S. Tanabe, N. Nagano, T. Itoh, Y. Murata, S. Mizukawa
The leakage of electromagnetic (EM) waves from a metallic enclosure with apertures, from a metallic mesh and from a metallic shield thinner than the skin depth are numerically analyzed using a three dimensional finite element method (3D-FEM). The calculated results were compared with measured results using a simple shape model enclosure with a generator inside. The phenomena predicted by the numerical analysis agree with the measurement results.
{"title":"3D-FEM analysis for shielding effects of a metallic enclosure with apertures","authors":"S. Tanabe, N. Nagano, T. Itoh, Y. Murata, S. Mizukawa","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561261","url":null,"abstract":"The leakage of electromagnetic (EM) waves from a metallic enclosure with apertures, from a metallic mesh and from a metallic shield thinner than the skin depth are numerically analyzed using a three dimensional finite element method (3D-FEM). The calculated results were compared with measured results using a simple shape model enclosure with a generator inside. The phenomena predicted by the numerical analysis agree with the measurement results.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114166490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561194
A. Maddocks
Considerable progress has been made in the development of EMC standards to support the European Directive 89/336/EEC. This paper provides an overview of the current and impending situation in Europe in respect of immunity standards in particular. A framework and set of procedures have been developed by CENELEC, the European standards organisation, which has the aim of providing industry with the controls it requires while maintaining a high degree of commonality and consistency over a wide range of products. Experience of working to the newer standards is presented together with a view of what the future holds for manufacturers, users and authorities all working within a regulatory framework. The scope of the paper is limited to general electrical and electronic equipment, excluding telecoms and radiocoms equipment which have specialist requirements.
{"title":"The European immunity standards","authors":"A. Maddocks","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561194","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable progress has been made in the development of EMC standards to support the European Directive 89/336/EEC. This paper provides an overview of the current and impending situation in Europe in respect of immunity standards in particular. A framework and set of procedures have been developed by CENELEC, the European standards organisation, which has the aim of providing industry with the controls it requires while maintaining a high degree of commonality and consistency over a wide range of products. Experience of working to the newer standards is presented together with a view of what the future holds for manufacturers, users and authorities all working within a regulatory framework. The scope of the paper is limited to general electrical and electronic equipment, excluding telecoms and radiocoms equipment which have specialist requirements.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114537491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561216
Y. Naito, H. Anzai, T. Yamazaki, T. Mizumoto
Semi-anechoic chambers are used for EMC measurement from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. Criteria for absorber's reflectivity lined in semi-anechoic chambers are discussed based on a ray-tracing analysis. The absorber's reflectivity of -15 dB and -20 dB for normal incidence is sufficient to satisfy a standard in 3 m and 10 m measurement methods, respectively. The dimensions of the chamber can be reduced to L=8 m, W=6 m and H=5 m for the 3 m method and to L=18 m, W=13 m and H=7 m for the 10 m method.
半消声室用于30mhz ~ 1000mhz范围内的电磁兼容测量。在射线追踪分析的基础上，讨论了半消声室衬里吸收器反射率的判据。吸收体的-15 dB和-20 dB的正入射反射率足以分别满足3米和10米测量方法的标准。对于3m方法，室的尺寸可以减小到L=8 m, W=6 m和H=5 m，对于10m方法，室的尺寸可以减小到L=18 m, W=13 m和H=7 m。
{"title":"Criteria for absorber's reflectivity lined in semi-anechoic chambers using ray-tracing technique","authors":"Y. Naito, H. Anzai, T. Yamazaki, T. Mizumoto","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561216","url":null,"abstract":"Semi-anechoic chambers are used for EMC measurement from 30 MHz to 1000 MHz. Criteria for absorber's reflectivity lined in semi-anechoic chambers are discussed based on a ray-tracing analysis. The absorber's reflectivity of -15 dB and -20 dB for normal incidence is sufficient to satisfy a standard in 3 m and 10 m measurement methods, respectively. The dimensions of the chamber can be reduced to L=8 m, W=6 m and H=5 m for the 3 m method and to L=18 m, W=13 m and H=7 m for the 10 m method.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115262748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561417
W. Bennett
Using only algebra and trigonometry it is shown that current phase differences should not be neglected when predicting the radiation of small current loops. For example, the maximum radiation of a small, square circuit current is seen to be at least three times that predicted when the phase differences of the current are neglected.
{"title":"The electromagnetic radiation of small circuits and small loop antennas","authors":"W. Bennett","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561417","url":null,"abstract":"Using only algebra and trigonometry it is shown that current phase differences should not be neglected when predicting the radiation of small current loops. For example, the maximum radiation of a small, square circuit current is seen to be at least three times that predicted when the phase differences of the current are neglected.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121405887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-08-19DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561421
K. Slattery
A series of measurements were made in order to determine the field distribution in the interior of a mini-van. These measurements were made in the frequency range 200-1000 MHz, using fields established at 40 V/m and 50 V/m. Both horizontally and vertically polarized fields were established. The resulting fields in the interior of the vehicle were measured at 21 locations. Figure 1 shows the schematic for the measurement. Due to the growing use of cellular phones, it is important to the vehicle manufacturer to understand how the fields generated by these devices will react with the structure of the vehicles in which they will be used. Cellular phones are generally used with an exterior antenna, but in many cases the transmitter is located on the inside of the vehicle. The antenna therefore, acts to excite the resonant cavity that is composed of the vehicle passenger compartment. How the cavity is excited is dependent upon the location of the excitation device. The measurements to be described show how the fields distribute on the interior in the presence of an exterior field illuminating the vehicle from the forward direction. Both horizontal and vertical illumination were used.
{"title":"Field distributions in a passenger vehicle","authors":"K. Slattery","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1996.561421","url":null,"abstract":"A series of measurements were made in order to determine the field distribution in the interior of a mini-van. These measurements were made in the frequency range 200-1000 MHz, using fields established at 40 V/m and 50 V/m. Both horizontally and vertically polarized fields were established. The resulting fields in the interior of the vehicle were measured at 21 locations. Figure 1 shows the schematic for the measurement. Due to the growing use of cellular phones, it is important to the vehicle manufacturer to understand how the fields generated by these devices will react with the structure of the vehicles in which they will be used. Cellular phones are generally used with an exterior antenna, but in many cases the transmitter is located on the inside of the vehicle. The antenna therefore, acts to excite the resonant cavity that is composed of the vehicle passenger compartment. How the cavity is excited is dependent upon the location of the excitation device. The measurements to be described show how the fields distribute on the interior in the presence of an exterior field illuminating the vehicle from the forward direction. Both horizontal and vertical illumination were used.","PeriodicalId":296175,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126271599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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