American Journal of Biological Anthropology最新文献_第9页

Dental topography of prosimian premolars predicts diet: A comparison in premolar and molar dietary classification accuracies 前臼齿和臼齿膳食分类准确性的比较：前臼齿和臼齿饮食分类准确性的比较。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24995

Dorien de Vries, Julie M. Winchester, Ethan L. Fulwood, Elizabeth M. St. Clair, Doug M. Boyer

Objectives

This study tests whether (1) premolar topography of extant “prosimians” (strepsirrhines and tarsiers) successfully predicts diet and (2) whether the combination of molar and premolar topography yields higher classification accuracy than using either tooth position in isolation.

Materials and Methods

Dental topographic metrics (ariaDNE, relief index, and orientation patch count rotated) were calculated for 118 individual matched-pairs of mandibular fourth premolars (P₄) and second molars (M₂). The sample represents 7 families and 22 genera. Tooth variables were analyzed in isolation (P₄ only; M₂ only), together (P₄ and M₂), and combined (PC1 scores of bivariate principal component analyses of P₄ and M₂ for each metric). Discriminant function analyses were conducted with and without a measure of size (two-dimensional surface area).

Results

When using topography only, “prosimian” P₄ shape predicts diet with a success rate that is slightly higher than that of M₂ shape. When absolute size is included, premolars and molars perform comparably well. Including both premolar and molar topography (separately or combined) improves classification accuracy for every analysis beyond considering either in isolation. Classification accuracy is highest when premolar and molar topography and size are included.

Discussion

Our findings indicate that molar teeth incompletely summarize the functional requirements of oral food breakdown for a given diet, and that the mechanism selecting for premolar form is more varied than what is expressed by molar teeth. Finally, our findings suggest that fossil P₄s (in isolation or with the M₂) can be used for meaningful dietary reconstruction of extinct primates.

研究目的：本研究检验了（1）现存 "颊兽类"（颊链兽类和狨）的前臼齿地形是否能成功预测饮食，以及（2）臼齿和前臼齿地形的组合是否比单独使用其中一种牙齿位置能产生更高的分类准确性：计算了 118 对匹配的下颌第四前臼齿（P4）和第二臼齿（M2）的牙齿地形指标（riaDNE、浮雕指数和旋转方向斑块计数）。样本代表 7 科 22 属。对牙齿变量进行了单独分析（仅 P4；仅 M2）、合并分析（P4 和 M2）和综合分析（P4 和 M2 双主成分分析的 PC1 分数，每个指标）。在使用或不使用尺寸（二维表面积）指标的情况下进行了判别函数分析：结果：如果仅使用地形，"前牙 "P4形状预测饮食的成功率略高于M2形状。当包括绝对尺寸时，前臼齿和臼齿的表现不相上下。将前臼齿和臼齿地形（单独或合并）包括在内，可以提高每种分析的分类准确性，而不是单独考虑其中任何一种。当前臼齿和臼齿的地形和大小都包括在内时，分类准确性最高：讨论：我们的研究结果表明，臼齿不能完全概括特定饮食对口腔食物分解的功能要求，前臼齿形态的选择机制比臼齿所表达的机制更加多样。最后，我们的研究结果表明，P4化石（单独或与M2一起）可用于对已灭绝灵长类动物进行有意义的饮食重建。

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引用次数: 0

A morphological and molecular approach to investigating infectious disease in early medieval Iberia: The necropolis of La Olmeda (Palencia, Spain) 调查中世纪早期伊比利亚传染病的形态学和分子方法：拉奥尔梅达（西班牙帕伦西亚）墓地。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24994

L. Coppola Bove, C. L. Kirkpatrick, A. Vigil-Escalera Guirado, M. C. Botella López, K. I. Bos

Objective

Here we investigate infectious diseases that potentially contribute to osteological lesions in individuals from the early medieval necropolis of La Olmeda (6th-11th c. CE) in North Iberia.

Materials and methods

We studied a minimum number of 268 individuals (33 adult females; 38 adult males, 77 unknown/indeterminate sex; and 120 non-adults), including articulated and commingled remains. Individuals with differential diagnoses suggesting chronic systemic infectious diseases were sampled and bioinformatically screened for ancient pathogen DNA.

Results

Five non-adults (and no adults) presented skeletal evidence of chronic systemic infectious disease (1.87% of the population; 4.67% of non-adults). The preferred diagnoses for these individuals included tuberculosis, brucellosis, and malaria. Ancient DNA fragments assigned to the malaria-causing pathogen, Plasmodium spp., were identified in three of the five individuals. Observed pathology includes lesions generally consistent with malaria; however, additional lesions in two of the individuals may represent hitherto unknown variation in the skeletal manifestation of this disease or co-infection with tuberculosis or brucellosis. Additionally, spondylolysis was observed in one individual with skeletal lesions suggestive of infectious disease.

Conclusions

This study sheds light on the pathological landscape in Iberia during a time of great social, demographic, and environmental change. Genetic evidence challenges the hypothesis that malaria was absent from early medieval Iberia and demonstrates the value of combining osteological and archaeogenetic methods. Additionally, all of the preferred infectious diagnoses for the individuals included in this study (malaria, tuberculosis, and brucellosis) could have contributed to the febrile cases described in historical sources from this time.

目的：在此，我们对可能导致北伊比利亚中世纪早期拉奥尔梅达（La Olmeda，公元 6-11 世纪）尸骨病变的传染病进行了调查：我们研究了至少 268 具遗骸（33 具成年女性遗骸、38 具成年男性遗骸、77 具性别不明/不确定的遗骸和 120 具非成年遗骸），包括有关节的遗骸和混合遗骸。对诊断为慢性系统性传染病的个体进行了采样，并对古病原体 DNA 进行了生物信息学筛选：结果：五具非成人（无成人）骨骼显示患有慢性系统性传染病（占总人数的 1.87%；占非成人的 4.67%）。这些人的首选诊断包括肺结核、布鲁氏菌病和疟疾。在五人中的三人身上发现了与疟疾病原体疟原虫有关的古 DNA 片段。观察到的病理变化包括与疟疾基本一致的病变；然而，其中两个人身上的其他病变可能代表了这种疾病骨骼表现中迄今未知的变异或与结核病或布鲁氏菌病的合并感染。此外，在一名骨骼病变提示感染性疾病的患者身上还发现了脊柱溶解症：这项研究揭示了伊比利亚在社会、人口和环境发生巨大变化时期的病理状况。遗传学证据对中世纪早期伊比利亚没有疟疾的假说提出了质疑，并证明了将骨骼学和考古学方法相结合的价值。此外，本研究中包含的所有首选传染病诊断（疟疾、肺结核和布鲁氏菌病）都可能是造成当时历史资料中描述的发热病例的原因。

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引用次数: 0

Ethics and applications of isotope analysis in archaeology 考古学中同位素分析的伦理与应用。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24992

Chris Stantis, Benjamin J. Schaefer, Maria Ana Correia, Aleksa K. Alaica, Damien Huffer, Esther Plomp, Marina Di Giusto, Blessing Chidimuro, Alice K. Rose, Ayushi Nayak, Ellen J. Kendall

This synthesis explores specific ethical questions that commonly arise in isotopic analysis. For more than four decades, isotope analysis has been employed in archeological studies to explore past human and animal dietary habits, mobility patterns, and the environment in which a human or animal inhabited during life. These analyses require consideration of ethical issues. While theoretical concepts are discussed, we focus on practical aspects: working with descendant communities and other rights holders, choosing methods, creating and sharing data, and working mindfully within academia. These layers of respect and care should surround our science. This paper is relevant for specialists in isotope analysis as well as those incorporating these methods into larger projects. By covering the whole of the research process, from design to output management, we appeal broadly to archaeology and provide actionable solutions that build on the discussions in the general field.

本综述探讨了同位素分析中常见的具体伦理问题。四十多年来，同位素分析一直被用于考古研究，以探索人类和动物过去的饮食习惯、流动模式以及人类或动物生前居住的环境。这些分析需要考虑伦理问题。在讨论理论概念的同时，我们将重点放在实践方面：与后裔社区和其他权利持有者合作、选择方法、创建和共享数据，以及在学术界谨慎工作。在我们的科学研究过程中，我们应该尊重和关注这些层面。本文既适用于同位素分析专家，也适用于将这些方法纳入大型项目的人员。通过涵盖从设计到产出管理的整个研究过程，我们对考古学具有广泛的吸引力，并在一般领域讨论的基础上提供了可行的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Brief communication: New method for measuring nitrogen isotopes in tooth dentine at high temporal resolution 简要通讯：高时间分辨率测量牙本质中氮同位素的新方法。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24991

Tanya M. Smith, Janaína N. Ávila, Manish Arora, Christine Austin, Teresa Drake, Rebecca Kinaston, Emma Sudron, Yue Wang, Ian S. Williams

Objectives

Nitrogen isotopes (δ¹⁵N) are widely used to study human nursing and weaning ages. Conventional methods involve sampling 1-mm thick sections of tooth dentine—producing an averaging effect that integrates months of formation. We introduce a novel protocol for measuring δ¹⁵N by multicollector secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).

Materials and Methods

We sampled dentine δ¹⁵N on a weekly to monthly basis along the developmental axis in two first molars of healthy children from Australia and New Zealand (n = 217 measurements). Nitrogen isotope ratios were determined from measurements of CN⁻ secondary molecular ions in ~35 μm spots. By relating spot position to enamel formation, we identified prenatal dentine, as well as sampling ages over more than 3 years. We also created calcium-normalized barium and strontium maps with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

Results

We found rapid postnatal δ¹⁵N increases of ~2‰–3‰, during which time the children were exclusively breastfed, followed by declines as the breastfeeding frequency decreased. After weaning, δ¹⁵N values remained stable for several months, coinciding with diets that did not include meat or cow's milk; values then varied by ~2‰ starting in the third year of life. Barium did not show an immediate postnatal increase, rising after a few months until ~1–1.5 years of age, and falling until or shortly after the cessation of suckling. Initial strontium trends varied but both individuals peaked months after weaning.

Discussion

Developmentally informed SIMS measurements of δ¹⁵N minimize time averaging and can be precisely related to an individual's early dietary history.

目的：氮同位素（δ15N）被广泛用于研究人类的哺乳期和断奶期。传统的方法是对 1 毫米厚的牙齿牙本质切片进行取样，这会产生一种平均效应，将几个月的牙本质形成过程整合在一起。我们介绍了一种利用多收集器二次离子质谱（SIMS）测量δ15N的新方法：我们沿发育轴每周至每月对澳大利亚和新西兰健康儿童的两颗第一臼齿的牙本质δ15N进行采样（n = 217 次测量）。氮同位素比值是通过测量 ~35 μm 处的 CN- 次分子离子来确定的。通过将斑点位置与釉质形成联系起来，我们确定了出生前的牙本质以及超过 3 年的取样年龄。我们还利用激光烧蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法绘制了钙归一化钡和锶图：结果：我们发现，出生后δ15N迅速增加约2‰-3‰，在此期间，孩子们只接受母乳喂养，随后随着母乳喂养次数的减少而下降。断奶后，δ15N 值在几个月内保持稳定，这与不含肉类或牛奶的饮食相吻合；然后，从出生后第三年开始，δ15N 值变化约为 2‰。钡在出生后并没有立即增加，而是在几个月后一直上升到 1-1.5 岁，然后在停止哺乳前或停止哺乳后不久下降。锶的初始趋势各不相同，但两个个体都在断奶后几个月达到峰值：讨论：根据发育情况进行的δ15N SIMS 测量可最大限度地减少时间平均值，并可精确地与个体的早期饮食史相关联。

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引用次数: 0

Shaft structure of the first metatarsal contains a strong phylogenetic signal in apes and humans 在猿类和人类中，第一跖骨的轴结构含有强烈的系统发育信号。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-06-23 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24987

Yuma Tomizawa, Masato Nakatsukasa, Marcia S. Ponce de León, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, Naoki Morimoto

Objectives

Metatarsal bones constitute a key functional unit of the foot in primates. While the form-function relationships of metatarsals have been extensively studied, particularly in relation to the loss of the grasping ability of the foot in humans in contrast to apes, the effect of phyletic history on the metatarsal morphology and its variability remains largely unknown.

Materials and Methods

Here, we evaluate how the strength of the phylogenetic signal varies from the first to the fifth metatarsal in humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and Japanese macaques. We use computed tomography imaging and morphometric mapping to quantify the second moment of area around and along the metatarsal shaft and evaluate the strength of the phylogenetic signal with multivariate K-statistics.

Results

The shaft structure of the first metatarsal, but not the others, correlates well with the phylogeny of apes and humans.

Discussion

Given the importance of the first metatarsal for grasping and bipedal/quadrupedal locomotion, the strong phylogenetic but weak functional signal in its structure is unexpected. These findings suggest that the evolutionary diversification of hominoid locomotor behaviors, including human bipedality, is only partly reflected in form-function relationships of key skeletal elements, and that phylogenetic history acted as a major evolutionary constraint.

目的：跖骨是灵长类动物足部的一个重要功能单元。材料与方法：在此，我们评估了人类、黑猩猩、大猩猩、猩猩、长臂猿和日本猕猴从第一跖骨到第五跖骨的系统发育信号强度是如何变化的。我们使用计算机断层扫描成像和形态计量绘图来量化跖骨轴周围和沿跖骨轴的第二矩面积，并使用多元 K 统计法评估系统发生学信号的强度：第一跖骨的跖骨轴结构与类人猿和人类的系统发育密切相关，而其他跖骨的跖骨轴结构与系统发育无关：讨论：鉴于第一跖骨对抓握和两足/四足运动的重要性，其结构中的系统发育信号强而功能信号弱是出乎意料的。这些研究结果表明，同翅目运动行为（包括人类的双足运动）的进化多样性仅部分反映在关键骨骼元素的形态-功能关系中，系统发育历史是进化的主要制约因素。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the existence of the male–female health-survival paradox in the past: Dental caries in medieval London 评估过去存在的男女健康生存悖论：中世纪伦敦的龋齿。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-06-23 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24990

Sharon N. DeWitte

Objectives

This study seeks to identify signals of the male–female health-survival paradox in medieval London.

Materials and Methods

This study uses skeletal data on age, sex, dental caries (n = 592) and antemortem tooth loss (n = 819) from adult individuals from medieval London cemeteries (c. 1200–1540 CE). The association between age and dental caries was assessed using binary logistic regression. The associations among age, time period (pre- vs. post-Black Death), oral biomarker (dental caries or antemortem tooth loss), and sex were tested using hierarchical log-linear analysis.

Results

The analyses reveal significantly higher odds of dental caries with increasing adult ages, more older adults after the Black Death, different age distributions of dental caries between the sexes, and a greater decrease in the prevalence of dental caries for females after the Black Death. These results appear not to be an artifact of trends in AMTL. However, this study does not yield evidence suggesting that females experienced both a survival advantage and a decline in oral health at late adult ages after the Black Death relative to males.

Conclusions

These results do not provide evidence of the existence of a male–female health-survival paradox, but they do corroborate existing evidence of improvements in health in general in the aftermath of the Black Death. The decreased prevalence of dental caries after the Black Death may reflect dietary improvements or the effects of selective mortality during the epidemic.

目的：本研究旨在确定中世纪伦敦男女健康生存悖论的信号：本研究试图找出中世纪伦敦男女健康-生存悖论的信号：本研究使用了来自中世纪伦敦墓地（约公元 1200-1540 年）成人的年龄、性别、龋齿（n = 592）和死前牙齿脱落（n = 819）的骨骼数据。采用二元逻辑回归法评估了年龄与龋齿之间的关系。使用层次对数线性分析检验了年龄、时间段（黑死病前与黑死病后）、口腔生物标志物（龋齿或死前牙齿脱落）和性别之间的关联：结果：分析结果显示，随着成人年龄的增加，龋齿几率明显增加，黑死病后的老年人更多，两性龋齿的年龄分布不同，黑死病后女性龋齿患病率下降幅度更大。这些结果似乎并非 AMTL 趋势的假象。然而，这项研究并没有提供证据表明，女性在黑死病后的成年晚期相对于男性而言既有生存优势，又有口腔健康下降的情况：这些结果并不能证明存在男女健康-生存悖论，但确实证实了黑死病后总体健康状况有所改善的现有证据。黑死病后龋齿发病率的下降可能反映了饮食的改善或流行病期间选择性死亡的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating femoral growth disruption in subadults from the 10th–13th century St. Étienne cemetery of Toulouse, France 调查 10-13 世纪法国图卢兹圣埃蒂安墓地亚成年人股骨生长中断情况。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24984

H. Welsh, M. B. Brickley

Objectives

The skeleton embodies an individual's environment and lived experiences. Studying childhood growth disruption can, therefore, aid in understanding the experiences of children in the past. This study evaluates growth disruption in a medieval Toulousian subadult sample to explore factors that may have influenced childhood growth and mortality at this site and to assess the utility of Harris line (HL) interpretations in bioarchaeology.

Materials and Methods

Femoral growth disruption was assessed in n = 71 subadults (0.125–12.42 years) from the 10th–13th century St. Étienne cemetery of Toulouse, France, using femoral length, total area, cortical area, and relative cortical area. Femoral radiographs were assessed for HLs. To determine the prevalence of growth disruption, z-scores were calculated using data from the Denver growth study.

Results

The majority of subadults in this sample suffered from femoral growth disruption. Young children (1.0–3.99 years) were the most affected, with >65% experiencing reduced appositional growth and linear growth stunting at time-of-death. Additionally, while many individuals presented with observable HLs, linear and appositional growth did not significantly differ between individuals with and without HLs.

Discussion

Maternal malnutrition and inadequate complementary feeding practices likely contributed to the high prevalence of growth disruption among the youngest individuals in the study. The older children and adolescents buried at St. Étienne experienced an amelioration in growth deficits, indicating an improvement in nutrition and/or disease load. The results of this study suggest that more consideration is required when interpreting the presence/absence of HLs, and that studies assessing HLs may benefit from using a more individualistic approach.

目标：骨骼体现了个人所处的环境和生活经历。因此，研究儿童生长中断有助于了解过去儿童的经历。本研究评估了中世纪图卢兹亚成人样本的生长中断情况，以探讨可能影响该遗址儿童生长和死亡率的因素，并评估哈里斯线（HL）解释在生物考古学中的实用性：对来自法国图卢兹 10-13 世纪圣埃蒂安墓地的 n = 71 名亚成人（0.125-12.42 岁）的股骨生长中断情况进行了评估，评估使用了股骨长度、总面积、皮质面积和相对皮质面积。对股骨X光片进行了HL评估。为了确定生长中断的发生率，使用丹佛生长研究的数据计算了z-分数：结果：该样本中的大多数亚成年人都患有股骨发育障碍。幼儿（1.0-3.99 岁）受到的影响最大，超过 65% 的幼儿在死亡时出现附着生长减少和线性生长迟缓。此外，虽然许多儿童出现了可观察到的HLs，但有HLs和没有HLs的儿童的线性生长和肢体生长并无明显差异：讨论：母体营养不良和辅食喂养不当很可能是造成研究中年龄最小的个体生长中断发生率高的原因。在圣埃蒂安被埋葬的年龄较大的儿童和青少年的生长障碍有所改善，这表明营养和/或疾病负荷有所改善。这项研究的结果表明，在解释是否存在 HL 时需要考虑更多因素，而且采用更加个体化的方法可能会使评估 HL 的研究受益。

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引用次数: 0

Issue Information – Table of Contents 发行信息 - 目录

2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24774

引用次数: 0

Cover & Editorial Board 封面与编辑委员会

2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24773

引用次数: 0

Sodium content in plant and insect food resources consumed by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania 坦桑尼亚贡贝国家公园黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii）食用的植物和昆虫食物中的钠含量。

IF 1.7 2区生物学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24989

Axelle Kamanzi Shimwa, Carson M. Murray, Rachel S. Nelson, Rebecca S. Nockerts, Michael L. Power, Robert C. O'Malley

Objectives

Many nonhuman primate diets are dominated by plant foods, yet plant tissues are often poor sources of sodium—a necessary mineral for metabolism and health. Among primates, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), which are ripe fruit specialists, consume diverse animal, and plant resources. Insects have been proposed as a source of dietary sodium for chimpanzees, yet published data on sodium values for specific foods are limited. We assayed plants and insects commonly eaten by chimpanzees to assess their relative value as sodium sources.

Materials and Methods

We used atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine sodium content of key plant foods and insects consumed by chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Dietary contributions of plant and insect foods were calculated using feeding observational data.

Results

On a dry matter basis, mean sodium value of plant foods (n = 83 samples; mean = 86 ppm, SD = 92 ppm) was significantly lower than insects (n = 12; mean = 1549 ppm, SD = 807 ppm) (Wilcoxon rank sum test: W = 975, p < 0.001). All plant values were below the suggested sodium requirement (2000 ppm) for captive primates. While values of assayed insects were variable, sodium content of two commonly consumed insect prey for Gombe chimpanzees (Macrotermes soldiers and Dorylus ants) were four to five times greater than the highest plant values and likely meet requirements.

Discussion

We conclude that plant foods available to Gombe chimpanzees are generally poor sources of sodium while insects are important, perhaps critical, sources of sodium for this population.

目标：许多非人灵长类动物的膳食以植物性食物为主，但植物组织通常是钠的贫乏来源，而钠是新陈代谢和健康所必需的矿物质。在灵长类动物中，黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）是成熟果实专家，它们食用多种动物和植物资源。昆虫被认为是黑猩猩膳食中钠的来源，但有关特定食物钠值的公开数据却很有限。我们对黑猩猩常吃的植物和昆虫进行了检测，以评估它们作为钠来源的相对价值：我们使用原子吸收光谱测定了坦桑尼亚贡贝国家公园黑猩猩食用的主要植物性食物和昆虫的钠含量。结果：在干物质的基础上，黑猩猩平均钠摄入量的平均值为 0.5%：结果：按干物质计算，植物性食物的平均钠含量（n = 83 个样本；平均 = 86 ppm，SD = 92 ppm）明显低于昆虫（n = 12 个样本；平均 = 1549 ppm，SD = 807 ppm）（Wilcoxon 秩和检验：W = 975，p 讨论：我们得出的结论是，贡贝黑猩猩可获得的植物性食物一般是较差的钠来源，而昆虫则是该种群重要的钠来源，也许是关键的钠来源。

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引用次数: 0