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The Social Market Economy Goal of Article 3(3) TEU – A Task for EU Law? 第3(3)条TEU的社会市场经济目标——欧盟法的任务?
Pub Date : 2016-01-05 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2711335
V. Šmejkal
From the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty the EU has among its constitutional objectives the goal of achieving a highly competitive social market economy. At the same time, however, the EU has not been given any specific powers to actively develop its social policy. After six years of legal force of the Lisbon Treaty there is still no clarity on how should the EU interpret the legacy of German post-war Sozialmarktwirtschaft, whether it should strive for its own economic and social “Constitution”, whether it can try to fulfil the objective of social market economy through the instruments of EU law. The paper argues that some, rather partial, measures enacted by the EU legislator would be desirable and feasible without creating a danger of over-regulation that would threaten the freedoms of the internal market or distort the existing division of powers between the EU and the Member States in the social field. The social market economy concept, being itself a compromise between the free markets and social welfare requirements, can act there as a guarantee that neither unbounded market freedoms nor socializing policies would dominate the EU.
自《里斯本条约》生效以来,欧盟的宪法目标之一就是实现高度竞争的社会市场经济。然而,与此同时,欧盟并没有被赋予积极制定其社会政策的任何具体权力。在《里斯本条约》生效6年后,欧盟如何解读德国战后社会市场扭曲的遗产,是否应该争取自己的经济和社会“宪法”,是否可以尝试通过欧盟法律工具来实现社会市场经济的目标,仍然没有明确的答案。本文认为,欧盟立法者制定的一些相当片面的措施是可取的和可行的,而不会造成过度监管的危险,这种危险会威胁到内部市场的自由,或扭曲欧盟和成员国之间在社会领域的现有权力划分。社会市场经济概念本身就是自由市场和社会福利要求之间的妥协,可以在那里作为一种保证,即无限制的市场自由和社会化政策不会主宰欧盟。
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引用次数: 2
In the Absence of Fiscal Union, the Eurozone Needs a More Flexible Monetary Policy 在缺乏财政联盟的情况下,欧元区需要更灵活的货币政策
Pub Date : 2015-12-12 DOI: 10.13133/2037-3643_69.278_5
P. Alessandrini, M. Fratianni
The authors (AF and that AF and that their original model simply shows that, in the aftermath of the financial crisis, the size of the balance sheets of major central banks has exploded. Considering the high correlation between the size of central banks’ balance sheets and the monetary base, the obvious question is: if the quantity of the monetary base is not a useful concept, why are we having an indigestion of quantitative easing? JEL: E42, E52, E58.
这两位作者和他们的原始模型只是表明,在金融危机之后,主要央行的资产负债表规模出现了爆炸式增长。考虑到央行资产负债表规模与基础货币之间的高度相关性,一个显而易见的问题是:如果基础货币的数量不是一个有用的概念,为什么我们对量化宽松政策消化不良?杰尔:e42, e52, e58。
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引用次数: 8
Inflation Aversion in the European Union: Exploring the Myth of a North-South Divide 欧盟的通货膨胀厌恶:探索南北鸿沟的神话
Pub Date : 2015-10-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2682588
D. Howarth, Charlotte Rommerskirchen
Our study seeks to prove that German Stability Culture is a myth. The concept is a core legitimizing element of economic policy discourse in Germany and used regularly to juxtapose Germany and northern Europe and the euro area periphery. Using Eurobarometer surveys we construct a measurement for Stability Culture which is based on the priority assigned to the fight against inflation. Our empirical analysis covers the 2002 to 2010 timespan and includes 27 European Union Member States. Our results show that the distinction between northern states with an allegedly strong and southern states with an allegedly weak Stability Culture is a myth. Controlling for actual inflation, we find that the northern Member States with an allegedly high Stability Culture are less concerned with price stability than the rest of the EU.
我们的研究试图证明德国的稳定文化是一个神话。这一概念是使德国经济政策话语合法化的核心要素,经常被用来将德国与北欧和欧元区外围国家相提并论。利用欧洲晴雨表的调查,我们为稳定文化构建了一个衡量标准,该标准基于对抗击通胀的优先考虑。我们的实证分析涵盖了2002年至2010年的时间跨度,包括27个欧盟成员国。我们的研究结果表明,所谓强大的北方国家和所谓脆弱的稳定文化的南方国家之间的区别是一个神话。在控制实际通货膨胀的情况下,我们发现,与欧盟其他国家相比,拥有所谓高度稳定文化的北部成员国对价格稳定的关注程度较低。
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引用次数: 0
Simplifying Access to Justice in Cross-Border Litigation, the National Practices and the Limits of the EU Procedures. The Example of the Service of Documents in the Order for Payment Claims 简化跨境诉讼中的司法救助、各国实践与欧盟程序的限制。付款索偿令中送达单据的例子
Pub Date : 2015-08-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3224271
M. Velicogna, Giampiero Lupo, E. A. Onţanu
Over the years, a number of regulations were adopted at EU level in an attempt to facilitate and simplify access to justice in cross-border litigation. Despite the various actions undertaken by the European legislator to establish a uniform procedural framework with regard to certain types of cross-border claims, numerous differences continue to exist. The recent efforts to digitalize cross-border procedures through the e-Codex project in order to allow an electronic filing of European uniform procedures claims between Member States have raised awareness as to the complexity and the impact of national procedural rules on the application of the European uniform procedures. Empirical data on the service of documents rules applicable in the European Order for Payments claims as well as domestic procedures used for equivalent purposes was collected in 16 EU jurisdictions. This paper investigates the way the implementation and coordination between the national service of documents rules and the service standards set by the Regulation impact on the application of the European Order for Payment and, subsequently, on the parties’ access to justice. To conclude, the paper focuses on the possible solutions and actions that could mitigate the difficulties encountered in the present legal framework.
多年来,在欧盟一级通过了一些条例,试图促进和简化在跨境诉讼中诉诸司法的途径。尽管欧洲立法者采取了各种行动,就某些类型的跨界索赔建立统一的程序框架,但仍然存在许多分歧。最近通过电子食品法典项目对跨境程序进行数字化的努力,以允许成员国之间以电子方式提交欧洲统一程序要求,这提高了人们对国家程序规则对欧洲统一程序应用的复杂性和影响的认识。在16个欧盟司法管辖区收集了关于欧洲付款令索赔中适用的文件送达规则以及用于同等目的的国内程序的经验数据。本文研究了国家文件送达规则和《条例》所设定的服务标准之间的实施和协调方式对欧洲支付令的适用以及随后对当事人诉诸司法的影响。最后,本文件的重点是可能的解决办法和行动,以减轻在现行法律框架内遇到的困难。
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引用次数: 3
Is Integration of Income Taxation Possible in the EU? 欧盟所得税一体化可能吗?
Pub Date : 2015-07-27 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2636675
Shafi UK Niazi, R. Krever
In contrast to the VAT regime, income taxation in the European Union (EU) remains almost fully non-harmonised. A number of factors suggest the possibility that harmonisation of direct taxes in the EU may not be as far-fetched as many believe. The first is the compulsion of mounting economic and financial stresses that may limit tax competition inhibiting harmonisation. The second is growing appreciation of the fact that unfettered judicial intervention in tax policy by the Court of Justice of the EU without the benefit of legislative guidance is no longer sustainable. The third is the effect of the abolition in the Lisbon Treaty of an EU direction to Member States to act independently of the EU to address the problem of double taxation. The Lisbon Treaty amendments to the European governing treaties may in due course unfold in such a way that the EU has wide powers to act in the income tax field based on its responsibility for protecting the single market. And finally, the adoption in EU law of explicit processes for Member States to adopt harmonised rules in the medium term rather than wait indefinitely to achieve unanimity may open the door to greater EU income tax harmonisation in the long run.
与增值税制度相反,欧盟(EU)的所得税几乎完全不协调。许多因素表明,在欧盟统一直接税的可能性可能并不像许多人认为的那样遥不可及。首先是经济和金融压力日益增大的迫不得已,这可能会限制税收竞争,从而抑制协调。其次,人们越来越认识到,在没有立法指导的情况下,欧盟法院(Court of Justice)对税收政策进行不受约束的司法干预已不再是可持续的。第三是《里斯本条约》取消了欧盟要求成员国独立于欧盟采取行动解决双重征税问题的指示。《里斯本条约》(Lisbon Treaty)对欧洲管理条约的修订可能会在适当的时候以这样一种方式展开,即欧盟在保护单一市场的责任基础上,在所得税领域拥有广泛的行动权力。最后,在欧盟法律中采用明确的程序,让成员国在中期内采用统一的规则,而不是无限期地等待达成一致,从长远来看,这可能为欧盟所得税的进一步协调打开大门。
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引用次数: 1
Making the Euro Viable: The Euro Treasury Plan 使欧元可行:欧元财政计划
Pub Date : 2015-07-27 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2636284
Jörg Bibow
The euro crisis remains unresolved and the euro currency union incomplete and extraordinarily vulnerable. The euro regime's essential flaw and ultimate source of vulnerability is the decoupling of central bank and treasury institutions in the euro currency union. We propose a Euro Treasury scheme to properly fix the regime and resolve the euro crisis. The Euro Treasury Plan would establish a rudimentary fiscal union that is not a transfer union. The core idea is to create a Euro Treasury as a vehicle to pool future eurozone public investment spending and have it funded by proper eurozone treasury securities. The Euro Treasury could fulfil a number of additional purposes while operating mainly on the basis of a strict rule. The plan would also provide a much-needed fiscal boost to recovery and foster a more benign intra-area rebalancing.
欧元危机仍未解决,欧元货币联盟仍不完整且极其脆弱。欧元制度的本质缺陷和脆弱性的最终来源,是欧元货币联盟内央行和财政部机构的脱钩。我们建议建立一个欧元财政部计划,以妥善修复该机制并解决欧元危机。欧元财政计划将建立一个基本的财政联盟,而不是一个转移联盟。其核心理念是创建一个欧元财政部(Euro Treasury),作为汇集欧元区未来公共投资支出的工具,并由合适的欧元区国债提供资金。欧元财政部在主要根据严格规则运作的同时,还可以实现许多其他目的。该计划还将为经济复苏提供急需的财政刺激,并促进更良性的区域内再平衡。
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引用次数: 20
European Identity and Redistributive Preferences 欧洲认同与再分配偏好
Pub Date : 2015-06-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2668064
Joan Costa-Font, F. Cowell
How important is spatial identity in shifting preferences for redistribution? This paper takes advantage of within-country variability in the adoption of a single currency as an instrument to examine the impact of the rescaling of spatial identity in Europe. We draw upon data from the last three decades of waves of the European Values Survey and we examine the impact of joining the single currency on preferences for redistribution. Our instrumentation strategy relies on using the exogenous effect of joining a common currency, alongside a battery of robustness checks and alternative instruments. Our findings suggest that joining the euro has a boosting effect on European identity; an opposite and comparable effect is found for national pride. We find that European identity increases preferences for redistribution, and that national pride exerts an equivalent reduction in preferences for redistribution.
空间认同对再分配偏好的转变有多重要?本文利用采用单一货币的国家内部可变性作为工具来研究欧洲空间身份重新缩放的影响。我们利用过去三十年欧洲价值观调查(European Values Survey)的数据,研究加入单一货币对再分配偏好的影响。我们的工具策略依赖于使用加入共同货币的外生效应,以及一系列稳健性检查和替代工具。我们的研究结果表明,加入欧元区对欧洲认同有促进作用;在民族自豪感方面发现了相反的、可比较的影响。我们发现,欧洲身份增加了对再分配的偏好,而民族自豪感对再分配的偏好产生了同等程度的降低。
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引用次数: 18
Politics Matters: Regulatory Events as Catalysts for Price Formation Under Cap-and-Trade 政治问题:管制事件作为限额与交易下价格形成的催化剂
Pub Date : 2015-05-06 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2603115
Nicolas Koch, Godefroy Grosjean, S. Fuss, O. Edenhofer
This paper investigates whether and how allowance prices respond to regulatory news in the world's largest cap-and-trade system - the EU ETS. Capitalizing on an event study method that incorporates an econometric technique designed to handle parameter instability and model uncertainty, we assess the news-implied price response to 29 hand-collected announcements about the EU ETS supply schedule between 2008 and 2014. Our findings document a high responsiveness of the cap-and-trade market to political events and reveal how market participants view the evolution of cap stringency in the light of a particular announcement. We provide strong evidence that backloading caused substantial price declines. The latter evolve gradually as market confidence in the political support for backloading and a stringent EU ETS is shaken in the lengthy legislative process. We also document positive price reactions to the 2020 and 2030 policy packages, but not the 2050 roadmaps.
本文研究了世界上最大的总量管制与交易体系——欧盟排放交易体系——的配额价格是否以及如何对监管新闻作出反应。利用事件研究方法,结合计量经济学技术,旨在处理参数不稳定性和模型不确定性,我们评估了新闻隐含价格对2008年至2014年间29份手工收集的欧盟排放交易体系供应计划公告的反应。我们的研究结果记录了限额与交易市场对政治事件的高度反应,并揭示了市场参与者如何根据特定公告看待限额严格程度的演变。我们提供了强有力的证据表明,重载导致了价格的大幅下降。在漫长的立法过程中,随着市场对政治支持和严格的欧盟排放交易体系的信心受到动摇,后者逐渐演变。我们还记录了对2020年和2030年一揽子政策的积极价格反应,但没有记录2050年路线图。
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引用次数: 94
Membership in the Euro Area and Fiscal Sustainability. Analysis Through Panel Fiscal Reaction Functions 欧元区成员资格和财政可持续性。通过面板财政反应函数分析
Pub Date : 2015-04-13 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2648859
Piotr Ciżkowicz, A. Rzońca, Rafał Trzeciakowski
We estimate various panel fiscal reaction functions, including those of the main categories of general government revenue and expenditure for the 12 Euro area member states over the 1970-2013 period. We find that in the peripheral countries where sovereign bond yields decreased sharply in the years 1996-2007, fiscal stance ceased to respond to sovereign debt accumulation. This was due to the lack of sufficient adjustment in the government non-investment expenditure and direct taxes. In contrast, in the core member states, which did not benefit from the yields’ convergence related to the Euro area establishment, responsiveness of fiscal stance to sovereign debt increased between 1996 and 2007. This was achieved mainly through pronounced adjustments in the government non-investment expenditure. Our findings are in accordance with the predictions of the theoretical model by Aguiar et al. (2014) and are robust to various changes in the modelling approach.
我们估计了各种小组财政反应函数,包括1970-2013年期间12个欧元区成员国一般政府收入和支出的主要类别。我们发现,在1996-2007年间主权债券收益率急剧下降的外围国家,财政立场不再对主权债务积累做出反应。这是由于政府的非投资性支出和直接税缺乏充分的调整。相比之下,在核心成员国中,没有从与欧元区建立相关的收益率趋同中受益的国家,财政立场对主权债务的反应性在1996年至2007年间有所增强。这主要是通过大幅调整政府非投资性支出实现的。我们的发现与Aguiar等人(2014)对理论模型的预测一致,并且对建模方法的各种变化具有鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 7
The National Interest in EU Law and Governance: The Hungarian Perspective 欧盟法律和治理中的国家利益:匈牙利的视角
Pub Date : 2015-04-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2588981
Márton Varju
The national interest in EU law and governance: the Hungarian perspective - findings of the mutual learning experiments (MLEs) conducted by the Lendulet-HPOPs Research Group. The MLEs were conducted with two purposes in mind. Firstly, we aimed to collect insights from officials working in the Hungarian and the European Union administration at the expert level concerning how they understand the national interest in the policy development and decision making processes in which they participate. Secondly, we wanted to share with them different interpretations and perspectives of formulating and representing the national interest/national position in the EU political and legal context, as they follow from academic work. The MLEs were not conducted as formal research interviews and their results are not used directly in our research.
欧盟法律和治理中的国家利益:匈牙利视角——Lendulet-HPOPs研究小组进行的相互学习实验(MLEs)的结果。进行mle有两个目的。首先,我们旨在收集在匈牙利和欧盟行政部门工作的专家级别官员的见解,了解他们如何理解他们参与的政策制定和决策过程中的国家利益。其次,我们希望与他们分享在欧盟政治和法律背景下制定和代表国家利益/国家立场的不同解释和观点,因为他们遵循学术工作。mle并不是作为正式的研究访谈进行的,其结果也没有直接用于我们的研究。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Institutions: European Union eJournal
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