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Understanding Culture through Knowledge Cybernetics 通过知识控制论理解文化
Pub Date : 2018-04-19 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v9i1.2167
Ousanee Sawagvudcharee, M. Yolles, Chanchai Bunchapattanasakda, Buncha Limpabandhu
These days, countries around the world continue with their process of globalization in the digital business and marketing. However, they find themselves straddling different national cultures, which lead to problems of cross-cultural communication management resulting in, for instance, miscommunication and misunderstanding. Consequently, an understanding of the characterisation or mapping of culture is significant, and while there are not many theories of cultural mapping, most stem from the base work of Hofstede. Basically, most people begin with a categorisation of culture through the creation of an ontology that differentiates relatable levels of reality, as a theory of levels allows culture to be broken down into parts that can be analysed more easily. It also helps them to facilitate the creation of a set of generic or universal dimensions of culture which can be used to map different cultures. However, a problem with this theoretical approach is that it does not offer a very dynamic representation of culture, and it has manifestations that impoverish the way that phenomenal manifestations of culture can be explained. On the other hand, there is an alternative approach was adopted by Schwartz. This approach does not discuss ontology but it creates a value inventory in which respondents assess ‘comprehensive’ cultural values. Consequently, there is some relationship between outcome of Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s results. Yolles has developed a theory of Knowledge Cybernetics that delivers a new ontology and a dynamic modelling approach. Schwartz’s results have been merged into this, resulting in a new theory dynamic theory of culture quite distinct from Hofstede’s level theory.
如今,世界各国在数字商业和营销方面继续其全球化进程。然而,他们发现自己跨越了不同的民族文化,这就导致了跨文化交际管理的问题,如沟通不畅和误解。因此,理解文化的特征或映射是很重要的,虽然没有很多文化映射的理论,但大多数都源于霍夫斯泰德的基础工作。基本上,大多数人首先通过创建区分现实相关层次的本体论来对文化进行分类,因为层次理论允许文化被分解成更容易分析的部分。它还有助于他们促进创造一套通用的或普遍的文化维度,这些维度可用于映射不同的文化。然而,这种理论方法的一个问题是,它没有提供一种非常动态的文化表现,而且它的表现形式使文化的现象表现形式无法解释。另一方面,施瓦茨采用了另一种方法。这种方法不讨论本体论,但它创建了一个价值清单,受访者在其中评估“全面”的文化价值。因此,Hofstede的结果和Schwartz的结果之间存在一定的关系。Yolles开发了一种知识控制论理论,提供了一种新的本体和动态建模方法。施瓦茨的研究结果与此相融合,形成了一种与霍夫斯泰德的水平理论截然不同的文化动态理论。
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引用次数: 1
Regional Election Winning Strategy of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP) in North Coast Area of West Java Province (Case Study in Subang and Cirebon Regencies) 印尼斗争民主党在西爪哇省北部沿海地区的地区选举获胜策略(以苏邦和希雷汶县为例)
Pub Date : 2018-04-19 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v9i1.2166
M. Budiana, A. Bainus, R. Widya, S. Setiabudi, Muradi
The research premise is the idea that there was trend in political participation and voting behavior in Subang and Cirebon Regencies, The two biggest bases of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP) in West Java Province. Their power are getting weaker, reflected by the number of their representatives in Representatives Local House. In this research, it is believed that there are three factors which influence those phenomena such as political parties role, figures and identification. The research highlights are the most influential factors on political participation which cause declining support for the party and strategies used by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP) to maintain their constituents.
研究的前提是印尼斗争民主党(PDIP)在西爪哇省的两个最大根据地苏邦县和希雷汶县的政治参与和投票行为存在趋势。他们的权力越来越弱,这可以从他们在地方众议院的代表人数上看出来。本研究认为影响这些现象的因素有政党角色、人物和认同三个方面。研究重点是政治参与的最具影响力的因素,导致对党的支持下降,以及印度尼西亚民主斗争党(PDIP)为维持其选民而使用的策略。
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引用次数: 1
Justice in the Tea Estate Community in Sri Lanka: An Explanation through Freedom-based Capability Approach 斯里兰卡茶庄社区的正义:基于自由能力的解释
Pub Date : 2018-04-19 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v9i1.2164
S. Dishanka, Yukio Ikemoto
Sustainability in economic development is fundamentally linked to human well-being which should be fairly reflected in freedom. This normative concern has been the thematic phenomenon in scholarly discussions advocated by many egalitarians. The well-being of tea estate community in Sri Lanka has been in various stakeholder discussions as their socio-economic freedom is exogenously determined and controlled. Ironically, this situation has evidenced a substantial adverse impact on their present work performance and future workforce participation symbolizing the labor problem within the tea estate community. Grounded on the theoretical foundation of Amartya Sen’s capability approach and, authors’ mixed method field surveys, this paper discusses the importance of enhancing justice within this community by improving their freedom to access better complex capabilities such as social status and independence. Although, the outcomes of the positivistic study provided with adequate evidence for the above claim, our qualitative inquiry confirmed and witnessed the aforementioned subjective reality.
经济发展的可持续性从根本上与人类福祉有关,而人类福祉应在自由中得到公平反映。这种规范性的关注一直是许多平等主义者在学术讨论中倡导的主题现象。斯里兰卡茶园社区的福祉一直在各种利益相关者的讨论中,因为他们的社会经济自由是外生决定和控制的。具有讽刺意味的是,这种情况对他们目前的工作表现和未来的劳动力参与产生了实质性的不利影响,这象征着茶产业社区的劳动力问题。基于Amartya sen能力方法的理论基础和作者的混合方法实地调查,本文讨论了通过提高他们获得更好的复杂能力(如社会地位和独立性)的自由来增强社区内正义的重要性。虽然,实证研究的结果为上述主张提供了充分的证据,但我们的定性调查证实并见证了上述主观现实。
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引用次数: 3
Concentration of Authority and Rent Seeking Behaviour in Bureaucracy: An Evidence of Ineffective Governance in Bangladesh 权力集中与官僚制度中的寻租行为:孟加拉国无效治理的证据
Pub Date : 2018-04-19 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v9i1.2165
S. Naim, A. Hasan
Political leadership and public administration run the government of Bangladesh. Political wing is short tenured under a democratic system, but the public administration is permanent. An administrative process in Bangladesh made bureaucracy most powerful in the country. It has accountability to none but has controlling authority on all components of state including political leadership. This absolute power gives unlimited opportunity to administrative bureaucracy and other parts of the public administration of the country for exercising rent seeking behaviour. This paper evaluates the experience of common people of the country who used to interact with public administration for receiving public services using primary data collected through a field survey. The level of rent seeking is very high in public administration. The four major types of rent seeking behaviour among public officials are bribe, nepotism, and favouritism, use of official power to mischief common people and negligence to official duties and responsibilities. People used to suffer from rent seeking behaviour uniformly irrespective of their level of income and educational status. The root of rent seeking is the administrative bureaucracy. People face financial loss, delays in getting services from officials. It is necessary to reduce absolute power of public bureaucracy to control rent seeking of public administration.
政治领导和公共行政管理孟加拉国政府。在民主制度下,政治部门是短期的,但公共行政部门是永久性的。孟加拉国的行政程序使官僚主义在该国最具权力。它对任何人都不负责,但对国家的所有组成部分,包括政治领导层,都有控制权。这种绝对权力使行政官僚和国家公共行政的其他部门有无限的机会进行寻租行为。本文利用通过实地调查收集的原始数据,评估了该国普通民众在接受公共服务方面与公共行政部门互动的经验。公共行政部门的寻租现象非常严重。公职人员寻租行为的四种主要类型是行贿、裙带关系、徇私舞弊、滥用职权危害百姓和玩忽职守。过去,无论收入水平和受教育程度如何,人们都普遍遭受寻租行为的困扰。寻租的根源在于行政官僚主义。人们面临经济损失,无法从官员那里获得服务。要控制公共行政寻租行为,必须削弱官僚的绝对权力。
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引用次数: 1
Link Program: Evidence from Micro-finance Institution in Jordan 链接项目:来自约旦小额信贷机构的证据
Pub Date : 2018-02-24 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v8i4.2058
Bashar Al-Zu’bi
This paper studies and assesses the methodology of the “Link Program”, i.e., a process which the owners of micro-enterprises can undergo to help them grow their micro-enterprises into small and medium sized concerns. We evaluated the impact on the performance of micro entrepreneurs as a function of financial and non-financial support provided by a microfinance bank – NMB. The paper established specific criteria for enterprises’ graduation, namely: completing 3 loan periods with outstanding credibility and dedication of repayment, continuous profit growth rate obtained as a result of activities (revenue) expansion, formalizing the enterprise by registering it with the government, and generating jobs for local candidates. The paper made use of a sample of 8,000clients who took business loans and had accessed non-financial support provided by the NMB during a period of six to eighteen months. We employed a standard data analysis against graduation criteria and found the “AS IS” non-financial services (counseling and networking) have affected the performance of a few micro and small enterprises; only 13.7% of NMB’s clients grew. Although many micro and small enterprises do not usually grow as would be expected, the result from Jordan is below the international practices which showed that 50% and 60% of modern MSE in Latin America and Asia grew from low entrepreneurs. It was therefore concluded that NMB should design and deliver a more comprehensive and innovative non-financial services (“TO BE” approach).
本文研究和评估了“链接计划”的方法,即微型企业所有者可以经历的一个过程,以帮助他们将微型企业成长为中小型企业。我们评估了小额信贷银行NMB提供的金融和非金融支持对微型企业家绩效的影响。本文建立了企业毕业的具体标准,即:完成3个贷款期限,信用突出,还款敬业;通过活动(收入)扩大获得持续的利润增长率;通过政府登记使企业正规化;为当地候选人创造就业机会。该论文使用了8000名客户的样本,这些客户在6至18个月的时间里获得了商业贷款,并获得了NMB提供的非金融支持。我们根据毕业标准进行了标准数据分析,发现“现状”的非金融服务(咨询和网络)影响了一些微小企业的绩效;只有13.7%的NMB客户实现了增长。虽然许多微型和小型企业通常不会像预期的那样增长,但约旦的结果低于国际惯例,国际惯例表明,拉丁美洲和亚洲的现代微型企业中有50%和60%来自低企业家。因此得出的结论是,NMB应该设计和提供更全面和创新的非金融服务(“TO BE”方法)。
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引用次数: 0
Cross-border Migration in the Southern African Development Community (SADC): Benefits, Problems and Future prospects 南部非洲发展共同体(SADC)的跨境移民:利益、问题和未来前景
Pub Date : 2018-02-24 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v8i4.2062
V. Mlambo
With rapid globalization sweeping through the globe, the movement of people throughout the world has increased significantly over the last 20 years. Motivated by the thrill of earning better salaries and living in countries characterised by better standards of living, people have travelled long distances in search of such opportunities. Undoubtedly, the economic buoyancy of countries like South Africa and Botswana has attracted thousands of migrants from the SADC who are seeking job opportunities, further straining government resources and impeding the effective functioning of border immigration services. The unequal rate of economic development in the region has further created an increasing gap between fast-developing and slow developing nations, hence the unequal rate of migration. Skills transfer and collaborations have been the major benefits of cross border-migration for SADC, although crime and xenophobia have also been identified as problems associated with cross-border migration in Southern Africa. The flow of remittances from South Africa has played a crucial role in fighting poverty and hunger in the migrant’s home country and contributed significantly to government finances. However, the absence of a regionally accepted policy aimed at regulating migration means that illegal cross-border migration will carry on being a problem in the region and unfortunately the absence of policies aiming at spurring collective regional economic growth means illegal cross-border migration will increase in the years to come.
随着快速的全球化席卷全球,在过去的20年里,世界各地的人口流动显著增加。在获得更高薪水和生活在生活水平更高的国家的刺激下,人们长途跋涉寻找这样的机会。毫无疑问,南非和博茨瓦纳等国的经济繁荣吸引了成千上万来自南部非洲发展共同体的移民,他们正在寻找工作机会,这进一步使政府资源紧张,并阻碍了边境移民服务的有效运作。该区域经济发展速度的不平等进一步造成了快速发展国家和缓慢发展国家之间日益扩大的差距,因此造成了不平等的移徙速度。技能转移和合作是南共体跨境移徙的主要好处,尽管犯罪和仇外心理也被确定为与南部非洲跨境移徙有关的问题。来自南非的汇款流在移民祖国消除贫困和饥饿方面发挥了至关重要的作用,并为政府财政做出了重大贡献。然而,由于缺乏一项旨在管制移徙的区域公认政策,非法跨界移徙将继续成为该区域的一个问题;不幸的是,由于缺乏旨在促进区域集体经济增长的政策,非法跨界移徙将在今后几年增加。
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引用次数: 5
Analysis of Public Satisfaction Index on the Regional Library Service at the Autonomous Regency 自治县地区图书馆服务公众满意度指数分析
Pub Date : 2018-02-24 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v8i4.2060
Hardiyansyah, R. Junita, D. Triana, Koesharijadi, D. Mellita, M. Akbar
This study aims at finding out the community satisfaction index on the service of the Regional Library of Ogan KomeringIlir (OKI) regency. Through a quantitative descriptive method with questionnaire distribution to 150 respondents, the result showed that the public service has run well. As all components of the community satisfaction index were in "good" category with an average score of 77.61. The component of service that received the highest score was "courtesy and friendliness" of the serving personnel with a score of 3.22. Meanwhile, "terms of service" component got the lowest score 3.02. In other words, things related to various requirements in obtaining the service should be of particular concern because this component obtained the lowest score. There should be a solution to this problem so the community would be able to access the service easily without any complaints or dissatisfaction.
本研究的目的是找出社区对奥根科默林吉尔(OKI)摄政区图书馆服务的满意度指数。通过对150名受访者发放问卷的定量描述方法,结果表明公共服务运行良好。社区满意度指数各组成部分均为“良好”,平均得分77.61分。服务中得分最高的是服务人员的“礼貌和友好”,得分为3.22。“服务条款”部分得分最低,为3.02分。换句话说,与获得服务的各种需求相关的事情应该特别关注,因为该组件获得了最低的分数。应该有一个解决这个问题的方案,这样社区就可以轻松地访问服务,而不会有任何抱怨或不满。
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引用次数: 0
Determinants of Micro-Insurance Ownership Decision: Empirical Evidence from Informal Commercial Market Business Operators in Ghana 小额保险所有权决策的决定因素:来自加纳非正式商业市场经营者的经验证据
Pub Date : 2018-02-24 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v8i4.2059
A. Yeboah
This study empirically examines determinants of Micro-insurance ownership decision in Ghana. Probit estimation technique was used to examine data sourced from 612 informal commercial business operators in selected urban market centers in Ghana. The results reveal that financial literacy has significant effect on micro-insurance ownership decision among informal commercial market business operators in Ghana. The study also found income, access to credit, trust, market levy, Marital status and household headship status as other major predictors of micro-insurance ownership decision. Premised on these, the study recommends financial literacy education intervention by micro-insurance providers to increase microinsurance patronage. Micro-insurance providers should invest in building reputation to encourage participation in micro-insurance scheme. Also, efforts of government should focus on improving access to credit facilities and income generation prospects among informal businesses operators in Ghana.
本研究实证检验了加纳小额保险所有权决策的决定因素。Probit估计技术用于检查来自加纳选定城市市场中心的612名非正式商业经营者的数据。结果表明,加纳非正规商业市场经营者的金融素养对小额保险所有权决策有显著影响。该研究还发现,收入、获得信贷的机会、信任、市场税收、婚姻状况和家庭户主状况是小额保险所有权决策的其他主要预测因素。在此基础上,本研究建议小额保险提供者进行金融素养教育干预,以增加小额保险的惠顾。小额保险提供者应投资建立信誉,以鼓励小额保险计划的参与。此外,政府的努力应侧重于改善加纳非正规企业经营者获得信贷便利的机会和创造收入的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the Implications of Deviant Behavior on Society in Central Punjab Pakistan 评估巴基斯坦旁遮普省中部越轨行为对社会的影响
Pub Date : 2018-02-24 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v8i4.2061
Muhammad Mushtaq, M. Idrees, Muhammad Roman
The present study has been designed to assess Implication of deviant behavior among in Central Punjab Pakistan. Generally, crime is treated as the unexpected behavior of an individual which goes against the law. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the implications of crime in society. In Pakistan, lower socio-economic status holders are involved in crimes as well as high socio-economic holders are also involved, hence they want to accumulate more wealth through illegal ways. Crime affects the state in social, economic and psychological terms. The present study was conducted in central Punjab. A sample of 300 respondents was selected by using convenient sampling technique from the one selected district of the central Punjab. Moreover, data was with the help of a well-designed interview schedule. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS. On the bases on finding it was concluded that there are number of socio-economic and psychological factors that created problems in state and become hurdle in the sustainable development of Pakistan and this problem badly damage the whole sphere of the society. Some policy measure and recommendations was also proposed by the study to cope with this problem.
本研究旨在评估巴基斯坦旁遮普省中部的越轨行为的影响。一般来说,犯罪被视为个人违反法律的意外行为。本研究的主要目的是分析犯罪对社会的影响。在巴基斯坦,社会经济地位较低的人参与犯罪,社会经济地位较高的人也参与犯罪,因此他们想通过非法方式积累更多的财富。犯罪从社会、经济和心理方面影响国家。本研究是在旁遮普中部进行的。通过使用方便的抽样技术,从旁遮普中部的一个选定地区选择了300名受访者的样本。此外,数据是在精心设计的面试时间表的帮助下获得的。收集的数据采用SPSS统计软件进行分析。在发现的基础上,得出的结论是,有许多社会经济和心理因素造成了国家问题,成为巴基斯坦可持续发展的障碍,这一问题严重损害了整个社会领域。研究还提出了一些政策措施和建议来应对这一问题。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Brand Awareness, Customer Loyalty and Perceived Quality: how they ensure Profitability and generate Purchase Intention: A study on cosmetic industry of Pakistan 探索品牌意识、顾客忠诚度和感知质量:它们如何确保盈利并产生购买意愿:对巴基斯坦化妆品行业的研究
Pub Date : 2017-12-13 DOI: 10.22610/jsds.v8i3.1974
K. Jamil, Muhammad Asghar Ali, A. Iqbal
The research looks at the reseller's view of the brand's reputation, quality and customer loyalty on the profitability and purchasing of the brand. In addition, the research focuses on clarifying the role of the purchasing power intermediary in the relationship between brand awareness and profitability, quality and profitability, brand awareness and profitability. The investigation was of a causal nature and data was collected from 200 retailers. The results showed the brand awareness and loyally meaningless impact, while the observed quality had a significant impact on profitability. In addition, the results revealed a significant impact on brand awareness, quality knowledge and loyalty for purchasing purposes. The conciliation Sobel test showed that procurement intensity only conveys the relationship between observed quality and profitability.
该研究着眼于经销商对品牌声誉、质量和客户忠诚度对品牌盈利能力和购买量的看法。此外,研究重点是澄清购买力中介在品牌意识与盈利能力、质量与盈利能力、品牌意识与盈利能力之间的关系中的作用。该调查具有因果性,数据来自200家零售商。结果表明,品牌知名度和忠诚度的影响没有意义,而观察到的质量对盈利能力有显著影响。此外,结果显示,品牌知名度,质量知识和忠诚度的购买目的显著影响。调解Sobel检验表明,采购强度只传达了观察到的质量和盈利能力之间的关系。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Journal of Social and Development Sciences
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