Luckett and Szalay's edited volume Phylogeny of the Primates appeared 50 years ago. It was a revolutionary publication that introduced primatology and paleoanthropology to the methods of cladistic analysis while addressing major questions concerning phylogeny, evolution, and adaptation. It established the importance of phylogeny as an essential basis for research in primatology and biological anthropology and unequivocally corroborated the hypothesis that the living primate radiations reflect a major division of the order into two differentiating clades: strepsirhines and haplorhines.
{"title":"Celebrating Luckett and Szalay (1975)—Phylogeny of the Primates: A Multidisciplinary Approach","authors":"Alfred L. Rosenberger","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70162","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Luckett and Szalay's edited volume <i>Phylogeny of the Primates</i> appeared 50 years ago. It was a revolutionary publication that introduced primatology and paleoanthropology to the methods of cladistic analysis while addressing major questions concerning phylogeny, evolution, and adaptation. It established the importance of phylogeny as an essential basis for research in primatology and biological anthropology and unequivocally corroborated the hypothesis that the living primate radiations reflect a major division of the order into two differentiating clades: strepsirhines and haplorhines.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated how mandibular morphological shape and dental eruption patterns reflect chronological age in modern human juveniles, using geometric morphometrics. The aim was to assess their variation, covariation, and the accuracy of classifying individuals into age-based groups using combined shape information.
Materials and Methods
Computed tomography scans from a sex-balanced sample of 48 individuals, aged 4 to 13 years, sourced from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database, were used to generate 3D models of mandibular bodies and permanent dentition (incisors, canines, premolars, and first molars). Mandibular and dental morphology were analyzed using 3D landmark-based methods. Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) assessed shape variability. Two-block partial least squares analysis evaluated covariation and linear regression tested the age estimation protocol.
Results
PCA of combined proxies revealed distinct morphological changes in the mandible corresponding to different phases of dental eruption. In contrast, analyses of separated proxies exhibited high variability, limiting their reliability. The combined configuration demonstrated a strong association between mandibular shape and dental eruption patterns, aligning closely with the chronological ages of individuals in the sample.
Discussion
This study highlights the utility of integrating mandibular shape variation with dental eruption as an effective approach for capturing consistent morphological changes during growth. The combined proxies exhibit strong statistical relations with chronological age and reliably identify developmental change (shape change) even within narrow age brackets of 3–6 months, providing a foundation for the development of a standardized age estimation protocol.
{"title":"Exploring the Relationship Between Mandibular Morphology, Dental Eruption, and Chronological Age in Modern Human Juveniles Through Geometric Morphometrics","authors":"Tannistha Chakraborty, Julie Arnaud, Costantino Buzi","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70155","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated how mandibular morphological shape and dental eruption patterns reflect chronological age in modern human juveniles, using geometric morphometrics. The aim was to assess their variation, covariation, and the accuracy of classifying individuals into age-based groups using combined shape information.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Computed tomography scans from a sex-balanced sample of 48 individuals, aged 4 to 13 years, sourced from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database, were used to generate 3D models of mandibular bodies and permanent dentition (incisors, canines, premolars, and first molars). Mandibular and dental morphology were analyzed using 3D landmark-based methods. Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) assessed shape variability. Two-block partial least squares analysis evaluated covariation and linear regression tested the age estimation protocol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PCA of combined proxies revealed distinct morphological changes in the mandible corresponding to different phases of dental eruption. In contrast, analyses of separated proxies exhibited high variability, limiting their reliability. The combined configuration demonstrated a strong association between mandibular shape and dental eruption patterns, aligning closely with the chronological ages of individuals in the sample.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study highlights the utility of integrating mandibular shape variation with dental eruption as an effective approach for capturing consistent morphological changes during growth. The combined proxies exhibit strong statistical relations with chronological age and reliably identify developmental change (shape change) even within narrow age brackets of 3–6 months, providing a foundation for the development of a standardized age estimation protocol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12607250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145496978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article introduces the special issue Toward a Biocultural Synthesis of the Peopling of the Americas, which brings together contributions that explore the origins and diversity of Indigenous populations across North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean. The volume grew out of an invited symposium held at the 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists and reflects a shared commitment to methodological pluralism, regional specificity, and ethical collaboration. By integrating genetic, skeletal, linguistic, and archaeological data with Indigenous perspectives and regional histories, the papers assembled here challenge overly linear and homogenizing models of human dispersion. They highlight the value of explanatory dissonance—tensions between datasets, temporal scales, and epistemic traditions—as a productive resource for understanding the complexity of human history. The issue's contributions range from simulation models and morphometric analyses to isotopic reconstructions and linguistic typology, offering complementary insights into population continuity, interaction, and diversification across the Americas. Commentaries by María Nieves-Colón and Rolando González-José situate these studies within broader disciplinary and epistemic debates, emphasizing the need for integrative, decolonial, and collaborative approaches. Together, the articles and commentaries demonstrate that the most meaningful advances in the study of the peopling of the Americas now emerge from explicitly biocultural frameworks that link biological variation, cultural history, and ethical engagement in the production of anthropological knowledge.
{"title":"Toward a Biocultural Synthesis of the Peopling of the Americas: Introduction to the Special Issue\u0000 Hacia una síntesis biocultural del poblamiento de las Américas: introducción al número especial\u0000 Rumo a uma síntese biocultural do povoamento das Américas: introdução ao número especial","authors":"Lumila Paula Menéndez, Mark Hubbe","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70160","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article introduces the special issue <i>Toward a Biocultural Synthesis of the Peopling of the Americas</i>, which brings together contributions that explore the origins and diversity of Indigenous populations across North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean. The volume grew out of an invited symposium held at the 90th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists and reflects a shared commitment to methodological pluralism, regional specificity, and ethical collaboration. By integrating genetic, skeletal, linguistic, and archaeological data with Indigenous perspectives and regional histories, the papers assembled here challenge overly linear and homogenizing models of human dispersion. They highlight the value of explanatory dissonance—tensions between datasets, temporal scales, and epistemic traditions—as a productive resource for understanding the complexity of human history. The issue's contributions range from simulation models and morphometric analyses to isotopic reconstructions and linguistic typology, offering complementary insights into population continuity, interaction, and diversification across the Americas. Commentaries by María Nieves-Colón and Rolando González-José situate these studies within broader disciplinary and epistemic debates, emphasizing the need for integrative, decolonial, and collaborative approaches. Together, the articles and commentaries demonstrate that the most meaningful advances in the study of the peopling of the Americas now emerge from explicitly biocultural frameworks that link biological variation, cultural history, and ethical engagement in the production of anthropological knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12603981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145490374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>President Steve Leigh called the meeting to order at 6:30 p.m. Pacific Time on April 21, 2023. A quorum of over 40 Regular (voting) members present was established by the Secretary. The President welcomed attendees. All Annual Reports were uploaded on the AABA website prior to the Business Meeting and members were encouraged to review them online. The President, Vice President, Treasurer, <i>American Journal of Biological Anthropology</i> and <i>Yearbook of Biological Anthropology</i> reports were also presented orally at the meeting.</p><p>Steve Leigh presented comments and provided the following written report:</p><p>Please accept my appreciation and thanks to you, our members, for your involvement with and dedication to the Association. As usual, during our annual business meeting, we'll engage in the routine business of our association and celebrate the accomplishments of our outstanding colleagues with awards. Like last year, the business meeting will be broadcast live and recorded for those who are participating virtually this year.</p><p>The AABA has pursued numerous initiatives this year to address issues specific to the association as well as more general issues. Several initiatives have been substantial in their scope, involving tremendous commitment and hard work from many members. I thank all for their efforts and dedication to the discipline and to the AABA. We are a strong and innovative group, with a bright future.</p><p>Kristi Lewton, the Vice President and Program Chair, presented comments and submitted the following written report:</p><p>The Vice President chairs the Program Committee and coordinates AABA programming throughout the year. In 2022–2023, this centered on organizing the 92nd Annual Meeting in Reno, Nevada and online. This is the first time that AABA has held a conference in Reno, and only the second time in Nevada. Tasks related to organizing the annual conference included program committee formation, symposium proposal review, abstract submission review and notification, workshop proposal review, webinar coordination, scheduling the conference events, publication of the annual abstract volume, and publication of the conference program (see Appendix A for the 2022–2023 timeline of these events).</p><p>As in 2022, AABA decided to hold a hybrid conference with both in-person and virtual components for scientific presentations, workshops, and select other events. This decision was based on anecdotal reports from AABA attendees that they appreciated the opportunity to attend AABA virtually when constraints such as the COVID-19 pandemic prevented in-person participation.</p><p>The following report was submitted by Amy Rector:</p><p>The following report was submitted by Graciela Cabana for the fiscal year 2022:</p><p>This report from the Treasurer represents a preliminary account and assessment of the AABA finances between January 1st and December 31st, 2022. This report is preliminary because the accounting books for
{"title":"Proceedings of the 92nd Annual Business Meeting of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists","authors":"Amy L. Rector","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70147","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>President Steve Leigh called the meeting to order at 6:30 p.m. Pacific Time on April 21, 2023. A quorum of over 40 Regular (voting) members present was established by the Secretary. The President welcomed attendees. All Annual Reports were uploaded on the AABA website prior to the Business Meeting and members were encouraged to review them online. The President, Vice President, Treasurer, <i>American Journal of Biological Anthropology</i> and <i>Yearbook of Biological Anthropology</i> reports were also presented orally at the meeting.</p><p>Steve Leigh presented comments and provided the following written report:</p><p>Please accept my appreciation and thanks to you, our members, for your involvement with and dedication to the Association. As usual, during our annual business meeting, we'll engage in the routine business of our association and celebrate the accomplishments of our outstanding colleagues with awards. Like last year, the business meeting will be broadcast live and recorded for those who are participating virtually this year.</p><p>The AABA has pursued numerous initiatives this year to address issues specific to the association as well as more general issues. Several initiatives have been substantial in their scope, involving tremendous commitment and hard work from many members. I thank all for their efforts and dedication to the discipline and to the AABA. We are a strong and innovative group, with a bright future.</p><p>Kristi Lewton, the Vice President and Program Chair, presented comments and submitted the following written report:</p><p>The Vice President chairs the Program Committee and coordinates AABA programming throughout the year. In 2022–2023, this centered on organizing the 92nd Annual Meeting in Reno, Nevada and online. This is the first time that AABA has held a conference in Reno, and only the second time in Nevada. Tasks related to organizing the annual conference included program committee formation, symposium proposal review, abstract submission review and notification, workshop proposal review, webinar coordination, scheduling the conference events, publication of the annual abstract volume, and publication of the conference program (see Appendix A for the 2022–2023 timeline of these events).</p><p>As in 2022, AABA decided to hold a hybrid conference with both in-person and virtual components for scientific presentations, workshops, and select other events. This decision was based on anecdotal reports from AABA attendees that they appreciated the opportunity to attend AABA virtually when constraints such as the COVID-19 pandemic prevented in-person participation.</p><p>The following report was submitted by Amy Rector:</p><p>The following report was submitted by Graciela Cabana for the fiscal year 2022:</p><p>This report from the Treasurer represents a preliminary account and assessment of the AABA finances between January 1st and December 31st, 2022. This report is preliminary because the accounting books for ","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12599484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joshua T. Taylor, Zachary G. Porter, Janna M. Andronowski
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) impregnation and embedding procedures have been extensively employed for the examination of bone tissue to visualize microstructural and cellular details for quantifiable histological analyses. Current detailed MMA embedding protocols may require expensive instruments or limit use with certain tissue preparations (e.g., fresh). These techniques often require excessive heat, various chemicals for fixation and dehydrating, long fixation times, or decalcification. The introduction of such variables may result in damage to fragile and invaluable bone samples. Our newly developed protocol introduces a time-efficient MMA embedding technique allowing for replicable results for bone sections as thin as 50–100 μm from samples from diverse conditions (e.g., fresh, embalmed, diagenetic) and various animals (e.g., human, cervids, swine, lagomorphs). The presented technique limits heat and chemical exposure, does not require decalcification, reduces the amount of bone required, and significantly decreases embedding time. Over 300 trials were performed to optimize the procedure to ensure replicability. Our embedding protocol is currently being employed for the histological preparation of bone specimens from a large-scale modern human skeletal collection, the Andronowski Skeletal Collection for Histological and Imaging Research. The embedding procedure presented here will further extend the long-term fixation and preservation of samples for microscopy and imaging applications beyond traditional epoxy resin and hardener mounting systems.
{"title":"An Optimized Methyl Methacrylate Embedding Protocol for Undecalcified Bone Histology Applications in Skeletal Biology","authors":"Joshua T. Taylor, Zachary G. Porter, Janna M. Andronowski","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70159","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70159","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Methyl methacrylate (MMA) impregnation and embedding procedures have been extensively employed for the examination of bone tissue to visualize microstructural and cellular details for quantifiable histological analyses. Current detailed MMA embedding protocols may require expensive instruments or limit use with certain tissue preparations (e.g., fresh). These techniques often require excessive heat, various chemicals for fixation and dehydrating, long fixation times, or decalcification. The introduction of such variables may result in damage to fragile and invaluable bone samples. Our newly developed protocol introduces a time-efficient MMA embedding technique allowing for replicable results for bone sections as thin as 50–100 μm from samples from diverse conditions (e.g., fresh, embalmed, diagenetic) and various animals (e.g., human, cervids, swine, lagomorphs). The presented technique limits heat and chemical exposure, does not require decalcification, reduces the amount of bone required, and significantly decreases embedding time. Over 300 trials were performed to optimize the procedure to ensure replicability. Our embedding protocol is currently being employed for the histological preparation of bone specimens from a large-scale modern human skeletal collection, the Andronowski Skeletal Collection for Histological and Imaging Research. The embedding procedure presented here will further extend the long-term fixation and preservation of samples for microscopy and imaging applications beyond traditional epoxy resin and hardener mounting systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica S. Wollmann-Reynolds, Audrey Mees, Bence Viola, Michelle E. Cameron
Objectives
The torsional profile of the lower limb consists of femoral torsion, tibial torsion, and talar neck angle. Due to high levels of inter-individual variation and a lack of defining landmarks, these variables are difficult to precisely measure. It is important to ensure torsional profile measurement methodologies are repeatable, so that studies evaluating these variables can be compared.
Materials and Methods
Two observers collected torsional profile and linear measurements from the femur, tibia, and talus of 20 individuals using osteometric, photographic, and virtual methodologies. Intra- and interobserver error were assessed using the technical error of measurement (TEM), %TEM, and coefficient of reliability. Comparability between methods was evaluated using correlations, reduced major axis regression, and reduced mean squared error. Two methods for measuring the torsional profile were compared: a landmark method and a shape-fitting method.
Results
Observer error was low for linear measurements. Torsional profile measurements have higher intra- and interobserver error and lower comparability between methods than linear measurements. Shape-fitting methods for femoral torsion lowered observer error but did not improve methodological comparability. Shape-fitting methods for tibial torsion did not substantially alter observer error but improved method comparability. Shape-fitting methods for talar neck angle greatly improved method comparability, but not observer error.
Discussion
Linear measurements have low observer error and are highly comparable between osteometric and virtual methods. There is greater observer error and lower comparability between measurement modalities for angular measurements. Shape-fitting is a promising way to reduce observer error when measuring the torsional profile.
{"title":"Measurement Error in Osteometric, Photographic, and Virtual Methodologies to Quantify the Torsional Profile of the Lower Limb","authors":"Jessica S. Wollmann-Reynolds, Audrey Mees, Bence Viola, Michelle E. Cameron","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70154","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70154","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The torsional profile of the lower limb consists of femoral torsion, tibial torsion, and talar neck angle. Due to high levels of inter-individual variation and a lack of defining landmarks, these variables are difficult to precisely measure. It is important to ensure torsional profile measurement methodologies are repeatable, so that studies evaluating these variables can be compared.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two observers collected torsional profile and linear measurements from the femur, tibia, and talus of 20 individuals using osteometric, photographic, and virtual methodologies. Intra- and interobserver error were assessed using the technical error of measurement (TEM), %TEM, and coefficient of reliability. Comparability between methods was evaluated using correlations, reduced major axis regression, and reduced mean squared error. Two methods for measuring the torsional profile were compared: a landmark method and a shape-fitting method.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Observer error was low for linear measurements. Torsional profile measurements have higher intra- and interobserver error and lower comparability between methods than linear measurements. Shape-fitting methods for femoral torsion lowered observer error but did not improve methodological comparability. Shape-fitting methods for tibial torsion did not substantially alter observer error but improved method comparability. Shape-fitting methods for talar neck angle greatly improved method comparability, but not observer error.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Linear measurements have low observer error and are highly comparable between osteometric and virtual methods. There is greater observer error and lower comparability between measurement modalities for angular measurements. Shape-fitting is a promising way to reduce observer error when measuring the torsional profile.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12599132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillermo Zorrilla-Revilla, Olalla Prado-Nóvoa, Kevin P. Davy, Rebeca García-González, Eleni Laskaridou, Kristen R. Howard, Elaina L. Marinik, José Miguel Carretero, Stella L. Volpe
Objectives
Locomotion is fundamental to the survival of our species. The most comfortable walking speed may be the most efficient for allocating conserved energy for other functions. However, whether preferred (PLS) and optimal (OLS) speeds align in children and adolescents remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether OLS and PLS are similar in children and adolescents and how anthropometry influences both speeds and their differences.
Materials and Methods
Eleven females and 17 males (8–17 years of age) were anthropometrically characterized. Five treadmill walking pace tests were used to identify the OLS and U-shaped relationship between energy expenditure and speed (χ2 CoT), indicating walking flexibility. Additionally, PLS was self-selected using the same protocol. Differences between OLS and PLS were calculated (mean difference [MD]).
Results
No significant sex differences in anthropometry and speed-related variables were found. OLS, PLS, and their MD in the pooled sample were 3.05 ± 0.13, 2.46 ± 0.51, and 0.60 ± 0.46, respectively, with significant differences between OLS and PLS (p < 0.0001). Femur length (FL), Bi-iliac breadth (BIL), and χ2 CoT explained variance in OLS, PLS, and MD, respectively, in the forward stepwise regression models.
Discussion
Unlike adults, OLS and PLS are not interchangeable in children and adolescents. Participants with lower χ2 CoT (greater flexibility) can select comfortable speeds farther from OLS without energetic penalty. Taller individuals with longer femurs and wider hips might have biomechanical advantages in reaching higher OLS and PLS, but this reduces flexibility. These traits, along with the growth and development pattern of Homo sapiens, may reflect evolutionary advantages relevant to interspecies competition.
{"title":"Morphological Influences and Energetic Walking Flexibility in Determining Preferred vs. Optimal Speeds: An Evolutionary Human Ecology Perspective on Children and Adolescents","authors":"Guillermo Zorrilla-Revilla, Olalla Prado-Nóvoa, Kevin P. Davy, Rebeca García-González, Eleni Laskaridou, Kristen R. Howard, Elaina L. Marinik, José Miguel Carretero, Stella L. Volpe","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70152","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Locomotion is fundamental to the survival of our species. The most comfortable walking speed may be the most efficient for allocating conserved energy for other functions. However, whether preferred (PLS) and optimal (OLS) speeds align in children and adolescents remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether OLS and PLS are similar in children and adolescents and how anthropometry influences both speeds and their differences.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eleven females and 17 males (8–17 years of age) were anthropometrically characterized. Five treadmill walking pace tests were used to identify the OLS and U-shaped relationship between energy expenditure and speed (<i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> CoT), indicating walking flexibility. Additionally, PLS was self-selected using the same protocol. Differences between OLS and PLS were calculated (mean difference [MD]).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>No significant sex differences in anthropometry and speed-related variables were found. OLS, PLS, and their MD in the pooled sample were 3.05 ± 0.13, 2.46 ± 0.51, and 0.60 ± 0.46, respectively, with significant differences between OLS and PLS (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Femur length (FL), Bi-iliac breadth (BIL), and <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> CoT explained variance in OLS, PLS, and MD, respectively, in the forward stepwise regression models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Unlike adults, OLS and PLS are not interchangeable in children and adolescents. Participants with lower <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> CoT (greater flexibility) can select comfortable speeds farther from OLS without energetic penalty. Taller individuals with longer femurs and wider hips might have biomechanical advantages in reaching higher OLS and PLS, but this reduces flexibility. These traits, along with the growth and development pattern of <i>Homo sapiens</i>, may reflect evolutionary advantages relevant to interspecies competition.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajpa.70152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>The peopling of the Americas has been a major topic of study in Anthropology since the early days of our field. However, the emergence of new technologies and theoretical frameworks, plus the growth of decolonial and engaged approaches has prompted a revision of previous understandings (Menéndez et al. <span>2022</span>; Raff <span>2022</span>; Willerslev and Meltzer <span>2021</span>). The contributions in this special issue “Towards a biocultural synthesis of the peopling of the Americas” illustrate this pivotal redirection, providing readers with a comprehensive view of how biological anthropologists today are rethinking what we thought we knew about the first communities to inhabit the double continent.</p><p>Many studies in this special issue re-engage and revisit “classic” lines of evidence (e.g., linguistics, dental and cranial morphology, kinship studies, mitochondrial DNA), but this move is not nostalgic or wistful. Instead, it seeks to test, refine, and modernize these frameworks with new data, methods, and an interdisciplinary perspective. For example, anthropologists have long theorized that kinship and postmarital residence patterns are essential aspects of human social life (Cveček <span>2024</span>). Figueiro (<span>2025</span>) connects kinship theory with paleogenomics by using computational simulations to test how ancient kin systems may have shaped the mtDNA diversity patterns seen in burial contexts. This study reminds us that kinship is not solely “ethnographic context” for population genetics studies but instead a key variable for comprehensive anthropological inference.</p><p>Similarly, Nichols (<span>2025</span>) and Scott et al. (<span>2025</span>) also revisit established methodologies and long-standing debates through novel and interdisciplinary frameworks. Nichols (<span>2025</span>) uses graphic cluster analyses to investigate the diversity and typological features of Indigenous American languages in relation to genetic, paleoclimatic and archaeological data. While Scott et al. (<span>2025</span>) apply statistical methods borrowed from forensic science to a large comparative dataset of dental morphological traits. Their biodistance analysis reconstructs demographic processes and characterizes ancestral relationships between Indigenous Americans and East Asian populations. Both studies build upon longstanding areas of anthropological inquiry while displaying deep respect for the previous generation of scholars who laid the theoretical and methodological foundation for today's work (Greenberg et al. <span>1986</span>; Turner <span>1983</span>). The contrasting patterns that each study identifies—Nichols (<span>2025</span>) finds support for multiple initial entries into the Americas, while Scott et al. (<span>2025</span>) propose a single migration model—illustrate both the promise and challenge of integrating multiple lines of evidence to address complex questions. Indeed, as prior scholarship is revised with today
从人类学研究的早期开始，美洲的人类就一直是人类学研究的一个主要课题。然而，新技术和理论框架的出现，加上非殖民化和参与式方法的增长，促使人们对以前的理解进行了修订（mensamendez et al. 2022; Raff 2022; Willerslev and Meltzer 2021）。本期特刊《走向美洲人的生物文化综合》中的文章说明了这一关键的转变，为读者提供了一个全面的视角，了解今天的生物人类学家如何重新思考我们对居住在这片双重大陆上的第一批社区的认识。本期特刊中的许多研究重新参与和回顾了“经典”证据（例如，语言学，牙齿和颅骨形态学，亲属研究，线粒体DNA），但这一举动并不是怀旧或渴望。相反，它试图用新的数据、方法和跨学科的观点来测试、改进和现代化这些框架。例如，人类学家长期以来一直认为亲属关系和婚后居住模式是人类社会生活的重要方面（cveek 2024）。Figueiro（2025）将亲缘关系理论与古基因组学联系起来，通过计算模拟来测试古代亲缘关系系统是如何塑造在埋葬环境中看到的mtDNA多样性模式的。这项研究提醒我们，亲属关系不仅仅是群体遗传学研究的“民族志背景”，而是综合人类学推断的关键变量。同样，Nichols（2025）和Scott等人（2025）也通过新颖的跨学科框架重新审视了已建立的方法和长期存在的争论。Nichols（2025）使用图形聚类分析来调查与遗传、古气候和考古数据相关的美洲土著语言的多样性和类型学特征。而Scott等人（2025）则将借鉴法医学的统计方法应用于牙齿形态特征的大型比较数据集。他们的生物距离分析重建了人口统计过程，并刻画了美洲原住民和东亚人口之间的祖先关系。这两项研究都建立在人类学研究的长期领域之上，同时对为今天的工作奠定理论和方法基础的上一代学者表示深深的敬意（Greenberg et al. 1986; Turner 1983）。每项研究确定的对比模式——nichols（2025）发现了对多个初始进入美洲的支持，而Scott等人（2025）提出了一个单一的迁移模型——说明了整合多个证据线来解决复杂问题的希望和挑战。事实上，随着先前的学术研究被今天更加跨学科的方法所修正，本期的学者们发现，要理解他们观察到的复杂的变化模式，需要多种解释，有时甚至是截然相反的解释。重要的是，这个集合中的研究拒绝简单的模型和直接的解释，而是挑战我们更深入和创造性地思考早期美国人口的异质性和多样性。Chinique de Armas等人（2025）使用多同位素分析，展示了古巴早期社会中不同的饮食和流动模式。他们的发现否定了先前的文化历史模型，该模型将早期人类描述为静态和统一的社区。相反，作者提出了一个更复杂的观点，认为早期加勒比社会在地区上是多样的、动态的和多元化的。同样，Arencibia等人（2025）对古巴塔哥尼亚单一埋葬环境中发现的两个B2有丝分裂基因组进行了详细分析。他们的发现表明，过去的巴塔哥尼亚B2进化支比现在更加多样化，这表明南锥体的人类迁移是一个比我们之前想象的更复杂、更活跃的过程。一些贡献也强调了即使在我们当前的“古基因组学革命”时刻，非遗传方法的持续相关性（Callaway 2023）。与本期的其他研究类似（参见Figueiro 2025和Chinique de Armas et al. 2025）， Smith-Guzmán等人（2025）进行的骨学分析促使我们重新思考埋葬空间及其用途，并说明在长期持有的理论范式之外思考的价值。通过牙齿生物距离分析，他们发现巴拿马的集体埋葬代表了社区墓地，埋葬的是附近村庄的个人，而不是之前认为的大家庭成员。这项研究还表明，生物距离分析可以填补古代DNA保存不佳、现代人群遗传样本有限或破坏性分析不可行或在道德上不可持续的情况下留下的重要空白。 几乎所有的研究都强调需要多学科方法和多种证据的整合。Castro E Silva和h<s:1> nemeier（2025）在一篇全面的文章中展示了这种方法的力量，该文章回顾了说图皮语的人在亚马逊和更广泛的南美地区的学术扩张的考古学、语言学和遗传学证据。同样地，通过结合多个线索的证据，menmendendez和Urban（2025）在南锥体未被充分研究的种群中追踪了语言和形态结构的平行进化过程。这些研究反映了本期特刊的一个核心主题：没有一个单一的数据集足以捕捉美洲早期人口的生物文化复杂性。最后，本期还提供了现代生物人类学研究的多机构和国际性质的快照。这些文章有一个多样化的作者池，既有资深学者，也有新兴学者，反映了培训背景、子领域专业和职业阶段的多样性。值得注意的是，这里收集的作品也显示了拉丁美洲的重要领导作用，许多第一作者或通讯作者来自直到最近在这些职位上很少有代表的国家。这里收集的文章反映了一种日益增长的趋势，即随着本地学者与国际同行在合作伙伴关系中合作，包容性、能力建设和区域领导能力日益增强。这是一个可喜的变化，因为直到最近，该领域的学术研究还主要由全球北方的观点主导。总而言之，这期特刊呈现了一幅美洲人定居的图画，它是一系列过程的马赛克，有些是地方性的，有些是区域性的，还有一些是在整个大陆范围内发生的。它还指出了未来研究的兴趣领域。例如，古蛋白质组学（Warinner et al. 2022）和机器学习或人工智能（Lye et al. 2024; Pless et al. 2023）等新兴方法论方法的整合将如何改变我们对美洲早期定居的理解？美洲的哪些地区仍未得到充分开发和需要关注？生物人类学家将如何处理我们的工作为生活在美洲大陆上的各种土著和后代社区提出的伦理问题？有了这些新出现的学术成果，就我个人而言，我很高兴能找到答案。玛丽亚A. Nieves-Colón：概念化，写作-原稿，写作-审查和编辑。
{"title":"Commentary on Special Issue: “Towards a Biocultural Synthesis of the Peopling of the Americas”","authors":"Maria A. Nieves-Colón","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70149","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70149","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The peopling of the Americas has been a major topic of study in Anthropology since the early days of our field. However, the emergence of new technologies and theoretical frameworks, plus the growth of decolonial and engaged approaches has prompted a revision of previous understandings (Menéndez et al. <span>2022</span>; Raff <span>2022</span>; Willerslev and Meltzer <span>2021</span>). The contributions in this special issue “Towards a biocultural synthesis of the peopling of the Americas” illustrate this pivotal redirection, providing readers with a comprehensive view of how biological anthropologists today are rethinking what we thought we knew about the first communities to inhabit the double continent.</p><p>Many studies in this special issue re-engage and revisit “classic” lines of evidence (e.g., linguistics, dental and cranial morphology, kinship studies, mitochondrial DNA), but this move is not nostalgic or wistful. Instead, it seeks to test, refine, and modernize these frameworks with new data, methods, and an interdisciplinary perspective. For example, anthropologists have long theorized that kinship and postmarital residence patterns are essential aspects of human social life (Cveček <span>2024</span>). Figueiro (<span>2025</span>) connects kinship theory with paleogenomics by using computational simulations to test how ancient kin systems may have shaped the mtDNA diversity patterns seen in burial contexts. This study reminds us that kinship is not solely “ethnographic context” for population genetics studies but instead a key variable for comprehensive anthropological inference.</p><p>Similarly, Nichols (<span>2025</span>) and Scott et al. (<span>2025</span>) also revisit established methodologies and long-standing debates through novel and interdisciplinary frameworks. Nichols (<span>2025</span>) uses graphic cluster analyses to investigate the diversity and typological features of Indigenous American languages in relation to genetic, paleoclimatic and archaeological data. While Scott et al. (<span>2025</span>) apply statistical methods borrowed from forensic science to a large comparative dataset of dental morphological traits. Their biodistance analysis reconstructs demographic processes and characterizes ancestral relationships between Indigenous Americans and East Asian populations. Both studies build upon longstanding areas of anthropological inquiry while displaying deep respect for the previous generation of scholars who laid the theoretical and methodological foundation for today's work (Greenberg et al. <span>1986</span>; Turner <span>1983</span>). The contrasting patterns that each study identifies—Nichols (<span>2025</span>) finds support for multiple initial entries into the Americas, while Scott et al. (<span>2025</span>) propose a single migration model—illustrate both the promise and challenge of integrating multiple lines of evidence to address complex questions. Indeed, as prior scholarship is revised with today","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12581181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sacha Kacki, IJk van Hattum, Caroline Laforest, Caroline Polet, Frédéric Santos, Sarah Schrader, Sébastien Villotte
Objectives
This study proposes a standardized, empirically grounded framework for assessing the recordability of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in archeological dental samples. Despite the frequent use of LEH as a skeletal stress indicator, there is no consensus on whether and how to account for dental wear in recording protocols.
Materials and Methods
We analyzed the permanent right teeth of 497 medieval and early modern individuals to assess how dental wear affects the visibility and diagnostic utility of hypoplastic defects across different crown regions. For a given tooth, we assessed if there is a region that tends to be (1) less (or more) recordable than others, (2) less (or more) frequently affected by LEH than others, and (3) less (or more) informative with respect to the presence or absence of LEH than others.
Results
The occlusal third was significantly less recordable and rarely provides additional data beyond the middle and cervical thirds. Excluding the occlusal third has minimal effect on overall LEH prevalence, while omitting the middle or cervical thirds leads to marked underestimation.
Discussion
These results highlight the importance of incorporating wear-based inclusion criteria into LEH recording protocols. We recommend including only teeth with dental wear affecting less than half of the crown. These findings support the development of standardized inclusion criteria based on crown wear to enhance the consistency and comparability of data on enamel hypoplastic defects across studies and populations.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Wear on the Recordability of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia: A Quantitative Approach","authors":"Sacha Kacki, IJk van Hattum, Caroline Laforest, Caroline Polet, Frédéric Santos, Sarah Schrader, Sébastien Villotte","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70145","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajpa.70145","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study proposes a standardized, empirically grounded framework for assessing the recordability of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in archeological dental samples. Despite the frequent use of LEH as a skeletal stress indicator, there is no consensus on whether and how to account for dental wear in recording protocols.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed the permanent right teeth of 497 medieval and early modern individuals to assess how dental wear affects the visibility and diagnostic utility of hypoplastic defects across different crown regions. For a given tooth, we assessed if there is a region that tends to be (1) less (or more) recordable than others, (2) less (or more) frequently affected by LEH than others, and (3) less (or more) informative with respect to the presence or absence of LEH than others.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The occlusal third was significantly less recordable and rarely provides additional data beyond the middle and cervical thirds. Excluding the occlusal third has minimal effect on overall LEH prevalence, while omitting the middle or cervical thirds leads to marked underestimation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results highlight the importance of incorporating wear-based inclusion criteria into LEH recording protocols. We recommend including only teeth with dental wear affecting less than half of the crown. These findings support the development of standardized inclusion criteria based on crown wear to enhance the consistency and comparability of data on enamel hypoplastic defects across studies and populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12581193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuhao Zhao, Jianing He, Chaohong Zhao, Jincheng Yu, Yongming Yuan, Tao Wang, Jingning Guo, Minna Wu, Song Xing
Objectives
During the Paleolithic–Neolithic transition, modern human femoral diaphyses underwent significant structural changes, primarily driven by shifts in subsistence patterns including decreased mobility and increased sedentism. However, femoral remains from East Asia during this period are inadequately reported and studied. This study investigates the femoral diaphyseal structures across East Asia during this transition, exploring their variation, evolutionary processes, and links to subsistence patterns reflected in the archeological record.
Materials and Methods
Human femora from Qihe Cave, Donghulin, and Taipinghu, representing South, North, and Northeast China during the transition, were analyzed. Midshaft cross-sectional shapes were compared with Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP), Late Upper Paleolithic (LUP), and recent sedentary agricultural (RSA) samples. Morphometric maps illustrating cortical bone thickness, external radius, and bending rigidity along the entire diaphysis were compared with Late Pleistocene early modern humans from South and North China and RSA specimens.
Results
Analysis of midshaft cross-sectional shapes revealed that DHL 4 and Qihe M2 align with the LUP group, whereas DHL M1 and TPH 45 show close affinities with the RSA group. Statistical analyses based on morphometric maps further reveal that DHL 4 and Qihe M2 share key features with Late Pleistocene early modern humans, whereas DHL M1 and TPH 45 fall within the RSA variation range.
Discussion
Two distinct femoral diaphyseal patterns are identified among East Asian modern humans during the transition, reflecting regional variations and intrapopulation divisions of labor, primarily associated with hunting and gathering strategies shaped by local environmental conditions and corresponding archeological cultures.
{"title":"Diversity of Femoral Diaphyseal Structure in East Asian Modern Humans During the Paleolithic–Neolithic Transition","authors":"Yuhao Zhao, Jianing He, Chaohong Zhao, Jincheng Yu, Yongming Yuan, Tao Wang, Jingning Guo, Minna Wu, Song Xing","doi":"10.1002/ajpa.70146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.70146","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the Paleolithic–Neolithic transition, modern human femoral diaphyses underwent significant structural changes, primarily driven by shifts in subsistence patterns including decreased mobility and increased sedentism. However, femoral remains from East Asia during this period are inadequately reported and studied. This study investigates the femoral diaphyseal structures across East Asia during this transition, exploring their variation, evolutionary processes, and links to subsistence patterns reflected in the archeological record.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human femora from Qihe Cave, Donghulin, and Taipinghu, representing South, North, and Northeast China during the transition, were analyzed. Midshaft cross-sectional shapes were compared with Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP), Late Upper Paleolithic (LUP), and recent sedentary agricultural (RSA) samples. Morphometric maps illustrating cortical bone thickness, external radius, and bending rigidity along the entire diaphysis were compared with Late Pleistocene early modern humans from South and North China and RSA specimens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analysis of midshaft cross-sectional shapes revealed that DHL 4 and Qihe M2 align with the LUP group, whereas DHL M1 and TPH 45 show close affinities with the RSA group. Statistical analyses based on morphometric maps further reveal that DHL 4 and Qihe M2 share key features with Late Pleistocene early modern humans, whereas DHL M1 and TPH 45 fall within the RSA variation range.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two distinct femoral diaphyseal patterns are identified among East Asian modern humans during the transition, reflecting regional variations and intrapopulation divisions of labor, primarily associated with hunting and gathering strategies shaped by local environmental conditions and corresponding archeological cultures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":29759,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology","volume":"188 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145407269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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