From the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty the EU has among its constitutional objectives the goal of achieving a highly competitive social market economy. At the same time, however, the EU has not been given any specific powers to actively develop its social policy. After six years of legal force of the Lisbon Treaty there is still no clarity on how should the EU interpret the legacy of German post-war Sozialmarktwirtschaft, whether it should strive for its own economic and social “Constitution”, whether it can try to fulfil the objective of social market economy through the instruments of EU law. The paper argues that some, rather partial, measures enacted by the EU legislator would be desirable and feasible without creating a danger of over-regulation that would threaten the freedoms of the internal market or distort the existing division of powers between the EU and the Member States in the social field. The social market economy concept, being itself a compromise between the free markets and social welfare requirements, can act there as a guarantee that neither unbounded market freedoms nor socializing policies would dominate the EU.
{"title":"The Social Market Economy Goal of Article 3(3) TEU – A Task for EU Law?","authors":"V. Šmejkal","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2711335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2711335","url":null,"abstract":"From the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty the EU has among its constitutional objectives the goal of achieving a highly competitive social market economy. At the same time, however, the EU has not been given any specific powers to actively develop its social policy. After six years of legal force of the Lisbon Treaty there is still no clarity on how should the EU interpret the legacy of German post-war Sozialmarktwirtschaft, whether it should strive for its own economic and social “Constitution”, whether it can try to fulfil the objective of social market economy through the instruments of EU law. The paper argues that some, rather partial, measures enacted by the EU legislator would be desirable and feasible without creating a danger of over-regulation that would threaten the freedoms of the internal market or distort the existing division of powers between the EU and the Member States in the social field. The social market economy concept, being itself a compromise between the free markets and social welfare requirements, can act there as a guarantee that neither unbounded market freedoms nor socializing policies would dominate the EU.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128750778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-12DOI: 10.13133/2037-3643_69.278_5
P. Alessandrini, M. Fratianni
The authors (AF and that AF and that their original model simply shows that, in the aftermath of the financial crisis, the size of the balance sheets of major central banks has exploded. Considering the high correlation between the size of central banks’ balance sheets and the monetary base, the obvious question is: if the quantity of the monetary base is not a useful concept, why are we having an indigestion of quantitative easing? JEL: E42, E52, E58.
{"title":"In the Absence of Fiscal Union, the Eurozone Needs a More Flexible Monetary Policy","authors":"P. Alessandrini, M. Fratianni","doi":"10.13133/2037-3643_69.278_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13133/2037-3643_69.278_5","url":null,"abstract":"The authors (AF and that AF and that their original model simply shows that, in the aftermath of the financial crisis, the size of the balance sheets of major central banks has exploded. Considering the high correlation between the size of central banks’ balance sheets and the monetary base, the obvious question is: if the quantity of the monetary base is not a useful concept, why are we having an indigestion of quantitative easing? JEL: E42, E52, E58.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"347 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116317831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our study seeks to prove that German Stability Culture is a myth. The concept is a core legitimizing element of economic policy discourse in Germany and used regularly to juxtapose Germany and northern Europe and the euro area periphery. Using Eurobarometer surveys we construct a measurement for Stability Culture which is based on the priority assigned to the fight against inflation. Our empirical analysis covers the 2002 to 2010 timespan and includes 27 European Union Member States. Our results show that the distinction between northern states with an allegedly strong and southern states with an allegedly weak Stability Culture is a myth. Controlling for actual inflation, we find that the northern Member States with an allegedly high Stability Culture are less concerned with price stability than the rest of the EU.
{"title":"Inflation Aversion in the European Union: Exploring the Myth of a North-South Divide","authors":"D. Howarth, Charlotte Rommerskirchen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2682588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2682588","url":null,"abstract":"Our study seeks to prove that German Stability Culture is a myth. The concept is a core legitimizing element of economic policy discourse in Germany and used regularly to juxtapose Germany and northern Europe and the euro area periphery. Using Eurobarometer surveys we construct a measurement for Stability Culture which is based on the priority assigned to the fight against inflation. Our empirical analysis covers the 2002 to 2010 timespan and includes 27 European Union Member States. Our results show that the distinction between northern states with an allegedly strong and southern states with an allegedly weak Stability Culture is a myth. Controlling for actual inflation, we find that the northern Member States with an allegedly high Stability Culture are less concerned with price stability than the rest of the EU.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121816303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the years, a number of regulations were adopted at EU level in an attempt to facilitate and simplify access to justice in cross-border litigation. Despite the various actions undertaken by the European legislator to establish a uniform procedural framework with regard to certain types of cross-border claims, numerous differences continue to exist. The recent efforts to digitalize cross-border procedures through the e-Codex project in order to allow an electronic filing of European uniform procedures claims between Member States have raised awareness as to the complexity and the impact of national procedural rules on the application of the European uniform procedures. Empirical data on the service of documents rules applicable in the European Order for Payments claims as well as domestic procedures used for equivalent purposes was collected in 16 EU jurisdictions. This paper investigates the way the implementation and coordination between the national service of documents rules and the service standards set by the Regulation impact on the application of the European Order for Payment and, subsequently, on the parties’ access to justice. To conclude, the paper focuses on the possible solutions and actions that could mitigate the difficulties encountered in the present legal framework.
{"title":"Simplifying Access to Justice in Cross-Border Litigation, the National Practices and the Limits of the EU Procedures. The Example of the Service of Documents in the Order for Payment Claims","authors":"M. Velicogna, Giampiero Lupo, E. A. Onţanu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3224271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3224271","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, a number of regulations were adopted at EU level in an attempt to facilitate and simplify access to justice in cross-border litigation. Despite the various actions undertaken by the European legislator to establish a uniform procedural framework with regard to certain types of cross-border claims, numerous differences continue to exist. The recent efforts to digitalize cross-border procedures through the e-Codex project in order to allow an electronic filing of European uniform procedures claims between Member States have raised awareness as to the complexity and the impact of national procedural rules on the application of the European uniform procedures. Empirical data on the service of documents rules applicable in the European Order for Payments claims as well as domestic procedures used for equivalent purposes was collected in 16 EU jurisdictions. This paper investigates the way the implementation and coordination between the national service of documents rules and the service standards set by the Regulation impact on the application of the European Order for Payment and, subsequently, on the parties’ access to justice. To conclude, the paper focuses on the possible solutions and actions that could mitigate the difficulties encountered in the present legal framework.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121088223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In contrast to the VAT regime, income taxation in the European Union (EU) remains almost fully non-harmonised. A number of factors suggest the possibility that harmonisation of direct taxes in the EU may not be as far-fetched as many believe. The first is the compulsion of mounting economic and financial stresses that may limit tax competition inhibiting harmonisation. The second is growing appreciation of the fact that unfettered judicial intervention in tax policy by the Court of Justice of the EU without the benefit of legislative guidance is no longer sustainable. The third is the effect of the abolition in the Lisbon Treaty of an EU direction to Member States to act independently of the EU to address the problem of double taxation. The Lisbon Treaty amendments to the European governing treaties may in due course unfold in such a way that the EU has wide powers to act in the income tax field based on its responsibility for protecting the single market. And finally, the adoption in EU law of explicit processes for Member States to adopt harmonised rules in the medium term rather than wait indefinitely to achieve unanimity may open the door to greater EU income tax harmonisation in the long run.
与增值税制度相反,欧盟(EU)的所得税几乎完全不协调。许多因素表明,在欧盟统一直接税的可能性可能并不像许多人认为的那样遥不可及。首先是经济和金融压力日益增大的迫不得已,这可能会限制税收竞争,从而抑制协调。其次,人们越来越认识到,在没有立法指导的情况下,欧盟法院(Court of Justice)对税收政策进行不受约束的司法干预已不再是可持续的。第三是《里斯本条约》取消了欧盟要求成员国独立于欧盟采取行动解决双重征税问题的指示。《里斯本条约》(Lisbon Treaty)对欧洲管理条约的修订可能会在适当的时候以这样一种方式展开,即欧盟在保护单一市场的责任基础上,在所得税领域拥有广泛的行动权力。最后,在欧盟法律中采用明确的程序,让成员国在中期内采用统一的规则,而不是无限期地等待达成一致,从长远来看,这可能为欧盟所得税的进一步协调打开大门。
{"title":"Is Integration of Income Taxation Possible in the EU?","authors":"Shafi UK Niazi, R. Krever","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2636675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2636675","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to the VAT regime, income taxation in the European Union (EU) remains almost fully non-harmonised. A number of factors suggest the possibility that harmonisation of direct taxes in the EU may not be as far-fetched as many believe. The first is the compulsion of mounting economic and financial stresses that may limit tax competition inhibiting harmonisation. The second is growing appreciation of the fact that unfettered judicial intervention in tax policy by the Court of Justice of the EU without the benefit of legislative guidance is no longer sustainable. The third is the effect of the abolition in the Lisbon Treaty of an EU direction to Member States to act independently of the EU to address the problem of double taxation. The Lisbon Treaty amendments to the European governing treaties may in due course unfold in such a way that the EU has wide powers to act in the income tax field based on its responsibility for protecting the single market. And finally, the adoption in EU law of explicit processes for Member States to adopt harmonised rules in the medium term rather than wait indefinitely to achieve unanimity may open the door to greater EU income tax harmonisation in the long run.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116694576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The euro crisis remains unresolved and the euro currency union incomplete and extraordinarily vulnerable. The euro regime's essential flaw and ultimate source of vulnerability is the decoupling of central bank and treasury institutions in the euro currency union. We propose a Euro Treasury scheme to properly fix the regime and resolve the euro crisis. The Euro Treasury Plan would establish a rudimentary fiscal union that is not a transfer union. The core idea is to create a Euro Treasury as a vehicle to pool future eurozone public investment spending and have it funded by proper eurozone treasury securities. The Euro Treasury could fulfil a number of additional purposes while operating mainly on the basis of a strict rule. The plan would also provide a much-needed fiscal boost to recovery and foster a more benign intra-area rebalancing.
{"title":"Making the Euro Viable: The Euro Treasury Plan","authors":"Jörg Bibow","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2636284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2636284","url":null,"abstract":"The euro crisis remains unresolved and the euro currency union incomplete and extraordinarily vulnerable. The euro regime's essential flaw and ultimate source of vulnerability is the decoupling of central bank and treasury institutions in the euro currency union. We propose a Euro Treasury scheme to properly fix the regime and resolve the euro crisis. The Euro Treasury Plan would establish a rudimentary fiscal union that is not a transfer union. The core idea is to create a Euro Treasury as a vehicle to pool future eurozone public investment spending and have it funded by proper eurozone treasury securities. The Euro Treasury could fulfil a number of additional purposes while operating mainly on the basis of a strict rule. The plan would also provide a much-needed fiscal boost to recovery and foster a more benign intra-area rebalancing.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121627709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How important is spatial identity in shifting preferences for redistribution? This paper takes advantage of within-country variability in the adoption of a single currency as an instrument to examine the impact of the rescaling of spatial identity in Europe. We draw upon data from the last three decades of waves of the European Values Survey and we examine the impact of joining the single currency on preferences for redistribution. Our instrumentation strategy relies on using the exogenous effect of joining a common currency, alongside a battery of robustness checks and alternative instruments. Our findings suggest that joining the euro has a boosting effect on European identity; an opposite and comparable effect is found for national pride. We find that European identity increases preferences for redistribution, and that national pride exerts an equivalent reduction in preferences for redistribution.
{"title":"European Identity and Redistributive Preferences","authors":"Joan Costa-Font, F. Cowell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2668064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2668064","url":null,"abstract":"How important is spatial identity in shifting preferences for redistribution? This paper takes advantage of within-country variability in the adoption of a single currency as an instrument to examine the impact of the rescaling of spatial identity in Europe. We draw upon data from the last three decades of waves of the European Values Survey and we examine the impact of joining the single currency on preferences for redistribution. Our instrumentation strategy relies on using the exogenous effect of joining a common currency, alongside a battery of robustness checks and alternative instruments. Our findings suggest that joining the euro has a boosting effect on European identity; an opposite and comparable effect is found for national pride. We find that European identity increases preferences for redistribution, and that national pride exerts an equivalent reduction in preferences for redistribution.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131889485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicolas Koch, Godefroy Grosjean, S. Fuss, O. Edenhofer
This paper investigates whether and how allowance prices respond to regulatory news in the world's largest cap-and-trade system - the EU ETS. Capitalizing on an event study method that incorporates an econometric technique designed to handle parameter instability and model uncertainty, we assess the news-implied price response to 29 hand-collected announcements about the EU ETS supply schedule between 2008 and 2014. Our findings document a high responsiveness of the cap-and-trade market to political events and reveal how market participants view the evolution of cap stringency in the light of a particular announcement. We provide strong evidence that backloading caused substantial price declines. The latter evolve gradually as market confidence in the political support for backloading and a stringent EU ETS is shaken in the lengthy legislative process. We also document positive price reactions to the 2020 and 2030 policy packages, but not the 2050 roadmaps.
{"title":"Politics Matters: Regulatory Events as Catalysts for Price Formation Under Cap-and-Trade","authors":"Nicolas Koch, Godefroy Grosjean, S. Fuss, O. Edenhofer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2603115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2603115","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates whether and how allowance prices respond to regulatory news in the world's largest cap-and-trade system - the EU ETS. Capitalizing on an event study method that incorporates an econometric technique designed to handle parameter instability and model uncertainty, we assess the news-implied price response to 29 hand-collected announcements about the EU ETS supply schedule between 2008 and 2014. Our findings document a high responsiveness of the cap-and-trade market to political events and reveal how market participants view the evolution of cap stringency in the light of a particular announcement. We provide strong evidence that backloading caused substantial price declines. The latter evolve gradually as market confidence in the political support for backloading and a stringent EU ETS is shaken in the lengthy legislative process. We also document positive price reactions to the 2020 and 2030 policy packages, but not the 2050 roadmaps.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115067313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We estimate various panel fiscal reaction functions, including those of the main categories of general government revenue and expenditure for the 12 Euro area member states over the 1970-2013 period. We find that in the peripheral countries where sovereign bond yields decreased sharply in the years 1996-2007, fiscal stance ceased to respond to sovereign debt accumulation. This was due to the lack of sufficient adjustment in the government non-investment expenditure and direct taxes. In contrast, in the core member states, which did not benefit from the yields’ convergence related to the Euro area establishment, responsiveness of fiscal stance to sovereign debt increased between 1996 and 2007. This was achieved mainly through pronounced adjustments in the government non-investment expenditure. Our findings are in accordance with the predictions of the theoretical model by Aguiar et al. (2014) and are robust to various changes in the modelling approach.
{"title":"Membership in the Euro Area and Fiscal Sustainability. Analysis Through Panel Fiscal Reaction Functions","authors":"Piotr Ciżkowicz, A. Rzońca, Rafał Trzeciakowski","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2648859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2648859","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate various panel fiscal reaction functions, including those of the main categories of general government revenue and expenditure for the 12 Euro area member states over the 1970-2013 period. We find that in the peripheral countries where sovereign bond yields decreased sharply in the years 1996-2007, fiscal stance ceased to respond to sovereign debt accumulation. This was due to the lack of sufficient adjustment in the government non-investment expenditure and direct taxes. In contrast, in the core member states, which did not benefit from the yields’ convergence related to the Euro area establishment, responsiveness of fiscal stance to sovereign debt increased between 1996 and 2007. This was achieved mainly through pronounced adjustments in the government non-investment expenditure. Our findings are in accordance with the predictions of the theoretical model by Aguiar et al. (2014) and are robust to various changes in the modelling approach.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132571542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The national interest in EU law and governance: the Hungarian perspective - findings of the mutual learning experiments (MLEs) conducted by the Lendulet-HPOPs Research Group. The MLEs were conducted with two purposes in mind. Firstly, we aimed to collect insights from officials working in the Hungarian and the European Union administration at the expert level concerning how they understand the national interest in the policy development and decision making processes in which they participate. Secondly, we wanted to share with them different interpretations and perspectives of formulating and representing the national interest/national position in the EU political and legal context, as they follow from academic work. The MLEs were not conducted as formal research interviews and their results are not used directly in our research.
{"title":"The National Interest in EU Law and Governance: The Hungarian Perspective","authors":"Márton Varju","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2588981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2588981","url":null,"abstract":"The national interest in EU law and governance: the Hungarian perspective - findings of the mutual learning experiments (MLEs) conducted by the Lendulet-HPOPs Research Group. The MLEs were conducted with two purposes in mind. Firstly, we aimed to collect insights from officials working in the Hungarian and the European Union administration at the expert level concerning how they understand the national interest in the policy development and decision making processes in which they participate. Secondly, we wanted to share with them different interpretations and perspectives of formulating and representing the national interest/national position in the EU political and legal context, as they follow from academic work. The MLEs were not conducted as formal research interviews and their results are not used directly in our research.","PeriodicalId":296326,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: European Union eJournal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115293169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}