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Responding Together to Global Challenges 共同应对全球挑战
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00031
Desirée L. Plata, 
T shepherd sustainable systems through times of global development and change, the environmental research community has long drawn on an interdisciplinary skill set. This includes environmental chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and the engineering pursuits required to translate those advances in fundamental knowledge to tangible benefit for society. This past week, the biannual meeting of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors (AEESP) convened in Boston, MA, USA under the theme “Responding Together to Global Challenges.” Of particular focus at the meeting was the evolving role of environmental engineers and scientists in the context of climate change. The traditional contributions of the field have been central to the growth of civilizations, ecosystem services, and striving for ecological preservation, but are now called upon to meet the accelerating demands of a climate changed world. These include prediction of novel patterns of precipitation and drought, better and bespoke agricultural practices, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), as well as decarbonization technologies, geochemical impact assessment, climate justice, and sustainable resources and energy. Innovative thinkers from a spectrum of environmental professions and adjacent implementers (e.g., philanthropists, financers, policymakers, utility and infrastructure experts) are needed to support the grand goal of our collective work: protecting human and ecological health while promoting sustainable systems. Indeed, adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change are often articulated as the technological and policy challenge of our time. The readership and authors in the ACS Environmental Au community are empowered with the skills required to provide solutions to these challenges, and this new issue contains a collection of four Articles and a Review illustrating key progress in this pursuit.
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引用次数: 0
Fire and Oil Led to Complex Mixtures of PAHs on Burnt and Unburnt Plastic during the M/V X-Press Pearl Disaster 在M/V X-Press珍珠灾难中,火灾和石油导致燃烧和未燃烧塑料上的多环芳烃的复杂混合物
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-07-12 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00011
Bryan D. James*, Christopher M. Reddy, Mark E. Hahn, Robert K. Nelson, Asha de Vos*, Lihini I. Aluwihare, Terry L. Wade, Anthony H. Knap and Gopal Bera, 

In May 2021, the M/V X-Press Pearl container ship burned for 2 weeks, leading to the largest maritime spill of resin pellets (nurdles). The disaster was exacerbated by the leakage of other cargo and the ship’s underway fuel. This disaster affords the unique opportunity to study a time-stamped, geolocated release of plastic under real-world conditions. Field samples collected from beaches in Sri Lanka nearest to the ship comprised nurdles exposed to heat and combustion, burnt plastic pieces (pyroplastic), and oil-plastic agglomerates (petroplastic). An unresolved question is whether the 1600+ tons of spilled and recovered plastic should be considered hazardous waste. Due to the known formation and toxicity of combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we measured 20 parent and 21 alkylated PAHs associated with several types of spilled plastic. The maximum PAH content of the sampled pyroplastic had the greatest amount of PAHs recorded for marine plastic debris (199,000 ng/g). In contrast, the sampled unburnt white nurdles had two orders of magnitude less PAH content. The PAH composition varied between the types of spilled plastic and presented features typical of and conflicting with petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Nevertheless, specific markers and compositional changes for burning plastics were identified, revealing that the fire was the main source of PAHs. Eight months after the spill, the PAH contents of sampled stray nurdles and pyroplastic were reduced by more than 50%. Due to their PAH content exceeding levels allowable for plastic consumer goods, classifying burnt plastic as hazardous waste may be warranted. Following a largely successful cleanup, we recommend that the Sri Lankans re-evaluate the identification, handling, and disposal of the plastic debris collected from beaches and the potential exposure of responders and the public to PAHs from handling it. The maritime disaster underscores pyroplastic as a type of plastic pollution that has yet to be fully explored, despite the pervasiveness of intentional and unintentional burning of plastic globally.

2021年5月,M/V X-Press Pearl集装箱船燃烧了2周,导致最大规模的树脂颗粒(nurdles)海上泄漏。其他货物和船上正在行驶的燃料泄漏加剧了这场灾难。这场灾难提供了一个独特的机会来研究在现实世界条件下塑料的时间戳、地理定位释放。从离船最近的斯里兰卡海滩采集的现场样本包括暴露在高温和燃烧中的nurdles、燃烧过的塑料片(热塑性塑料)和油塑性团聚体(岩塑性塑料。一个尚未解决的问题是,1600多吨溢出和回收的塑料是否应被视为危险废物。由于已知燃烧衍生的多环芳烃(PAHs)的形成和毒性,我们测量了与几种类型的溢出塑料相关的20种母体和21种烷基化PAHs。采样的热塑性塑料中PAH含量最高的是海洋塑料碎片中记录的PAHs含量最高的(199000纳克/克)。相比之下,取样的未燃烧白色nurdles的PAH含量减少了两个数量级。PAH成分在不同类型的溢出塑料之间变化,并呈现出典型的特征,与岩石和热解源相冲突。然而,对燃烧塑料的特定标志物和成分变化进行了鉴定,表明火灾是多环芳烃的主要来源。泄漏事件发生8个月后,采样的杂散nurdles和热塑性塑料中的PAH含量减少了50%以上。由于其PAH含量超过了塑料消费品的允许水平,因此有必要将燃烧过的塑料归类为危险废物。在基本成功的清理工作之后,我们建议斯里兰卡人重新评估从海滩收集的塑料碎片的识别、处理和处置,以及响应者和公众在处理过程中可能接触到的多环芳烃。这场海洋灾难突显了热塑性塑料是一种尚未充分探索的塑料污染,尽管在全球范围内有意和无意焚烧塑料的行为普遍存在。
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引用次数: 1
Development of a Soft Sensor Using Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting the Water Quality of an Onsite Wastewater Treatment System 利用机器学习算法开发用于预测现场污水处理系统水质的软传感器。
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00072
Hsiang-Yang Shyu, Cynthia J. Castro, Robert A. Bair, Qing Lu and Daniel H. Yeh*, 

Developing advanced onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) requires accurate and consistent water quality monitoring to evaluate treatment efficiency and ensure regulatory compliance. However, off-line parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) require sample collection and time-consuming laboratory analyses that do not provide real-time information of system performance or component failure. While real-time COD analyzers have emerged in recent years, they are not economically viable for onsite systems due to cost and chemical consumables. This study aimed to design and implement a real-time remote monitoring system for OWTS by developing several multi-input and single-output soft sensors. The soft sensor integrates data that can be obtained from well-established in-line sensors to accurately predict key water quality parameters, including COD, TSS, and E. coli concentrations. The temporal and spatial water quality data of an existing field-tested OWTS operated for almost two years (n = 56 data points) were used to evaluate the prediction performance of four machine learning algorithms. These algorithms, namely, partial least square regression (PLS), support vector regression (SVR), cubist regression (CUB), and quantile regression neural network (QRNN), were chosen as candidate algorithms for their prior application and effectiveness in wastewater treatment predictions. Water quality parameters that can be measured in-line, including turbidity, color, pH, NH4+, NO3, and electrical conductivity, were selected as model inputs for predicting COD, TSS, and E. coli. The results revealed that the trained SVR model provided a statistically significant prediction for COD with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.5% and R2 of 0.96. The CUB model provided the optimal predictive performance for TSS, with a MAPE of 24.8% and R2 of 0.99. None of the models were able to achieve optimal prediction results for E. coli; however, the CUB model performed the best with a MAPE of 71.4% and R2 of 0.22. Given the large fluctuation in the concentrations of COD, TSS, and E. coli within the OWTS wastewater dataset, the proposed soft sensor models adequately predicted COD and TSS, while E. coli prediction was comparatively less accurate and requires further improvement. These results indicate that although water quality datasets for the OWTS are relatively small, machine learning-based soft sensors can provide useful predictive estimates of off-line parameters and provide real-time monitoring capabilities that can be used to make adjustments to OWTS operations.

开发先进的现场废水处理系统(OWTS)需要准确和一致的水质监测,以评估处理效率并确保遵守法规。然而,离线参数,如化学需氧量(COD)、总悬浮固体(TSS)和大肠杆菌(E.coli),需要收集样本和耗时的实验室分析,无法提供系统性能或组件故障的实时信息。虽然近年来出现了实时COD分析仪,但由于成本和化学耗材的原因,它们在经济上不适用于现场系统。本研究旨在通过开发多个多输入和单输出软传感器来设计和实现OWTS的实时远程监控系统。该软传感器集成了可以从成熟的在线传感器获得的数据,以准确预测关键的水质参数,包括COD、TSS和大肠杆菌浓度。使用运行了近两年的现有现场测试OWTS的时间和空间水质数据(n=56个数据点)来评估四种机器学习算法的预测性能。这些算法,即偏最小二乘回归(PLS)、支持向量回归(SVR)、立体主义回归(CUB)和分位数回归神经网络(QRNN),因其在废水处理预测中的先前应用和有效性而被选为候选算法。选择可以在线测量的水质参数,包括浊度、颜色、pH、NH4+、NO3-和电导率,作为预测COD、TSS和大肠杆菌的模型输入。结果表明,训练的SVR模型对COD提供了具有统计学意义的预测,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)为14.5%,R2为0.96。CUB模型为TSS提供了最佳的预测性能,MAPE为24.8%,R2为0.99。没有一个模型能够实现对大肠杆菌的最佳预测结果;CUB模型表现最好,MAPE为71.4%,R2为0.22。考虑到OWTS废水数据集中COD、TSS和大肠杆菌的浓度波动较大,所提出的软传感器模型充分预测了COD和TSS,而大肠杆菌的预测相对不那么准确,需要进一步改进。这些结果表明,尽管OWTS的水质数据集相对较小,但基于机器学习的软传感器可以提供离线参数的有用预测估计,并提供可用于调整OWTS操作的实时监测能力。
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引用次数: 1
Direct Air Capture of CO2 Using Amine/Alumina Sorbents at Cold Temperature 利用胺/氧化铝吸附剂在低温下直接捕集二氧化碳
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00010
Pranjali Priyadarshini, Guanhe Rim, Cornelia Rosu, MinGyu Song and Christopher W. Jones*, 

Rising CO2 emissions are responsible for increasing global temperatures causing climate change. Significant efforts are underway to develop amine-based sorbents to directly capture CO2 from air (called direct air capture (DAC)) to combat the effects of climate change. However, the sorbents’ performances have usually been evaluated at ambient temperatures (25 °C) or higher, most often under dry conditions. A significant portion of the natural environment where DAC plants can be deployed experiences temperatures below 25 °C, and ambient air always contains some humidity. In this study, we assess the CO2 adsorption behavior of amine (poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA)) impregnated into porous alumina at ambient (25 °C) and cold temperatures (−20 °C) under dry and humid conditions. CO2 adsorption capacities at 25 °C and 400 ppm CO2 are highest for 40 wt% TEPA-incorporated γ-Al2O3 samples (1.8 mmol CO2/g sorbent), while 40 wt % PEI-impregnated γ-Al2O3 samples exhibit moderate uptakes (0.9 mmol g–1). CO2 capacities for both PEI- and TEPA-incorporated γ-Al2O3 samples decrease with decreasing amine content and temperatures. The 40 and 20 wt % TEPA sorbents show the best performance at −20 °C under dry conditions (1.6 and 1.1 mmol g–1, respectively). Both the TEPA samples also exhibit stable and high working capacities (0.9 and 1.2 mmol g–1) across 10 cycles of adsorption–desorption (adsorption at −20 °C and desorption conducted at 60 °C). Introducing moisture (70% RH at −20 and 25 °C) improves the CO2 capacity of the amine-impregnated sorbents at both temperatures. The 40 wt% PEI, 40 wt % TEPA, and 20 wt% TEPA samples show good CO2 uptakes at both temperatures. The results presented here indicate that γ-Al2O3 impregnated with PEI and TEPA are potential materials for DAC at ambient and cold conditions, with further opportunities to optimize these materials for the scalable deployment of DAC plants at different environmental conditions.

二氧化碳排放量的增加是全球气温上升导致气候变化的原因。目前正在大力开发胺基吸收剂,直接从空气中捕获二氧化碳(称为直接空气捕获(DAC)),以对抗气候变化的影响。然而,吸附剂的性能通常在环境温度(25°C)或更高的温度下进行评估,通常在干燥条件下进行评估。DAC工厂所在的自然环境的很大一部分温度低于25°C,环境空气中总是含有一些湿度。在本研究中,我们评估了在环境(25°C)和低温(−20°C)下,在干燥和潮湿条件下,浸渍到多孔氧化铝中的胺(聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和四乙烯五胺(TEPA))对CO2的吸附行为。掺入40 wt%TEPA的γ-Al2O3样品(1.8 mmol CO2/g吸附剂)在25°C和400 ppm CO2下的CO2吸附能力最高,而掺入40 wt%PEI的γ-Al2O3样品表现出中等的吸收(0.9 mmol g–1)。掺入PEI和TEPA的γ-Al2O3样品的CO2容量随着胺含量和温度的降低而降低。40和20 wt%的TEPA吸附剂在−20°C的干燥条件下表现出最佳性能(分别为1.6和1.1 mmol g–1)。两种TEPA样品在10个吸附-解吸循环(−20°C下吸附和60°C下解吸)中也表现出稳定和高的工作容量(0.9和1.2 mmol g–1)。引入水分(−20和25°C时的相对湿度为70%)可提高胺浸渍吸收剂在两种温度下的CO2容量。40wt%PEI、40wt%TEPA和20wt%TEPA样品在两种温度下都显示出良好的CO2吸收。本文的结果表明,在环境和寒冷条件下,用PEI和TEPA浸渍的γ-Al2O3是DAC的潜在材料,为在不同环境条件下可扩展部署DAC工厂提供了进一步的机会。
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引用次数: 1
Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane: Current State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 甲烷的光催化转化:技术现状、挑战和未来展望。
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00002
Zhuo Liu, Biyang Xu, Yu-Jing Jiang, Yang Zhou, Xiaolian Sun, Yuanyuan Wang and Wenlei Zhu*, 

With 28–34 times the greenhouse effect of CO2 over a 100-year period, methane is regarded as the second largest contributor to global warming. Reducing methane emissions is a necessary measure to limit global warming to below 1.5 °C. Photocatalytic conversion of methane is a promising approach to alleviate the atmospheric methane concentrations due to its low energy consumption and environmentally friendly characteristics. Meanwhile, this conversion process can produce valuable chemicals and liquid fuels such as CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, C2H6, and C2H4, cutting down the dependence of chemical production on crude oil. However, the development of photocatalysts with a high methane conversion efficiency and product selectivity remains challenging. In this review, we overview recent advances in semiconductor-based photocatalysts for methane conversion and present catalyst design strategies, including morphology control, heteroatom doping, facet engineering, and cocatalysts modification. To gain a comprehensive understanding of photocatalytic methane conversion, the conversion pathways and mechanisms in these systems are analyzed in detail. Moreover, the role of electron scavengers in methane conversion performance is briefly discussed. Subsequently, we summarize the anthropogenic methane emission scenarios on earth and discuss the application potential of photocatalytic methane conversion. Finally, challenges and future directions for photocatalytic methane conversion are presented.

甲烷在100年内的温室效应是二氧化碳的28-34倍,被认为是全球变暖的第二大因素。减少甲烷排放是将全球变暖控制在1.5°C以下的必要措施。甲烷的光催化转化由于其低能耗和环保特性,是一种很有前途的降低大气甲烷浓度的方法。同时,这种转化过程可以生产有价值的化学品和液体燃料,如CH3OH、CH3CH2OH、C2H6和C2H4,减少化学生产对原油的依赖。然而,开发具有高甲烷转化效率和产物选择性的光催化剂仍然具有挑战性。在这篇综述中,我们概述了用于甲烷转化的半导体基光催化剂的最新进展,并介绍了催化剂的设计策略,包括形态控制、杂原子掺杂、面工程和助催化剂改性。为了全面了解光催化甲烷转化,详细分析了这些系统中的转化途径和机理。此外,还简要讨论了电子清除剂在甲烷转化性能中的作用。随后,我们总结了地球上人为甲烷排放的情景,并讨论了光催化甲烷转化的应用潜力。最后,介绍了光催化甲烷转化的挑战和未来的发展方向。
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引用次数: 2
Characterization of Photothermal Desorption-Compatible Diffusive Samplers for Volatile Organic Compounds 挥发性有机化合物光热解吸相容扩散采样器的表征
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00071
Jacob S. Shedd, Jonghwa Oh, Evan L. Floyd and Claudiu T. Lungu*, 

Products and starting materials containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can easily be found in a variety of businesses, making them a common source of occupational exposure. To prevent negative impacts on employee health, field industrial hygienists must conduct regular sampling to ensure exposures remain below the regulatory limits set by governmental and professional associations. As such, the need for sensitive and reliable exposure assessment techniques becomes evident. Over the preceding decade, the industrial hygiene research group at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) has been working on the development of an emerging, preanalytical technique known as photothermal desorption (PTD) to improve upon the analytical sensitivity of currently employed methods. PTD’s novel design uses pulses of high-energy light to desorb analytes from thermally conductive, carbonaceous sorbents, to be delivered to downstream analytical detectors. Since PTD’s conception, the theoretical framework and advances in sorbent fabrication have been investigated; however, further work is needed to produce a field-ready sampling device for use with PTD. As such, objectives of the present work were to design a PTD-compatible diffusive sampler prototype and characterize the prototype’s sampling efficiencies for toluene, n-hexane, trichloroethylene, and isopropyl alcohol. In pursuit of these objectives, the study empirically quantified the sampled masses of toluene, n-hexane, trichloroethylene, and isopropyl alcohol, at occupationally relevant air concentrations, to be 12.17 ± 0.06, 8.2 ± 0.1, 3.97 ± 0.06, and 8.0 ± 0.1 mg, respectively. Moreover, the analyte sampling efficiencies were found to be 2.2 ± 0.1, 1.7 ± 0.1, 1.2 ± 0.1, and 0.51 ± 0.05 (unitless) when comparing empirically (i.e., laboratory observed) sample mass values to theoretically predicted values. The sampling efficiencies and collected sample masses reported herein demonstrate the promising design of PTD-compatible diffusive samplers. When used in conjunction with the PTD method, the prototype samplers present strong evidence for improving analytical sensitivity in exposure assessments of VOCs in the workplace.

含有挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的产品和原料在各种企业中都很容易找到,这使它们成为职业暴露的常见来源。为了防止对员工健康产生负面影响,现场工业卫生员必须定期采样,以确保暴露量低于政府和专业协会设定的监管限制。因此,对敏感和可靠的暴露评估技术的需求变得显而易见。在过去的十年里,阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校(UAB)的工业卫生研究小组一直致力于开发一种新兴的预分析技术,即光热解吸(PTD),以提高目前使用的方法的分析灵敏度。PTD的新颖设计使用高能光脉冲从导热碳质吸收剂中解吸分析物,并将其输送到下游的分析检测器。自PTD提出以来,对吸附剂制备的理论框架和进展进行了研究;然而,还需要进一步的工作来生产用于PTD的现场准备采样装置。因此,本工作的目标是设计一个PTD兼容的扩散采样器原型,并表征该原型对甲苯、正己烷、三氯乙烯和异丙醇的采样效率。为了实现这些目标,该研究根据经验将甲苯、正己烷、三氯乙烯和异丙醇在职业相关空气浓度下的采样质量分别量化为12.17±0.06、8.2±0.1、3.97±0.06和8.0±0.1 mg。此外,当将经验(即实验室观察到的)样本质量值与理论预测值进行比较时,发现分析物采样效率为2.2±0.1、1.7±0.1、1.2±0.1和0.51±0.05(无单位)。本文报道的采样效率和收集的样品质量证明了PTD兼容扩散采样器的设计是有前景的。当与PTD方法结合使用时,原型采样器为提高工作场所挥发性有机物暴露评估的分析灵敏度提供了有力的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Use of a Dual-Labeled Bioaccumulation Method to Quantify Microplastic Vector Effects for Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Soil 使用双标记生物积累法定量土壤中疏水性有机污染物的微塑料载体效应
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00024
Jie Wang*, Jianguo Tao, Jianghao Ji, Mochen Wu, Yuanze Sun, Jun Li* and Jay Gan, 

Although in vitro simulation and in vivo feeding experiments are commonly used to evaluate the carrier role of microplastics in the bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals, there is no direct method for quantitatively determining their vector effect. In this study, we propose a dual-labeled method based on spiking unlabeled hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) into soils and spiking their respective isotope-labeled reference compounds into microplastic particles. The bioaccumulation of the unlabeled and isotope-labeled HOCs in Eisenia fetida earthworms was compared. Earthworms can assimilate both unlabeled and isotope-labeled HOCs via three routes: dermal uptake, soil ingestion, and microplastic ingestion. After 28 days of exposure, the relative fractions of bioaccumulated isotope-labeled HOCs in the soil treated with 1% microplastics ranged from 15.5 to 55.8%, which were 2.9–47.6 times higher than those in the soils treated with 0.1% microplastics. Polyethylene microplastics were observed to have higher relative fractions of bioaccumulated isotope-labeled HOCs, potentially because of their surface hydrophobicity and amorphous rubbery state. The general linear models suggested that the vector effects were mainly due to the microplastic concentration, followed by polymer properties and HOC hydrophobicity. This proposed method and the derived empirical formula contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the vector effects of microplastics for HOC bioaccumulation.

尽管体外模拟和体内喂养实验通常用于评估微塑料在有毒化学品生物累积中的载体作用,但还没有直接的方法来定量确定其载体效应。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种双重标记方法,该方法基于将未标记的疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)添加到土壤中,并将其各自的同位素标记的参考化合物添加到微塑料颗粒中。比较了未标记HOCs和同位素标记HOCs在赤子爱胜蚯蚓中的生物累积性。蚯蚓可以通过三种途径吸收未标记和同位素标记的HOCs:皮肤吸收、土壤吸收和微塑料吸收。暴露28天后,在用1%微塑料处理的土壤中,生物累积同位素标记的HOCs的相对分数在15.5至55.8%之间,是用0.1%微塑料处理土壤中的2.9至47.6倍。据观察,聚乙烯微塑料具有较高的生物累积同位素标记的HOCs相对分数,这可能是因为它们的表面疏水性和无定形橡胶状态。一般的线性模型表明,载体效应主要是由于微塑料的浓度,其次是聚合物的性质和HOC的疏水性。所提出的方法和推导出的经验公式有助于更全面地了解微塑料对HOC生物累积的媒介效应。
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引用次数: 1
Facing Global Climate and Environmental Change 面对全球气候和环境变化
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00014
Manabu Shiraiwa*, 
G environmental change is real in the Anthropocene. Global warming is happening now, caused by anthropogenic activities with the emission of greenhouse gases. The latest reading of “the Keeling curve” has topped 424 ppm of carbon dioxide, which represents the highest record in continuous measurements of CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1960. Climate change has become more prominent and more evident that we experience it even in our daily life. Weather events have intensified with recordshattering climate extremes. This winter, we experienced record-breaking rainfall and snowfall associated with the atmospheric river in the West of the United States, while facing off against heat in the East of the United States. Biomass burning and wildfires have increased with higher frequency, longer durations, and longer seasons. Hurricanes have become more frequent and stronger, causing flooding in various places around the globe. These extreme events in a warming planet disrupt and negatively impact our society, restructuring our lifestyles in a myriad of ways, e.g., in sports: a recent study showed that global warming causes a reduction in ballpark air density, promoting more home runs in Major League Baseball games (bad news for pitchers!). Even though they are managed separately, climate change is coupled with air quality. There are cobenefits of climate regulations on improving air quality, but so far there is a lack of tools to rigorously evaluate the implications of addressing these challenges simultaneously. Sebastian D. Eastham and colleagues developed a computationally efficient approach to quantify how combined climate and air quality interventions affect air quality outcomes. Their approach captures spatial heterogeneity and complex atmospheric chemistry involving ozone, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, ammonia, and particulate matter, enabling rapid assessments modeling air quality−climate interactions. They demonstrate that air quality impact of climate policy depends on precursor emission stringency. In addition to greenhouse gases, particulate matter containing chromophores, so-called brown carbon, affects the climate by posing positive radiative forcing and serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The chemical composition and climate-relevant properties of brown carbon are highly dynamic, as they evolve upon chemical transformation in the atmosphere. Borduas-Dedekind and colleagues tackle this problem by irradiating lab-generated and field-collected brown carbon samples. They specifically focused on investigating photomineralization, a photodegradation process that fragments organic molecules to CO and CO2. They found that the rates of photomineralization were fastest for lab-generated samples and slowest for ambient brown carbon samples. Despite photobleaching and composition changes in the brown carbon, its CCN abilities did not change substantially. There are three more exciting publications in this issue. Kanel,
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引用次数: 0
Unlocking High-Efficiency Methane Oxidation with Bimetallic Pd–Ce Catalysts under Zeolite Confinement 沸石约束下双金属钯铈催化剂解禁甲烷高效氧化
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00008
Xiaomai Chen, Xuefeng Shi, Peirong Chen, Bowen Liu, Meiyin Liu, Longwen Chen, Daiqi Ye, Xin Tu*, Wei Fan* and Junliang Wu*, 

Catalytic complete oxidation is an efficient approach to reducing methane emissions, a significant contributor to global warming. This approach requires active catalysts that are highly resistant to sintering and water vapor. In this work, we demonstrate that Pd nanoparticles confined within silicalite-1 zeolites (Pd@S-1), fabricated using a facile in situ encapsulation strategy, are highly active and stable in catalyzing methane oxidation and are superior to those supported on the S-1 surface due to a confinement effect. The activity of the confined Pd catalysts was further improved by co-confining a suitable amount of Ce within the S-1 zeolite (PdCe0.4@S-1), which is attributed to confinement-reinforced Pd–Ce interactions that promote the formation of oxygen vacancies and highly reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the introduction of Ce improves the hydrophobicity of the S-1 zeolite and, by forming Pd–Ce mixed oxides, inhibits the transformation of the active PdO phase to inactive Pd(OH)2 species. Overall, the bimetallic PdCe0.4@S-1 catalyst delivers exceptional outstanding activity and durability in complete methane oxidation, even in the presence of water vapor. This study may provide new prospects for the rational design of high-performance and durable Pd catalysts for complete methane oxidation.

催化完全氧化是减少甲烷排放的有效方法,甲烷排放是全球变暖的重要因素。这种方法需要对烧结和水蒸气具有高度耐受性的活性催化剂。在这项工作中,我们证明了Pd纳米颗粒被限制在silicalite-1沸石中(Pd@S-1),使用简单的原位封装策略制备,在催化甲烷氧化方面具有高度活性和稳定性,并且由于限制效应而优于负载在S-1表面上的那些。通过在S-1沸石中共同限制适量的Ce,进一步提高了限制的Pd催化剂的活性(PdCe0.4@S-1),这归因于约束增强的Pd–Ce相互作用,促进氧空位和高活性氧物种的形成。此外,Ce的引入提高了S-1沸石的疏水性,并通过形成Pd–Ce混合氧化物,抑制了活性PdO相向非活性Pd(OH)2物种的转化。总体而言,双金属PdCe0.4@S-1催化剂在甲烷完全氧化过程中,即使在水蒸气存在的情况下,也能提供卓越的活性和耐用性。本研究为合理设计高性能、耐用的甲烷完全氧化钯催化剂提供了新的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing the Economic and Environmental Sustainability of the NEWgenerator Nonsewered Sanitation System 推进新发电机无下水道卫生系统的经济和环境可持续性
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00001
Shion Watabe, Hannah A. C. Lohman, Yalin Li, Victoria L. Morgan, Lewis S. Rowles, Tyler Stephen, Hsiang-Yang Shyu, Robert A. Bair, Cynthia J. Castro, Roland D. Cusick, Daniel H. Yeh and Jeremy S. Guest*, 

Achieving safely managed sanitation and resource recovery in areas that are rural, geographically challenged, or experiencing rapidly increasing population density may not be feasible with centralized facilities due to space requirements, site-specific concerns, and high costs of sewer installation. Nonsewered sanitation (NSS) systems have the potential to provide safely managed sanitation and achieve strict wastewater treatment standards. One such NSS treatment technology is the NEWgenerator, which includes an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), nutrient recovery via ion exchange, and electrochlorination. The system has been shown to achieve robust treatment of real waste for over 100 users, but the technology’s relative life cycle sustainability remains unclear. This study characterizes the financial viability and life cycle environmental impacts of the NEWgenerator and prioritizes opportunities to advance system sustainability through targeted improvements and deployment. The costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the NEWgenerator (general case) leveraging grid electricity were 0.139 [0.113–0.168] USD cap–1 day–1 and 79.7 [55.0–112.3] kg CO2-equiv cap–1 year–1, respectively. A transition to photovoltaic-generated electricity would increase costs to 0.145 [0.118–0.181] USD cap–1 day–1 but decrease GHG emissions to 56.1 [33.8–86.2] kg CO2-equiv cap–1 year–1. The deployment location analysis demonstrated reduced median costs for deployment in China (−38%), India (−53%), Senegal (−31%), South Africa (−31%), and Uganda (−35%), but at comparable or increased GHG emissions (−2 to +16%). Targeted improvements revealed the relative change in median cost and GHG emissions to be −21 and −3% if loading is doubled (i.e., doubled users per unit), −30 and −12% with additional sludge drying, and +9 and −25% with the addition of a membrane contactor, respectively, with limited benefits (0–5% reductions) from an alternative photovoltaic battery, low-cost housing, or improved frontend operation. This research demonstrates that the NEWgenerator is a low-cost, low-emission NSS treatment technology with the potential for resource recovery to increase access to safe sanitation.

由于空间要求、场地问题和下水道安装成本高,在农村、地理位置有挑战或人口密度迅速增加的地区实现安全管理的卫生设施和资源回收可能不可行。非封闭式卫生系统有可能提供安全管理的卫生设施,并达到严格的废水处理标准。其中一种NSS处理技术是NEWgenerator,它包括厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)、通过离子交换回收营养物和电氯化。该系统已被证明可以为100多名用户实现对真实废物的有力处理,但该技术的相对生命周期可持续性尚不清楚。本研究描述了NEWgenerator的财务可行性和生命周期环境影响,并优先考虑通过有针对性的改进和部署来提高系统可持续性的机会。利用电网电力的NEW发电机(一般情况)的成本和温室气体排放量分别为0.139[0.113–0.168]美元上限(1天-1)和79.7[55.0–112.3]千克二氧化碳当量上限(1年-1)。向光伏发电的过渡将使成本增加到0.145[0.118-0.181]美元上限-1天-1,但将温室气体排放量减少到56.1[33.8-86.2]千克二氧化碳当量上限-1年-1。部署地点分析表明,在中国(−38%)、印度(−53%)、塞内加尔(−31%)、南非(−31%。有针对性的改进表明,如果负荷增加一倍(即每单位用户增加一倍),成本中值和温室气体排放量的相对变化分别为−21和−3%,如果增加污泥干燥,则成本中值和GHG排放量的变化分别为-30和−12%,如果增加膜接触器,或改进的前端操作。这项研究表明,NEWgenerator是一种低成本、低排放的NSS处理技术,有可能回收资源,增加获得安全卫生设施的机会。
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引用次数: 1
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ACS Environmental Au
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