Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568689
M. Massaro
A multivariable, non-linear search approach to fre quency assignment is presented. The frequency assign ment problem is formulated as a multivariable search problem by choosing the objective function, -which is to be minimized by the search algorithm, to be the interference criterion and by choosing the independent variables of the objective function, which are to be selected by the search algorithm, as the operational frequencies of the communi cation or radar system. The successful solutions of two radar intersite frequency assignment problems obtained by using optimization techniques are discussed. In the first illustration a frequency assignment minimizing inter ference is determined for a deployment of four surveillance radar systems; in the second iUustration, a frequency assignment optimizing the utilization of the spectrum is determined for a deployment of seven surveiUance radar systems.
{"title":"A Multivariable Search Approach to Frequency Assignment","authors":"M. Massaro","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568689","url":null,"abstract":"A multivariable, non-linear search approach to fre quency assignment is presented. The frequency assign ment problem is formulated as a multivariable search problem by choosing the objective function, -which is to be minimized by the search algorithm, to be the interference criterion and by choosing the independent variables of the objective function, which are to be selected by the search algorithm, as the operational frequencies of the communi cation or radar system. The successful solutions of two radar intersite frequency assignment problems obtained by using optimization techniques are discussed. In the first illustration a frequency assignment minimizing inter ference is determined for a deployment of four surveillance radar systems; in the second iUustration, a frequency assignment optimizing the utilization of the spectrum is determined for a deployment of seven surveiUance radar systems.","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126685063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568681
R. Hinkle, R. M. Pratt
The Office of Telecommunications (OT) undertook a detailed program to measure and analyze spectrum utilization in the 2.7 to 2.9 GHz band in the Los Angeles and San Fran cisco areas in support of an Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP) Spectrum Resource Assessment task. The measurement program consisted of on-site visits to com pare predicted and actual PPI interference patterns, and utilization of the Radio Spec trum Measurement System (RSMS) van to vali date the component models used in predicting radar-to-radar interference.
{"title":"Spectrum Resource Assessment of the 2.7 TO 2.9 GHz Band","authors":"R. Hinkle, R. M. Pratt","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568681","url":null,"abstract":"The Office of Telecommunications (OT) undertook a detailed program to measure and analyze spectrum utilization in the 2.7 to 2.9 GHz band in the Los Angeles and San Fran cisco areas in support of an Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP) Spectrum Resource Assessment task. The measurement program consisted of on-site visits to com pare predicted and actual PPI interference patterns, and utilization of the Radio Spec trum Measurement System (RSMS) van to vali date the component models used in predicting radar-to-radar interference.","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"85 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121153488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568760
E. B. Larsen, J. Andrews
A broadband, active, isotropic receiving antenna was developed at NBS for the frequency range 15 kHz to 150 MHz. It was designed for use with a conventional receiver to measure weak, near-zone electric fields of unknown polarization, such as leakage emanations from electronic equipment placed within a shielded enclosure. The antenna system consists of three mutually-orthogonal active dipoles, each 31 cm long by 3 cm diameter. The entire frequency range of each of the three field components is amplified and used to modulate a high-speed light emitting diode (LED) located inside the dipole. The modulated infrared (IR) signals are guided through glass fibers 10 meters long which connect the "isolated" dipoles to avalanche photodiodes at the far end of the fiber guides. These photodetectors recover the RF modulation from the IR carrier for input to the receiver. The fiber-optic antenna system described in this paper has high sensitivity (down to 10 μV/m) and fast response time (RF modulations up to 150 MHz). The read-out indication at each receiver frequency is proportional to the Hermitian magnitude of E, which is the root-sum-square value of three orthogonal E field components at the measurement point. The linear dynamic range of the antenna system depends on the receiver bandwidth and signal frequency. It is 70 to 75 dB at frequencies between 0.02 and 2 MHz (for 0.5 kHz receiver bandwidth), 60 to.70 dB between 2 and 25 MHz (for 5 kHz receiver bandwidth) and 40 to 55 dB between 25 and 200 MHz (for 50 kHz bandwidth).
{"title":"Using Fiber Optics in a Broadband, Sensitive, Isotropic Antenna --15 kHz to 150 MHz","authors":"E. B. Larsen, J. Andrews","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568760","url":null,"abstract":"A broadband, active, isotropic receiving antenna was developed at NBS for the frequency range 15 kHz to 150 MHz. It was designed for use with a conventional receiver to measure weak, near-zone electric fields of unknown polarization, such as leakage emanations from electronic equipment placed within a shielded enclosure. The antenna system consists of three mutually-orthogonal active dipoles, each 31 cm long by 3 cm diameter. The entire frequency range of each of the three field components is amplified and used to modulate a high-speed light emitting diode (LED) located inside the dipole. The modulated infrared (IR) signals are guided through glass fibers 10 meters long which connect the \"isolated\" dipoles to avalanche photodiodes at the far end of the fiber guides. These photodetectors recover the RF modulation from the IR carrier for input to the receiver. The fiber-optic antenna system described in this paper has high sensitivity (down to 10 μV/m) and fast response time (RF modulations up to 150 MHz). The read-out indication at each receiver frequency is proportional to the Hermitian magnitude of E, which is the root-sum-square value of three orthogonal E field components at the measurement point. The linear dynamic range of the antenna system depends on the receiver bandwidth and signal frequency. It is 70 to 75 dB at frequencies between 0.02 and 2 MHz (for 0.5 kHz receiver bandwidth), 60 to.70 dB between 2 and 25 MHz (for 5 kHz receiver bandwidth) and 40 to 55 dB between 25 and 200 MHz (for 50 kHz bandwidth).","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115800524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568680
R. Matheson
Sin ce 1973 the O f f i c e o f Telecommunications has been o p e r a t in g a Radio Spectrum Measurement System (RSMS) f o r the O f f i c e o f Te lecommunications P o l i c y (OTP) in su pp or t o f f e d e r a l frequency management pro c e s s e s . The RSMS i s a v an-d ep lo yed , computer -con t r o l l e d r e c e i v i n g sys tem desi gned to make many d i f f e r e n t ty pes o f measurements between 100 MHz and 12 GHz. The RSMS has been used in measurement programs on s e l e c t e d Federal Government land mo bi le radio (LMR) and radar bands in th e areas around Washington, D .C . , N o r fo lk , Los A n g e le s , and San F r a n c i sc o . This paper d i s c u s s e s the c a p a b i l i t i e s o f the RSMS van and u ses some measured data as examples o f th o s e c a p a b i l i t i e s . THE VEHICLE
自一九七三年起，电讯局的无线电频谱测量系统(RSMS)已在电讯局的无线电频谱测量系统(RSMS)和电讯局的无线电频谱测量系统(OTP)之间建立，而电讯局的无线电频谱测量系统(OTP)已在电讯局的无线电频谱测量系统(RSMS)和电讯局的无线电频谱管理系统(OTP)之间建立。RSMS是一种由计算机控制的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的、可调谐的系统。RSMS已被用于华盛顿特区周边地区联邦政府陆地移动无线电(LMR)和雷达波段的测量项目。举例来说，洛杉矶是美国的一个城市，洛杉矶是美国的一个城市，旧金山是美国的一个城市。摘要d s c u s s e s c p b我l t e s o f RSMS范和u ses一些测量数据为例o f th o s e c p b我l t e s。车辆
{"title":"The Office of Telecommunications Radio Spectrum Measurement System","authors":"R. Matheson","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568680","url":null,"abstract":"Sin ce 1973 the O f f i c e o f Telecommunications has been o p e r a t in g a Radio Spectrum Measurement System (RSMS) f o r the O f f i c e o f Te lecommunications P o l i c y (OTP) in su pp or t o f f e d e r a l frequency management pro c e s s e s . The RSMS i s a v an-d ep lo yed , computer -con t r o l l e d r e c e i v i n g sys tem desi gned to make many d i f f e r e n t ty pes o f measurements between 100 MHz and 12 GHz. The RSMS has been used in measurement programs on s e l e c t e d Federal Government land mo bi le radio (LMR) and radar bands in th e areas around Washington, D .C . , N o r fo lk , Los A n g e le s , and San F r a n c i sc o . This paper d i s c u s s e s the c a p a b i l i t i e s o f the RSMS van and u ses some measured data as examples o f th o s e c a p a b i l i t i e s . THE VEHICLE","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130581848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568711
R. Evans
This paper deals with the EMC and Magnetic design and control work carried out on the Transponder section of the spacecraft used in German/US Space Exploration project HELIOS. This project represents a cooperative programme of space research between the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration and The Ministry for Scientific Research of the German Federal Republic.
{"title":"Magnetic and EMC Control of a Deep-Space Satellite Transponder","authors":"R. Evans","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568711","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the EMC and Magnetic design and control work carried out on the Transponder section of the spacecraft used in German/US Space Exploration project HELIOS. This project represents a cooperative programme of space research between the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration and The Ministry for Scientific Research of the German Federal Republic.","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132858325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568695
F. Haber, C. Kocher, L. Forest
The results of a study leading to a method for carrying out an electromagnetic environment experiment (EEE) using the NASA Space Shuttle are herein described. The objective is to map intentional and nonintentional electromagnetic emissions from the earth's surface in the microwave range. The experiment proposed below emphasizes emissions aimed tangent to the earth's sur face and normal to the earth's surface, but the method can be adapted for use at an angle above the horizontal. High-gain antennas look toward the horizon or below and rotate, sweeping out a cycloidal swath oh the earth's surface as the satellite moves in its orbit. We develop electrical and mechanical sweep parameters and examine both the probability that the receiver's main beam will correctly detect a given emitter, and the probability that the receiver will erroneously measure powerful emitters though not pointing to them. A brief survey of the emitter densities that the receiver is likely to see provides a rationale for the selection of certain design parameters.
{"title":"Space Shuttle Electromagnetic Environment Measurement","authors":"F. Haber, C. Kocher, L. Forest","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568695","url":null,"abstract":"The results of a study leading to a method for carrying out an electromagnetic environment experiment (EEE) using the NASA Space Shuttle are herein described. The objective is to map intentional and nonintentional electromagnetic emissions from the earth's surface in the microwave range. The experiment proposed below emphasizes emissions aimed tangent to the earth's sur face and normal to the earth's surface, but the method can be adapted for use at an angle above the horizontal. High-gain antennas look toward the horizon or below and rotate, sweeping out a cycloidal swath oh the earth's surface as the satellite moves in its orbit. We develop electrical and mechanical sweep parameters and examine both the probability that the receiver's main beam will correctly detect a given emitter, and the probability that the receiver will erroneously measure powerful emitters though not pointing to them. A brief survey of the emitter densities that the receiver is likely to see provides a rationale for the selection of certain design parameters.","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132031737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568685
M. Toia
Consumer electronic devices both generate and receive radio frequency interference (RFI). CW and broadband signals emanate from such equipment. There are many documented cases of RFI involving sometimes unlikely sources. Radiations are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission, and these are administered by the FCC Laboratory. It would behoove the equipment designer to understand the applicable rules. Staff at the Commission's Laboratory may be consulted in this regard.
{"title":"Consumer Electronics and EMC Regulation","authors":"M. Toia","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568685","url":null,"abstract":"Consumer electronic devices both generate and receive radio frequency interference (RFI). CW and broadband signals emanate from such equipment. There are many documented cases of RFI involving sometimes unlikely sources. Radiations are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission, and these are administered by the FCC Laboratory. It would behoove the equipment designer to understand the applicable rules. Staff at the Commission's Laboratory may be consulted in this regard.","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116622203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568704
P. Madle
A simplified estimate is made of the energy coupled to a circuit inside a shielded enclosure. The steps are 1) Estimate maximum values of local electric and magnetic fields on exterior of shield resulting from incident electromagnetic field, 2) Apply known values of Transfer Impedance and Admittance of "leaky" areas of shield to determine internal electric and magnetic fields, and 3) Estimate energy coupled to load.
{"title":"System Shielding Design - A Pragmatic Approach","authors":"P. Madle","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568704","url":null,"abstract":"A simplified estimate is made of the energy coupled to a circuit inside a shielded enclosure. The steps are 1) Estimate maximum values of local electric and magnetic fields on exterior of shield resulting from incident electromagnetic field, 2) Apply known values of Transfer Impedance and Admittance of \"leaky\" areas of shield to determine internal electric and magnetic fields, and 3) Estimate energy coupled to load.","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126266838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568684
H. K. Mertel
The legal and technical status of Radio-Frequency Inter feren ce Regulations for consumer products are review ed for countries that have such regulations. The paper analyzes the form ulation of in terference l im its on the basis of natural noise and ITU/CCIR treaties; review s the status of certif ication system s; tabulates the national, regional, and international regulations; and looks at the regulations planned for the European Econom ic Com m unity, Sp ecific data for the legal status of EMI regulations, the pertinent references, and their source are presented.
{"title":"National and International Radio Interference Regulations for Consumer Products","authors":"H. K. Mertel","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568684","url":null,"abstract":"The legal and technical status of Radio-Frequency Inter feren ce Regulations for consumer products are review ed for countries that have such regulations. The paper analyzes the form ulation of in terference l im its on the basis of natural noise and ITU/CCIR treaties; review s the status of certif ication system s; tabulates the national, regional, and international regulations; and looks at the regulations planned for the European Econom ic Com m unity, Sp ecific data for the legal status of EMI regulations, the pertinent references, and their source are presented.","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130253840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-07-13DOI: 10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568726
A. Kall
The su b jec t of microwave radiation hazards d ea ls with th e b io lo g ic a l e f f e c t s on man o f h igh l e v e l radio frequency rad ia t io n . This i s a form of n o n io n iz in g rad ia t ion , a s op p osed to io n iz in g radiation produced by X -r a y s , gamma r a y s , the re su l t s of nuclear f i s s i o n , e t c . M icrowave radiation com es from high power transmitters and radar s y s t e m s , and numerous in du str ia l , m edica l and d om estic d e v i c e s . Immediate e f f e c t s h av e a lready b een observed on man in the near v ic in ity o f high power radiating a n te n n a s , and on laboratory anim als in s im u lated microwave radiation environm ents . There is in c r e a s in g concern about the cum ulative e f fec t of l i te r a l ly th o u sa n d s .o f su ch radiating e le m e n ts , t o gether with the m ill ions o f other lo w l e v e l transmitting d e v ic e s now operating in th is country. The q u est io n b e in g a sk e d with in creas in g em phasis is : what is th e e f f e c t upon the human b e in g , e s p e c i a l l y in urban a r e a s , of the accu m u la t ive l o w l e v e l radiation day after d ay , a l l the years o f o n e 's l i f e , from th e s e numerous emitting so u r c e s ? The answ er to th is q u e s t io n , a s w e l l a s the entire su b jec t of th e immediate, and lon g-ran ge b io lo g ic a l e f f e c t s o f microwave rad i a t ion upon th e human b e in g (and to a l e s s e r degree o f con cern , an im als and v e g e ta t io n ) , is a som ewhat gray area t o d a y . The importance o f r e sea rch in v e s t ig a t io n now stem s from the fact that the top ic d o es h a v e enormous p o te n t ia l s i g n i f i c a n c e in that long-term e f f e c t s on the ind iv idual and his. offspring are yet to be determ ined, and from th e very p ractica l fact that modern man is in crea s in g the number of radiating s o u r c e s , and their power, in an unremitting e s c a l a t i o n . Thus th e pro b lem , w hi le at a le v e l of undetermined s e r io u s n e s s at p resen t , is c lea r ly one o f concern for the future, and major em p h asis i s being p la ce d upon the y ears of the next d e c a d e . INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL NOTES M icrowave radiation hazards has b een a su b jec t o f in crea s in g con cern in the r ecen t p a s t , la rg e ly over the la s t 25 years . U nlike som e other so u rces o f environm ental p o l lu t io n , which ha ve a lw ay s been present but la y dormant until r eco gn it ion in modern t im e s , microwave radiation hazards were o f no concern until r e c e n t ly s im ply b e c a u s e there w as l i t t le su ch radiation to be concerned w ith . It has on ly b een the proliferation of number and power o f RF radiat ion so u rc es that has g iv e n r i s e to in cr ea s in g concern about a s i tu a t io n that i s , a t b e s t , marginal tod ay , and c lea r ly hazardous for future y e a r s . At th e
The上b jec t of microwave辐射危害d ea ls with th和合资b我g a l e f f和c t s出现或l和v和f h igh l无线rad ia t n。This i s a form of n或n我n g rad ia t离子冷水,s . p osed到n g辐射produced冷水由X t y s、r a y s, the l t s of nuclear f s或n, t c。电离辐射来自高能传输器和雷达s y y te M s，还有大量的数据，M M M M M M M M M M M M M立即和f和c t s h和a lready b een observed on man in the近v ic解决或f high power radiating a n的n s and on实验室anim als in s im u lated microwave辐射environm ents。没有在c r和d g concern ulative和f的hcm的the efh t - l - 14.1 th of l te r或s . d或f号知道ch radiating和m和n ts, t - gether with the m 111 ions或f其他u l和v和l transmitting d v ic及乡村s操作在th is now。The q我m n b和g在沟sk和d with g em phasis is: what is th和f f和c t The human河畔b和g, s和c a l r和y在城市的t, u of The accu m l或l和v和w辐射day之后d - l - l ay, The或f或no 7和长达两年,from th和s和numerous emitting u r c和d。The answ er to th is我q和s - t, s w和l l s The entire立即传到b jec t of th, and pears g-ran ge合资b我g a l e f和c t或f microwave rad in -离子河畔th (human b和g (a l和s和r学位或与欧洲核子研究中心,an的自由贸易协定和v的f和g和t我n), is a t或d y som ewhat灰色领域。The importance或f r s t gl和sea rch v t我n now stem s from The fact that The top ic d或es h a v和你enormous p或n t ia l s号g f i c a c that长期和f和c t s on The ind iv idual和裙子。offspring are尚未to be变化ined, and from th和p的ractica l fact that在创造现代man is the编号of radiating s或s u r c和s, and及其power in an unremitting和s - l - a t c或n。Thus th - b lem w . hi, at a五和l of undetermined s和r我u n和s的常数c lea t at p resen r 14.1 one或f concern for the future, and梅杰埃姆p h asis i s being the y ears of the next河畔d d和c d e。介绍和历史注释M icrowave辐射危害在g中是bU我nlike som和其他知道U rces或f environm环境p或l - lu t我艾s的号,该你了,即所有present但y dormant 00 r eco gn it离子在现代t im f和s, microwave辐射灾害were或no concern 00 r和c和n t, s im ply b - e a s和l没有w t ch有关辐射to be w ith上。目前It on 14.1 b met the蔑视of编号和电力或f、radiat离子u tr es和n r s that目前g iv在cr的ea concern s和s号你t我that i s t b和s t, marginal托德艾,lea and c r,如果未来y a r s。At th和或u t s和t, t us d和f号和microwave辐射as n或n我冷水在g radiat离子th和联邦entire岁以上频谱,从特区到磨坊imeter w v型和g for c或s, s topp n v和n 1号c和At the upper limit或f p resen t d y,雷达100 GHz。Probably不e w有关with th和p或未来s b c l的l和f f和c t s或射频辐射at th和time of M x w ell,赫兹和M arconi。From a实验室cu - s i t y、辐射d ev和lop into s c和n t c l 14.1 c或no -的led号x和p er的ts, m athem atica lly d efin和r和t我n - sh ip s (m axwell)和com m ercia l,与行业u l 14.1 sab means of com m u nication s。the p圣3 0 40岁以上y ecom ears it目前a l s或b和l r和s和t和lem过敏在dis tant ech或-ran g g d和c t我n(雷达)、相干和m is s我s (sh或其第四r t l和d脉泽和far more durable and a p p l ic b或荷兰国际集团(ing) ffspr th和s号和(r)、(b)和f (l h eat在g和f f和c t s在行业l a p p l ica t离子s(德意志联邦共和国induction前d ie的c tr ic - s和l g equipments)和th和m edica l f ie ld (diathermy)。在g漫威，微波o v和n中，这种增长是一种商业和商业烹饪。在你抱怨g 14.1, a l或f t h和s - p p l ic t和n s没有is th和lem t或f”:ordnance d和v c和s,到instru - mentation与v或t l和s b s u a n c和s, and of utmost importance to man。的w As the c s和with n g伽玛辐射(x光和冷水,宽particu), the思想of l”1日或10个t r is g from a n ew 14.1 d is & co的d和t f c / r我s解决did not a r ise 00诺特,之后man had s u c和c和d和d d ev和lop g (the new tech智商u和cr和its power for大s a p p l (b i l ty c和s h i
{"title":"RF Radiation Hazards: An Engineering Status Review","authors":"A. Kall","doi":"10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1976.7568726","url":null,"abstract":"The su b jec t of microwave radiation hazards d ea ls with th e b io lo g ic a l e f f e c t s on man o f h igh l e v e l radio frequency rad ia t io n . This i s a form of n o n io n iz in g rad ia t ion , a s op p osed to io n iz in g radiation produced by X -r a y s , gamma r a y s , the re su l t s of nuclear f i s s i o n , e t c . M icrowave radiation com es from high power transmitters and radar s y s t e m s , and numerous in du str ia l , m edica l and d om estic d e v i c e s . Immediate e f f e c t s h av e a lready b een observed on man in the near v ic in ity o f high power radiating a n te n n a s , and on laboratory anim als in s im u lated microwave radiation environm ents . There is in c r e a s in g concern about the cum ulative e f fec t of l i te r a l ly th o u sa n d s .o f su ch radiating e le m e n ts , t o gether with the m ill ions o f other lo w l e v e l transmitting d e v ic e s now operating in th is country. The q u est io n b e in g a sk e d with in creas in g em phasis is : what is th e e f f e c t upon the human b e in g , e s p e c i a l l y in urban a r e a s , of the accu m u la t ive l o w l e v e l radiation day after d ay , a l l the years o f o n e 's l i f e , from th e s e numerous emitting so u r c e s ? The answ er to th is q u e s t io n , a s w e l l a s the entire su b jec t of th e immediate, and lon g-ran ge b io lo g ic a l e f f e c t s o f microwave rad i a t ion upon th e human b e in g (and to a l e s s e r degree o f con cern , an im als and v e g e ta t io n ) , is a som ewhat gray area t o d a y . The importance o f r e sea rch in v e s t ig a t io n now stem s from the fact that the top ic d o es h a v e enormous p o te n t ia l s i g n i f i c a n c e in that long-term e f f e c t s on the ind iv idual and his. offspring are yet to be determ ined, and from th e very p ractica l fact that modern man is in crea s in g the number of radiating s o u r c e s , and their power, in an unremitting e s c a l a t i o n . Thus th e pro b lem , w hi le at a le v e l of undetermined s e r io u s n e s s at p resen t , is c lea r ly one o f concern for the future, and major em p h asis i s being p la ce d upon the y ears of the next d e c a d e . INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL NOTES M icrowave radiation hazards has b een a su b jec t o f in crea s in g con cern in the r ecen t p a s t , la rg e ly over the la s t 25 years . U nlike som e other so u rces o f environm ental p o l lu t io n , which ha ve a lw ay s been present but la y dormant until r eco gn it ion in modern t im e s , microwave radiation hazards were o f no concern until r e c e n t ly s im ply b e c a u s e there w as l i t t le su ch radiation to be concerned w ith . It has on ly b een the proliferation of number and power o f RF radiat ion so u rc es that has g iv e n r i s e to in cr ea s in g concern about a s i tu a t io n that i s , a t b e s t , marginal tod ay , and c lea r ly hazardous for future y e a r s . At th e ","PeriodicalId":296335,"journal":{"name":"IEEE 1976 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129706998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：