American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献_第8页

Diversity of Femoral Diaphyseal Structure in East Asian Modern Humans During the Paleolithic–Neolithic Transition 旧石器-新石器时代东亚现代人类股骨骨干结构的多样性

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70146

Yuhao Zhao, Jianing He, Chaohong Zhao, Jincheng Yu, Yongming Yuan, Tao Wang, Jingning Guo, Minna Wu, Song Xing

Objectives

During the Paleolithic–Neolithic transition, modern human femoral diaphyses underwent significant structural changes, primarily driven by shifts in subsistence patterns including decreased mobility and increased sedentism. However, femoral remains from East Asia during this period are inadequately reported and studied. This study investigates the femoral diaphyseal structures across East Asia during this transition, exploring their variation, evolutionary processes, and links to subsistence patterns reflected in the archeological record.

Materials and Methods

Human femora from Qihe Cave, Donghulin, and Taipinghu, representing South, North, and Northeast China during the transition, were analyzed. Midshaft cross-sectional shapes were compared with Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP), Late Upper Paleolithic (LUP), and recent sedentary agricultural (RSA) samples. Morphometric maps illustrating cortical bone thickness, external radius, and bending rigidity along the entire diaphysis were compared with Late Pleistocene early modern humans from South and North China and RSA specimens.

Results

Analysis of midshaft cross-sectional shapes revealed that DHL 4 and Qihe M2 align with the LUP group, whereas DHL M1 and TPH 45 show close affinities with the RSA group. Statistical analyses based on morphometric maps further reveal that DHL 4 and Qihe M2 share key features with Late Pleistocene early modern humans, whereas DHL M1 and TPH 45 fall within the RSA variation range.

Discussion

Two distinct femoral diaphyseal patterns are identified among East Asian modern humans during the transition, reflecting regional variations and intrapopulation divisions of labor, primarily associated with hunting and gathering strategies shaped by local environmental conditions and corresponding archeological cultures.

在旧石器时代到新石器时代的过渡时期，现代人类股骨干经历了重大的结构变化，主要是由生存模式的转变所驱动的，包括活动能力的减少和定居行为的增加。然而，这一时期东亚的股骨遗骸报道和研究并不充分。本研究调查了东亚地区在这一转变时期的股骨骨干结构，探讨了它们的变异、进化过程以及与考古记录中反映的生存模式的联系。材料与方法对代表中国南方、北方和东北转型时期的齐河洞、东虎林和太平湖的人类股骨进行了分析。中轴截面形状与旧石器时代早期晚期（EUP）、旧石器时代晚期（LUP）和最近的定居农业（RSA）样本进行了比较。形态学测量图显示了沿整个骨干的皮质骨厚度、外半径和弯曲刚度，并与来自华南和华北的晚更新世早期现代人和RSA标本进行了比较。结果中轴截面形状分析显示，DHL 4和齐河M2与LUP组一致，而DHL M1和TPH 45与RSA组一致。基于形态计量学图谱的统计分析进一步表明，DHL 4和齐河M2具有晚更新世早期现代人的主要特征，而DHL M1和TPH 45则属于RSA变异范围。在东亚现代人类中发现了两种不同的股骨骨干模式，反映了区域差异和人口内部的劳动分工，主要与当地环境条件和相应考古文化形成的狩猎和采集策略有关。

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引用次数: 0

Comment on “Towards a Biocultural Synthesis of the Peopling of the Americas” 评《走向美洲人居住的生物文化综合》

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70148

Rolando González-José

This paper serves as a commentary on the special issue entitled “Towards a Biocultural Synthesis of the Peopling of the Americas”. This special issue grew from an invited symposium organized for the 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists, held virtually in April 2021. The special issue is aimed at bringing together a collection of articles that exemplify and advance biocultural perspectives on the origins and diversity of Indigenous populations in the Americas. I comment on the types of research (uni-disciplinarity, multi-disciplinarity, inter-disciplinarity, and trans-disciplinarity) that can be found in this special issue, and on the necessity of reinforcing co-led and co-managed research from the initial steps of the project in collaboration with the Indigenous communities involved. Finally, I argue that these efforts should not rely solely on researchers at the individual level, but need to be supported mainly by institutions.

本文是对题为“迈向美洲人定居的生物文化综合”的特刊的评论。本期特刊源于为2021年4月虚拟举行的第90届美国生物人类学家协会年会组织的受邀研讨会。该特刊的目的是汇集一系列文章，这些文章举例说明并推进了关于美洲土著人口起源和多样性的生物文化观点。我就本期特刊中可以找到的研究类型（单学科、多学科、跨学科和跨学科）发表评论，并就从项目的最初步骤开始与有关土著社区合作加强共同领导和共同管理的研究的必要性发表评论。最后，我认为这些努力不应该仅仅依赖于个人层面的研究人员，而需要主要得到机构的支持。

引用次数: 0

Cover & Editorial Board 封面及编委

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24975

引用次数: 0

The Primates of Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique 莫桑比克戈龙戈萨国家公园的灵长类动物。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70143

Susana Carvalho, Robert L. Anemone, João d’Oliveira Coelho, René Bobe

This contribution is an introduction to and synthesis of the special issue of the AJBA on Primate Adaptations in a Highly Seasonal and Heterogeneous African Ecosystem. The eight research papers in this special issue provide the first compilation of primatological research to emerge from Gorongosa National Park and represent a major landmark in the development of primatology as a science in Mozambique. Primatological field studies in the park were initiated in 2016 under the umbrella of the Paleo-Primate Project Gorongosa with the aim of exploring the deep time evolutionary history of the Gorongosa ecosystem and establishing a long-term primatological field research program. This initiative has resulted in the training of a new generation of primatologists, including the first from Mozambique. The papers in this volume focus on the behavior, ecology, adaptations, and genomics of baboons and vervet monkeys, and set the stage for the study of other primates in Gorongosa, including samango monkeys and nocturnal strepsirrhines. The environmental characteristics of the Gorongosa ecosystem, with major rivers and lakes in a dynamic mosaic of forests, woodlands, wetlands, and grasslands, and rich biodiversity, make Gorongosa a suitable analog for the environments in which early hominins are thought to have evolved. This special issue is dedicated to the memory of our dear friend and colleague Dr. Marc Stalmans, who was the Director of Science of Gorongosa National Park from 2012 to 2025.

这一贡献是对AJBA关于高度季节性和异质非洲生态系统中灵长类动物适应的特刊的介绍和综合。本期特刊中的八篇研究论文首次汇集了戈龙戈萨国家公园的灵长类动物学研究成果，代表了莫桑比克灵长类学作为一门科学发展的一个重要里程碑。2016年，在Gorongosa古灵长类动物项目（Paleo-Primate Project Gorongosa）的框架下，该公园启动了灵长类动物实地研究，旨在探索Gorongosa生态系统的深时间进化历史，并建立长期的灵长类动物实地研究计划。这一举措培养了新一代灵长类动物学家，其中包括来自莫桑比克的第一批。本卷的论文集中在狒狒和长尾猴的行为、生态学、适应性和基因组学上，并为戈龙戈萨其他灵长类动物的研究奠定了基础，包括沙曼猴和夜间链球菌。戈龙戈萨生态系统的环境特征，主要河流和湖泊在森林、林地、湿地和草原的动态马赛克中，以及丰富的生物多样性，使戈龙戈萨成为早期人类被认为进化的环境的合适模拟物。这期特刊是为了纪念我们亲爱的朋友和同事马克·斯塔曼斯博士，他在2012年至2025年期间担任戈龙戈萨国家公园的科学主任。

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引用次数: 0

A (Bite) Force to Be Reckoned With 不可忽视的（咬）力。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70144

Myra F. Laird, Megan A. Holmes, Claire E. Terhune, Andrea B. Taylor

Objectives

Bite force has received significant attention in biological anthropology, but maximum bite force estimates for a single primate species often span hundreds of newtons. In this synthesis, we discuss the definitions of maximum bite force, review and highlight the variability in methods used to assess bite force in primates, and compare bite force ranges in macaques to bracket maximum force estimates between physiological and mechanical maxima.

Materials and Methods

Methods of estimating bite force in primates were gathered from the literature along with published estimates of maximum bite force for macaques (Macaca sp.).

Results

Maximum bite force can be defined physiologically or mechanically, and methods of estimating bite force can be grouped as in vivo, muscle-based, and craniodental within these two definitions. Physiological estimates occur under natural conditions modulated by sensorimotor feedback, whereas mechanical maximum bite forces ignore muscular and neural limitations. Published maximum bite forces for macaques at the molars vary from 127 N to 898 N, a 771 N range. Using a bracketing approach suggested here, we narrow the estimated bite force range at the incisors to 487–503 N and 503–898 N for the molars.

Discussion

This synthesis emphasizes the need for comparisons between in vivo, muscle-based, and craniodental bite force methods in living primates. We propose bracketing bite force estimates between physiological and mechanical maxima in order to provide more reliable bite force estimates and improve understanding of how bite force relates to primate functional morphology and feeding ecology.

目的：咬合力在生物人类学中受到了极大的关注，但对单个灵长类物种的最大咬合力估计通常跨越数百牛顿。在这篇综合文章中，我们讨论了最大咬合力的定义，回顾并强调了灵长类动物咬合力评估方法的可变性，并比较了猕猴的咬合力范围，将生理和机械最大咬合力估计放在一起。材料和方法：从文献和已发表的猕猴（Macaca sp.）最大咬合力的估计中收集灵长类动物咬合力的估计方法。结果：最大咬合力可以生理或机械定义，估计咬合力的方法在这两个定义中可以分为体内、肌肉和颅牙。生理估计发生在感觉运动反馈调节的自然条件下，而机械最大咬合力忽略了肌肉和神经的限制。已公布的猕猴臼齿的最大咬合力从127北北向到898北北向不等，范围为771北北向。使用这里建议的托套方法，我们将门牙的咬合力范围缩小到487-503牛，磨牙的咬合力范围缩小到503-898牛。讨论：这一综合强调需要比较活体灵长类动物体内、肌肉基础和颅齿咬合力方法。为了提供更可靠的咬合力估计，并提高对咬合力与灵长类动物功能形态和摄食生态之间关系的理解，我们提出了在生理和机械最大值之间进行牙合力估计的方法。

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引用次数: 0

The Population Problem: Biological Anthropology and the Many Definitions of a Population 人口问题：生物人类学与人口的多种定义。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70141

Adam P. Van Arsdale, Robin G. Nelson

Objectives

With a focus on variability, biological anthropology has nominally centered the population as a key unit of analysis and node of evolutionary change. In this paper, we examine constructions of the population concept in contemporary research, with particular attention to the challenges they present in typology, the conflation of place and organism, and tractability.

Methods and Materials

We carry out a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the use of “population” as a term within the AJBA from 2013 to 2022. We identify 739 publications, or approximately one-third of AJBA publications during that time period, that use the term within their abstract. For each of these publications, we categorize the subfield, time period of interest, sample size, and the use of population within the article.

Results

The use of the term population within contemporary biological anthropology is highly variable, with large variation in sample sizes, time range, and the biological characteristics used to identify a population. Although populations are widely employed across subfields, there is no consistency in how that term is used, the variability it represents, or how it might operate as an evolutionary category.

Conclusions

The lack of theoretical and practical coherence is a problem for the discipline. While there is no singular and correct definition of the term, from an evolutionary perspective, populations should be clearly presented and reflective of a hypothesis of evolutionary action.

目的：生物人类学关注变异，名义上把人口作为分析进化变化的关键单位和节点。在本文中，我们考察了当代研究中人口概念的构建，特别关注它们在类型学、地点和有机体的合并以及可追溯性方面所面临的挑战。方法和材料：我们对2013年至2022年AJBA中“人口”一词的使用情况进行了全面的文献计量分析。我们确定了739篇论文，或大约三分之一的AJBA论文在他们的摘要中使用了这个术语。对于这些出版物中的每一篇，我们对子字段、感兴趣的时间段、样本量和文章中人口的使用进行了分类。结果：在当代生物人类学中，“种群”一词的使用是高度可变的，在样本量、时间范围和用于识别种群的生物学特征方面存在很大差异。尽管种群在各个子领域被广泛使用，但在这个术语的使用方式、它所代表的可变性，或者它作为一个进化范畴的运作方式上，并没有一致性。结论：缺乏理论与实践的一致性是该学科的一个问题。虽然这个术语没有单一和正确的定义，但从进化的角度来看，种群应该被清楚地呈现出来，并反映出进化行为的假设。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating the Evolvability of Paranthropus Cranial Morphology in Relation to Feeding Biomechanics 类人猿颅骨形态的进化与进食生物力学的关系。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70136

Hyunwoo Jung, Campbell Rolian, David S. Strait, Karen L. Baab

Objective

Although disagreement persists as to the precise nature of the diet of Paranthropus, there is a consensus that the food resources consumed by Paranthropus were in some way mechanically challenging to process (i.e., by being “hard” and/or “tough”). While the highly derived feeding apparatus of Paranthropus likely conferred biomechanical performance advantages while consuming certain types of foods, it may also have limited the ability of these early hominins to respond to selection and evolve rapidly toward new adaptive peaks (i.e., reduced their evolvability).

Materials and Methods

We employed viability selection modeling to test this hypothesis. Viability selection simulations were performed using Paranthropus boisei (OH 5), Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 444-2), and Homo habilis (KNM-ER 1813) specimens. We simulated the generation-to-generation evolution of biomechanically informative linear dimensions in a population where an individual's probability of survival (i.e., viability) was determined by its distance to a predetermined adaptive peak. The number of generations required for an evolving population to reach a new adaptive peak was used as a measure of evolvability.

Results

The results showed that the mean number of generations from P. boisei to H. habilis was larger than in the reverse direction when modeled using either chimpanzee or human estimates of population variance/covariance. It took longer for P. boisei to evolve toward Au. afarensis than in the reverse direction, but only with the chimpanzee estimates of population variance/covariance.

Discussion

The results suggest that P. boisei faced limitations in cranial evolvability, particularly if selection favored a cranial morphology similar to H. habilis.

目的：尽管对于傍人兽饮食的确切性质存在分歧，但人们一致认为傍人兽消耗的食物资源在某种程度上具有机械挑战性（即“硬”和/或“硬”）。虽然类人猿的高度衍生的进食装置可能在消耗某些类型的食物时赋予生物力学性能优势，但它也可能限制了这些早期人类对选择的反应能力，并迅速进化到新的适应高峰（即降低了它们的可进化性）。材料和方法：我们采用生存力选择模型来验证这一假设。采用boisei副人（OH 5）、afarensis南方古猿（A.L. 444-2）和能人（KNM-ER 1813）标本进行生存力选择模拟。我们模拟了种群中生物力学信息线性维度的代际进化，其中个体的生存概率（即生存能力）由其与预定适应峰值的距离决定。进化种群达到新的适应高峰所需的世代数被用作衡量可进化性的指标。结果：结果表明，当使用黑猩猩或人类的种群方差/协方差估算模型时，从种猪到能人的平均代数大于相反方向的代数。P. boisei向Au进化花了更长的时间。与阿法种相反，但只与黑猩猩种群方差/协方差的估计有关。讨论：结果表明，猿的颅骨进化能力受到限制，特别是如果选择倾向于与能人相似的颅骨形态。

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引用次数: 0

Atlantic Crossings: Biosocial Interventions in African Diasporic Bioarchaeological Thought and Practice 跨大西洋：非洲散居生物考古思想与实践中的生物社会干预。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70140

Andreana S. Cunningham

Objectives

The African diaspora, or the mass displacement of Africans and their descendants as a result of colonial slave trading, continues to be a topic of methodological and theoretical interest in biological anthropology and bioarchaeology. However, the legacies of racist and exploitative research that are inherent to diasporic burial contexts have prompted questions about the futures of diasporic bioarchaeological practice. This paper presents a biosocial integrative framework as an intervention toward interdisciplinary study of African diasporic biosocial variation.

Materials and Methods

Framing the sea as a site of rupture, possibility, and interconnectivity serves as a theoretical foundation for this framework to outline both the diversity and complications in analyzing enslavement contexts. In operationalizing biosocial integrative approaches, the framework emphasizes critical interrogation and deconstruction of traditional modes of measurement. These considerations are applied to two diasporic island case studies in 19th century Barbados and St. Helena, sites comprising enslaved and “Liberated African” groups, respectively.

Results

The case studies reflect the ways that notions of birthplace can profoundly shape modes of racialization and agency. In Barbados, this emerged in the disparity between creole and African birthplace, while in St. Helena this was demonstrated in biosocial stratification and prominent Southeastern African origins.

Discussion

The case studies reveal ways that shifting 19th century coercive labor systems corresponded with changes to migration flows and Afro-descendants' origins. More broadly, the framework and case studies demonstrate how biosocial integrative approaches may glean a more holistic understanding of historic Afro-descendant variation.

目的：散居的非洲人，或大规模流离失所的非洲人及其后裔作为殖民奴隶贸易的结果，仍然是生物人类学和生物考古学方法论和理论兴趣的主题。然而，种族主义和剥削性研究的遗产是流散埋葬背景所固有的，这引发了对流散生物考古实践未来的质疑。本文提出了一个生物社会整合框架，作为对非洲散居生物社会变异的跨学科研究的干预。材料和方法：将海洋作为一个断裂、可能性和相互联系的场所，作为这个框架的理论基础，勾勒出分析奴役背景的多样性和复杂性。在实施生物社会综合方法时，该框架强调对传统测量模式的批判性质疑和解构。这些考虑适用于19世纪巴巴多斯和圣赫勒拿岛的两个散居岛屿案例研究，分别包括被奴役和“解放的非洲”群体。结果：这些案例研究反映了出生地的概念如何深刻地塑造了种族化和代理模式。在巴巴多斯，这表现在克里奥尔人和非洲出生地之间的差异上，而在圣赫勒拿，这表现在生物社会分层和突出的东南非洲血统上。讨论：案例研究揭示了19世纪强制劳动制度的转变与移民流动和非洲后裔起源的变化相对应的方式。更广泛地说，框架和案例研究表明，生物社会综合方法如何能够更全面地了解历史上的非洲后裔变异。

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引用次数: 0

Human Sexual Polymorphism and Predicted Ranges of Morphological Variation in Human Skeletal Sex Indicators 人类性别多态性与人类骨骼性别指标形态变异预测范围。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70135

Claudia Marie Astorino

Objective

Humans, while most often considered to be sexually dimorphic by biologists, exhibit a greater range of variation in sex traits than is generally acknowledged. Intersex individuals, or those with a combination of traits traditionally considered male, female, and/or atypical for either, represent some of this variation. While much study has been devoted to characterizing sex differences and estimating sex in the human skeleton, skeletal variation in sex traits is unknown for intersex individuals.

Materials and Methods

Informed predictions of the relative level of skeletal sex indicator expression for nine forms of intersex were created using a recent endocrinological text with a section focused on intersex variations. Predictions of skeletal sex indicator expression in standard sex indicators were defined as low, intermediate, or high.

Results

Results predicted that skeletal sex indicator expression is expected to be low for individuals whose form of intersex is complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS), monosomy X, and XY gonadal dysgenesis; intermediate for those whose form of intersex is 5α-reductase (5α-RD), partial androgen insensitivity (PAIS), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (21-hydroxylase variations), Müllerian agenesis, and XXY; and high for those whose form of intersex is CAH (11β-hydroxylase variations) and hypospadias.

Conclusions

These predictions may be used for testing hypotheses on intersex skeletal variation when skeletal remains and/or data are accessible with the consent of intersex individuals.

目的：虽然生物学家通常认为人类是两性二态的，但人类在性别特征上的差异比一般认为的要大。双性人，或那些具有传统上被认为是男性、女性和/或非典型特征的特征组合的人，代表了这种变化的一部分。虽然已经有很多研究致力于描述性别差异和估计人类骨骼的性别，但阴阳人的骨骼性别特征的变化是未知的。材料和方法：对九种双性人的骨骼性别指标表达的相对水平进行知情预测，使用最近的内分泌学文本，其中一节侧重于双性人的变化。骨骼性别指标在标准性别指标中的表达预测被定义为低、中、高。结果：结果预测，阴阳人完全雄激素不敏感（CAIS）、X单体和XY性腺发育不良的个体，骨骼性别指标的表达可能较低；中间体为5α-还原酶（5α-RD）、部分雄激素不敏感（PAIS）、先天性肾上腺增生（CAH）（21-羟化酶变异）、勒氏杆菌发育和XXY；而对于CAH （11β-羟化酶变异）和尿道下裂的双性人来说，这一比例更高。结论：这些预测可能用于测试关于双性人骨骼变异的假设，当骨骼遗骸和/或数据在双性人同意的情况下可获得。

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引用次数: 0

External Long Bone Morphology as a Tool for Sex Identification in Great Apes: The Case of the Humerus and Femur 类人猿外长骨形态作为性别鉴定的工具：肱骨和股骨的案例。

IF 2 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.70139

Julia Aramendi

Objectives

Sexual dimorphism in primates reflects evolutionary, ecological, and social pressures and varies widely across species, complicating its analysis. This study builds on previous research to investigate sexual dimorphism in the long bones of great apes, aiming to improve sex estimation and evaluate the effectiveness of various methods in classifying unsexed specimens.

Materials and Methods

External morphology of humeri and femora from modern great apes—including Homo, Pan, Gorilla, and Pongo—was analyzed using 3D anatomical landmarks and geometric morphometrics. Various statistical approaches and dimensionality reduction techniques were employed alongside classification methods, including supervised machine learning algorithms.

Results

Size, rather than shape, emerged as the main factor distinguishing male and female long bones in great apes—except in Pan, where dimorphism is minimal and classification accuracy remains low. Incorporating size improved classification accuracy for Gorilla, Pongo, and Homo, with results indicating strong dimorphism in Gorilla and Pongo, moderate dimorphism in Homo sapiens, and minimal dimorphism in Pan.

Discussion

This study shows that combining geometric morphometrics with machine learning can enhance sex classification of great ape long bones. Nonetheless, limitations such as small or imbalanced samples highlight the need for larger datasets and further research—including internal bone structure—to better understand skeletal dimorphism and its evolutionary drivers.

目的：灵长类动物的两性二态性反映了进化、生态和社会压力，并且在不同物种之间差异很大，使其分析复杂化。本研究是在前人研究类人猿长骨性别二态性的基础上进行的，旨在提高对类人猿长骨性别的估计，并评估各种方法对无性别的类人猿标本进行分类的有效性。材料和方法：采用三维解剖标志和几何形态测量学对现代类人猿（包括人、猿人、大猩猩和蓬戈猿）肱骨和股骨的外部形态进行了分析。各种统计方法和降维技术与分类方法一起使用，包括监督机器学习算法。结果：在类人猿中，大小而非形状是区分雌雄长骨的主要因素，但Pan地区除外，那里的二态性很小，分类精度也很低。结合体型因素提高了大猩猩、庞戈人和人的分类精度，结果表明大猩猩和庞戈人有很强的二态性，智人有中等的二态性，潘亚人有最小的二态性。讨论：本研究表明，将几何形态计量学与机器学习相结合可以增强类人猿长骨的性别分类。尽管如此，小样本或不平衡样本等局限性突出了对更大数据集和进一步研究（包括内部骨骼结构）的需求，以更好地理解骨骼二态性及其进化驱动因素。

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引用次数: 0