Turk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi-Journal of Turkish Language and Literature最新文献

英文中文

War and Poem: Poets as a Witness to History 战争与诗歌：作为历史见证的诗人

0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Turk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi-Journal of Turkish Language and Literature

Pub Date : 2018-06-22 DOI: 10.26650/tuded425614

Dursun Ali Tökel

It is necessary to benefit from the witness of literary yields as much as archival documents in the explanation and interpretation of historical events. An artist is highly precise about transferring experiences to future generations and bringing them from history to the future. As witnesses of history in the context of war and poem, the importance of poets is discussed in this text paper by referring to the witnesses of various people on this point from Horatius to Nef’i, Merahi to Edip Ahmet Yuknekî and Hodja Saadettin to Rudeki.

在对历史事件的解释和阐释中，有必要从文学作品的见证中获益，而不是从档案文件中获益。艺术家非常精确地将经验传递给后代，并将它们从历史带到未来。作为战争和诗歌背景下的历史见证者，本文通过参考不同人在这一点上的见证者来讨论诗人的重要性，从贺雷修斯到奈夫伊，从梅拉希到伊迪普艾哈迈德Yuknekî，从霍贾萨德丁到鲁德基。

引用次数: 0

From ‘Struggle’ to ‘Debate’: A Conventional Look at the Source of Debate in Turkish Literature 从“斗争”到“辩论”:从传统角度看土耳其文学中的辩论来源

0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Turk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi-Journal of Turkish Language and Literature

Pub Date : 2018-06-22 DOI: 10.26650/TUDED412765

Erhan Çapraz

The debate is a style that has been used extensively both in eastern and western literature. Hence, there are many, very different considerations about the source of this style. Westerners accept that the debate has reached them from ancient pre-Asian civilizations through Greek and Latin literatures. Notably, Fuad Köprülü, researchers such as Meserret Diriöz and Orhan Şaik Gökyay claimed that the debate style first took shape in oral literature traditions of the Turks, and was passed onto Arab and Persian literature. It has recently come up with a distinctive structure and a rich variety of subjects. However, in Turkish, Iranian, Arabic, and western literatures, the debate style closely-shares similarities and common features between the structure, performance, and performance context. Based on these similarities and common features, we examine the source of the debate in Turkish literature from a conventional point of view. Likewise, the struggle for superiority, namely the wars, which constitutes the most important part of the Turks social life, forms the basis of the debate style. On the one hand, the “right arm” and the “left arm” structure of the Turks has become effective in the development of the debate style and on the other hand, provided this style to survive till date. Therefore, the “wars” have a direct effect on the embodiment of the debate in the Turks. In this context, the study has suggested that the ability and understanding of the Turks toward wars constitute a source for debate style.

辩论是东西方文学中广泛使用的一种文体。因此，关于这种风格的来源有许多非常不同的考虑。西方人认为，这场辩论是通过希腊和拉丁文学从古代前亚洲文明传到他们这里的。值得注意的是，Fuad Köprülü， Meserret Diriöz和Orhan Şaik Gökyay等研究人员声称辩论风格首先在土耳其人的口头文学传统中形成，然后传播到阿拉伯和波斯文学中。它最近提出了一个独特的结构和丰富多样的主题。然而，在土耳其、伊朗、阿拉伯和西方文献中，辩论风格在结构、表演和表演语境之间有着密切的相似之处和共同特征。基于这些相似之处和共同特征，我们从传统的角度审视土耳其文学辩论的来源。同样，争夺优势的斗争，即战争，构成了土耳其人社会生活中最重要的部分，形成了辩论风格的基础。一方面，土耳其人的“右臂”和“左臂”结构在辩论风格的发展中发挥了作用，另一方面，这种风格得以延续至今。因此，“战争”直接影响了辩论在土耳其人身上的体现。在此背景下，该研究表明，土耳其人对战争的能力和理解构成了辩论风格的来源。

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引用次数: 0

Military Ranks and Titles From Old Turkic to Middle Turkic 从古突厥语到中突厥语的军衔和头衔

0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Turk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi-Journal of Turkish Language and Literature

Pub Date : 2018-06-22 DOI: 10.26650/tuded424587

F. Turan

This study determines the military-administrative ranks and titles in Old and Middle Turkic texts beginning with the Köktürk Inscriptions, monuments bearing the first known Turkic written alphabet and the Old Uighur documents created afterwards. It also aims to demonstrate how this system of military ranks and titles was transformed in Karakhanid, Khwarezm-Kipchak and Chaghatayid Turkic as the idioms of the first Islamic period of Turkic. In this context, it is established that in Old Turkic, the majority of the ranks and titles were of Turkic origin and only a limited number of the related vocabularies were of Chinese, Sanskrit and Iranian. This situation changed as Arabic and Persian words appeared in Kutadgu Bilig (11th century) for the first time as the first literary Islamic-Turkic work and as their number grew and replaced many Old Turkic ranks and titles in the following Khwarezm-Kipchak period during the 1415th centuries. In addition to Arabic and Persian loanwords, many Mongolian words were also used in Chaghatay Turkic, which became an advanced literary Turkic idiom in the second part of the 15th century, and all these lexical items consequently created a rich military terminology in that period.

这项研究确定了古和中突厥文本中的军事行政级别和头衔，从Köktürk铭文开始，带有最早的突厥文字字母的纪念碑和后来创建的古维吾尔文件。它还旨在展示这种军衔和头衔系统是如何在卡拉汗尼德、花剌子木-基普察克和恰哈塔伊德突厥语中作为第一个伊斯兰时期突厥语的习语而转变的。在这种背景下，可以确定的是，在古突厥语中，大多数的等级和头衔都来自突厥语，只有有限数量的相关词汇来自汉语、梵语和伊朗语。随着阿拉伯语和波斯语作为第一部伊斯兰-突厥文学作品首次出现在Kutadgu Bilig(11世纪)中，这种情况发生了变化，随着它们的数量增长，并在1415世纪的花剌子木-基普恰克时期取代了许多旧突厥语的等级和头衔。除了阿拉伯语和波斯语的外来词外，察合台突厥语中还使用了许多蒙古词，在15世纪下半叶成为一种先进的突厥语文学成语，所有这些词汇项目因此在该时期创造了丰富的军事术语。

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引用次数: 1

Discretionary Fund Expenditures Performed for the Press and Literature During the World War I by the Committee of Union and Progress 联邦与进步委员会在第一次世界大战期间为新闻和文学提供的自由裁量基金支出

0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Turk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi-Journal of Turkish Language and Literature

Pub Date : 2018-06-22 DOI: 10.26650/TUDED425598

Ali Şükrü Çoruk

After The Mondros Armistice – which was signed at the end of the World War I, and which ended in defeat – the Unionist leaders, Enver, Talat and Cemal Pashas, left Turkey between 1 and 2 November 1918. There is a “past period” debate around the Committee of Union and Progress, which had made the decision to Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi, Cilt: 58, Sayı: 1, 2018, 75-97 DOI: 10.26650/TUDED425598 Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 1Prof. Dr., İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye Sorumlu yazar/Corresponding author: Ali Şükrü Çoruk, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye E-mail: alisukrucoruk@gmail.com Geliş tarihi / Date of receipt: 30.03.2018 Kabul tarihi/Date of acceptance: 07.05.2018 Atıf/Citation: Çoruk, Ali Şükrü. “İttihat ve Terakki Tarafından Birinci Dünya Savaşı Sırasında Basın ve Edebiyat Dünyasına Yapılan Örtülü Ödenek Harcamaları.” Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi, Cilt: 58, Sayı: 1, 2018, s. 75-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED425598

在第一次世界大战结束时签署并以失败告终的《蒙德罗斯停战协定》之后，统一主义领导人恩维尔、塔拉特和塞马尔·帕沙斯于1918年11月1日至2日离开了土耳其。围绕联盟与进步委员会有一场“过去一段时间”的辩论，该委员会决定让Türk Dili和EdebiyatıDergisi，Cilt:58，Sayı:12018，75-97 DOI:10.26650/TUDED425598研究文章Türk-Dili和EdebijatıDergisi土耳其语言与文学杂志1Prof。博士，伊斯坦布尔大学，土耳其教育大学，伊斯坦布尔教育学院，作者/通讯作者：alisukrucoruk@gmail.com接收日期：2018年3月30日喀布尔日期/接收日期：2018.07.05 Atıf/引文：Çoruk，AliŞükrü。“Il ttihat ve Terakki Tarafından Birinci Dünya SavaşıSırasında Basın ve Edebiyat Düniasına YapılanÖrtülüÖdenek Harcamaları。”Türk Dili ve EdebijatıDergisi，Cilt:58，Sayı：2018年1月，第75-97页。https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED425598

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引用次数: 1

Savaş ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları 战争与文学研究

0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Turk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi-Journal of Turkish Language and Literature

Pub Date : 2018-06-14 DOI: 10.26650/TUDED431211

Sevim Güldürmez

Savaslar, pek cok milleti dogrudan ya da dolayli olarak tesiri altinda birakan, etkileri uzun sure devam eden toplumsal bir hadise olarak tarih kitaplarinda yerini alir. Bu tarih kitaplarinda devletlerin basindan gecen savaslarin fiili olarak butun teferruatlarina yer verilir, vakalar kronolojik olarak kayit altina alinir, arsiv belgeleri, vesikalar kaynak olarak kullanilir ancak tum bunlar disinda var olan toplumsal taraf, savasin maddi verileri disinda kalan manevi alan yalnizca bazi sanat dallarinin ilgi alanina girer. Bu sanat dallarindan biri olan edebiyat bazen aktuel olarak meseleleri kendi kurmaca dunyasina zemin yahut fon olarak alir, bazen de uzerinden yillar gectikten sonra hadiseler dusunce ve zaman ilmeginden suzulup kendine bir edebi eserde yer bulur. Bu eserlerin birbirlerinden farkli ortaya cikis amaclari vardir: Kimi zaman, toplumun ve devletin en ihtiyac duydugu zamanda o ihtiyaca yanit olarak karsimizda durur, kimi zaman sadece kendini ortaya koymak disinda bir gayeye hizmet etmez ve icinden cikmis oldugu toplumdan asgari izler tasimak haricinde bir misyonu olmaz, kimi zaman ise bir tasiyici konumunda hakikatin bire bir yansiticisi, “tarihe mustenit bir hikâyesi” olur. Fakat her ne maksatla bir edebi eser vucuda getirilmis olursa olsun o eseri kendi devri ile birlikte degerlendirmek pek cok arastirmacinin ufkunu acmistir. Edebiyat arastirmacilari ise savas donemlerinde vucuda getirilen edebiyat ile yakindan ilgilenmistir. Zira bu donemin eserleri, kendileri olmak yani kurmaca bir islevi ihtiva etmek disinda devre dair pek cok ipucunu, bakis acisini, butunuyle ferdi ve ictimai hayati aksettiren dikkate deger bir vasita konumunda da olmustur. Bu sebepledir ki kirilma noktalarinin, buyuk vaka zamanlarinin eserleri incelenme ihtiyaci duyulmus, ortaya pek cok yuksek lisans, doktora tezi, makale ve kitap calismasi cikmistir. Bu yazinin amaci da Turk Edebiyati urunleri uzerine yapilmis savas konusunu ihtiva eden tezler arasindan secilmis ornekleri ele alarak tanitmak ve bazi degerlendirmelerde bulunmaktir.

被告在他们的历史书中作为一个社会事件发生，继续影响着很多人。在这些史书中，政府战争将被置于深夜，案件将按时间顺序记录，记录为档案，文件作为文件来源，但仅限于一些艺术浪潮的区域，这些艺术浪潮由战争的社会方面控制。有时，文学是这些艺术浪潮的一部分，它将它们带到地面或地面，有时经过多年的写作，当你听到它们从一开始就漂移时，你可以找到一件艺术作品。这些事情彼此非常不同：当我们听到关于社会和国家的最重要的事情时，有时我们的使命不仅是展示自己，而且是展示自己。“历史是一个神话故事。”但无论诗人是出于什么目的被带进火山，用他的革命贬低他的作品都是痛苦的。教育分析家们对战区的文学作品非常感兴趣。Zira bu donemin eserleri，kendileri olmak yani kurmaca bir islevi ihtiva etmek desida devre dair pek cok ipucunu，bakis acisini，butunuyle ferdi ve ictimai hayati aksettiren dikkate deger bir vasita konumunda da olmustur。我是诺克塔拉里宁，我是扎曼拉里宁，因为我是杜尤尔穆斯，我是李桑斯，我是特兹，我是卡里斯马西。这篇文章的目的是确定土耳其Edebiyati战场和一些阻止战争的退化之间的分离的某些部分。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization of the First α-(1→3) Branching Sucrases of the GH70 Family. GH70 家族首个 α-(1→3) 分支蔗糖酶的特征。

0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Turk Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi-Journal of Turkish Language and Literature

Pub Date : 2016-04-01 Epub Date: 2016-01-13 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M115.688044

Marlène Vuillemin, Marion Claverie, Yoann Brison, Etienne Séverac, Pauline Bondy, Sandrine Morel, Pierre Monsan, Claire Moulis, Magali Remaud-Siméon

Leuconostoc citreumNRRL B-742 has been known for years to produce a highly α-(1→3)-branched dextran for which the synthesis had never been elucidated. In this work a gene coding for a putative α-transglucosylase of the GH70 family was identified in the reported genome of this bacteria and functionally characterized. From sucrose alone, the corresponding recombinant protein, named BRS-B, mainly catalyzed sucrose hydrolysis and leucrose synthesis. However, in the presence of sucrose and a dextran acceptor, the enzyme efficiently transferred the glucosyl residue from sucrose to linear α-(1→6) dextrans through the specific formation of α-(1→3) linkages. To date, BRS-B is the first reported α-(1→3) branching sucrase. Using a suitable sucrose/dextran ratio, a comb-like dextran with 50% of α-(1→3) branching was synthesized, suggesting that BRS-B is likely involved in the comb-like dextran produced byL. citreumNRRL B-742. In addition, data mining based on the search for specific sequence motifs allowed the identification of two genes putatively coding for branching sucrases in the genome ofLeuconostoc fallaxKCTC3537 andLactobacillus kunkeeiEFB6. Biochemical characterization of the corresponding recombinant enzymes confirmed their branching specificity, revealing that branching sucrases are not only found inL. citreumspecies. According to phylogenetic analyses, these enzymes are proposed to constitute a new subgroup of the GH70 family.

多年来，人们一直知道柠檬亮杆菌（Leuconostoc citreumNRRL B-742）能产生一种高度α-(1→3)支化的葡聚糖，但这种葡聚糖的合成从未被阐明。在这项工作中，在该细菌已报告的基因组中发现了一个编码推定的 GH70 家族 α-反式葡萄糖基酶的基因，并确定了其功能特征。在蔗糖单独存在的情况下，被命名为 BRS-B 的相应重组蛋白主要催化蔗糖水解和白糖合成。然而，在蔗糖和葡聚糖受体存在的情况下，该酶通过特异性地形成α-(1→3)连接，有效地将蔗糖中的葡糖基残基转移到线性α-(1→6)葡聚糖上。迄今为止，BRS-B 是首次报道的 α-(1→3)分支蔗糖酶。使用合适的蔗糖/右旋糖酐比例，合成了具有 50%α-(1→3)支链的梳状右旋糖酐，这表明 BRS-B 可能参与了 L. citreumNRRL B-742 产生的梳状右旋糖酐。此外，通过对特定序列图案的搜索进行数据挖掘，在法氏粘菌（Leuconostoc fallaxKCTC3537）和昆明乳杆菌（Lactobacillus kunkeeiEFB6）的基因组中发现了两个可能编码分支蔗糖酶的基因。相应重组酶的生化特征证实了它们的分支特异性，揭示了分支蔗糖酶不仅存在于柠檬乳杆菌物种中。根据系统进化分析，这些酶被认为是 GH70 家族的一个新亚群。

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