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Residential Wood Combustion in Germany: A Twin-Site Study of Local Village Contributions to Particulate Pollutants and Their Potential Health Effects 德国住宅木材燃烧:当地村庄对颗粒污染物的贡献及其潜在健康影响的双站点研究
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00035
Dominik van Pinxteren*, Vanessa Engelhardt, Falk Mothes, Laurent Poulain, Khanneh Wadinga Fomba, Gerald Spindler, Andrea Cuesta-Mosquera, Thomas Tuch, Thomas Müller, Alfred Wiedensohler, Gunter Löschau, Susanne Bastian and Hartmut Herrmann*, 

Residential wood combustion contributing to airborne particulate matter (PM10) was studied for 1 year at two sites in the village of Melpitz. Significant excess pollution was observed at the Melpitz center compared to that at the TROPOS research station Melpitz reference site, situated only 700 m away. Local concentration increments at the village site for the combustion PM constituents organic carbon, elemental carbon, levoglucosan, and benzo[a]pyrene were determined under appropriate wind directions, and their winter mean values were 0.7 μg m–3, 0.3 μg m–3, 0.1 μg m–3, and 0.4 ng m–3, representing relative increases over the regional background concentration of 24, 70, 61, and 107%, respectively. Yearly, weekly, and diurnal profiles of village increments suggest residential heating as the dominant source of this excess pollution, mainly originating from wood combustion. Receptor modeling using positive matrix factorization quantified 4.5 μg m–3 wood combustion PM at the village site, representing an increment of 1.9 μg m–3 and an increase of ∼75% over the 2.6 μg m–3 regional background wood combustion PM. This increment varied with season, temperature, and boundary layer height and reached daily mean values of 4–6 μg m–3 during unfavorable meteorological conditions. Potential health effects were estimated and resulted in an all-cause mortality from short-term exposure to wood combustion PM of 2.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and year for areas with similar wood smoke levels as observed in Melpitz. The excess cancer risk from the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was 6.4 per 100,000. For both health metrics, the very local contributions from the village itself were about 40–50%, indicating a strong potential for mitigation through local-scale policies. A compilation of literature data demonstrates wood combustion to represent a major source of PM pollution in Germany, with average winter-time contributions of 10–20%. The present study quantifies the negative impacts of heating with wood in rural residential areas, where the continuous monitoring of air quality is typically lacking. Further regulation of this PM source is warranted in order to protect human health.

住宅木材燃烧对空气中颗粒物(PM10)的影响在Melpitz村的两个地点进行了为期一年的研究。与仅700米远的TROPOS研究站Melpitz参考站点相比,在Melpitz中心观测到明显的过量污染。在适当的风向下,测定了燃烧PM组分有机碳、元素碳、左旋葡聚糖和苯并[a]芘的局部浓度增量,其冬季平均值分别为0.7 μg m-3、0.3 μg m-3、0.1 μg m-3和0.4 ng m-3,相对于区域背景浓度分别增加了24%、70%、61%和107%。村庄增量的年、周、日分布表明,住宅供暖是这种过度污染的主要来源,主要来自木材燃烧。使用正矩阵分解的受体模型量化了村庄现场4.5 μg m-3的木材燃烧PM,比2.6 μg m-3的区域背景木材燃烧PM增加了1.9 μg m-3,增加了约75%。该增量随季节、温度、边界层高度的变化而变化,在不利气象条件下可达4 ~ 6 μg - m-3的日平均值。对潜在的健康影响进行了估计,结果显示,在梅尔皮茨观察到的木材烟雾水平相似的地区,短期接触木材燃烧PM造成的全因死亡率为每10万居民每年2.1例。多环芳烃浓度造成的过量癌症风险为每10万人6.4人。对于这两项卫生指标,村庄本身的本地贡献约为40-50%,表明通过地方规模的政策有很大的缓解潜力。文献数据汇编表明,木材燃烧是德国PM污染的主要来源,冬季平均贡献10-20%。本研究量化了农村居民区用木材取暖的负面影响,这些地区通常缺乏对空气质量的持续监测。为了保护人类健康,有必要对这一PM来源进行进一步监管。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization and Toxic Potency of Airborne Particles Formed upon Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment Waste Recycling: A Case Study 电子电气设备废弃物回收后形成的空气微粒的特性及毒性:个案研究
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00034
Inger Odnevall*, Marianne Brookman-Amissah, Franca Stábile, Mikael T. Ekvall, Gunilla Herting, Marie Bermeo Vargas, Maria E. Messing, Joachim Sturve, Lars-Anders Hansson, Christina Isaxon and Jenny Rissler*, 

Manual dismantling, shredding, and mechanical grinding of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) at recycling facilities inevitably lead to the accidental formation and release of both coarse and fine particle aerosols, primarily into the ambient air. Since diffuse emissions to air of such WEEE particles are not regulated, their dispersion from the recycling plants into the adjacent environment is possible. The aim of this interdisciplinary project was to collect and characterize airborne WEEE particles smaller than 1 μm generated at a Nordic open waste recycling facility from a particle concentration, shape, and bulk and surface composition perspective. Since dispersed airborne particles eventually may reach rivers, lakes, and possibly oceans, the aim was also to assess whether such particles may pose any adverse effects on aquatic organisms. The results show that WEEE particles only exerted a weak tendency toward cytotoxic effects on fish gill cell lines, although the exposure resulted in ROS formation that may induce adverse effects. On the contrary, the WEEE particles were toxic toward the crustacean zooplankter Daphnia magna, showing strong effects on survival of the animals in a concentration-dependent way.

在回收设施中,人工拆卸、切碎和机械研磨来自电气和电子设备(WEEE)的废物不可避免地导致意外形成和释放粗颗粒和细颗粒气溶胶,主要是进入环境空气中。由于这些报废电子电气设备颗粒的扩散排放到空气中没有受到管制,因此它们有可能从回收厂扩散到邻近的环境中。该跨学科项目的目的是从颗粒浓度、形状、体积和表面组成的角度收集和表征北欧开放式废物回收设施中产生的小于1 μm的空气中WEEE颗粒。由于分散在空气中的微粒最终可能到达河流、湖泊,甚至海洋,因此研究的目的还在于评估这些微粒是否会对水生生物造成任何不利影响。结果表明,WEEE颗粒仅对鱼鳃细胞系产生微弱的细胞毒性作用,尽管暴露会导致ROS的形成,从而引起不良反应。相反,WEEE颗粒对甲壳类浮游动物大水蚤(Daphnia magna)具有毒性,对水蚤的生存有较强的影响,且呈浓度依赖性。
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引用次数: 0
Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Human Occupants in a Student Office: Dependence on Ozone Concentration 学生办公室内人员的挥发性有机化合物排放:与臭氧浓度的关系
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00043
Yuekun Qu, Di Xie and Yingjun Liu*, 

Human occupants themselves constitute an important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments through breath and dermal emissions. In order to quantify VOC emissions from occupants under real-world settings, previous indoor observational studies often determined emission factors (i.e., average emission rates per person). However, the values obtained across these studies exhibited large variability, and the causes of this variability still need to be understood. Herein we report 10-day real-time VOC measurements in a university student office, using a proton transfer reaction-quadrupole interface-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A method was developed to identify VOCs of primary human origin and to quantify the corresponding emission factors, accounting for the dynamically changing occupancy level and ventilation rate in the assessed office. We found that the emission factors of many dermally emitted VOCs strongly increased as the ozone concentration increased from <3 to 10–15 ppb. These VOCs include geranyl acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), and C10-C12 saturated aldehydes, which align with characteristic first-generation ozonolysis products of skin oil. The strongest increase occurred for 6-MHO, from 113 to 337 μg/h/p. In comparison, acetone and isoprene, which are primarily emitted from human breath, varied little with the ozone level. In light of this finding, we conducted an integrated analysis of emission factors reported in the literature for two frequently reported species, namely, 6-MHO and decanal. Ozone concentration alone can explain 94–97% of the variation in their emission factors across previous studies, and the best-estimated ozone dependence obtained using the literature data is consistent with those obtained in the current study. These results suggest that the ozone concentration is a key factor regulating emission factors of many dermally emitted VOCs in real indoor environments, which has to be considered when reporting or using the emission factors.

人类居住者本身通过呼吸和皮肤排放构成了室内环境中挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 的重要来源。为了量化居住者在真实环境下的挥发性有机化合物排放,以往的室内观测研究通常会确定排放因子(即每人的平均排放率)。然而,这些研究得出的数值存在很大的差异,造成这种差异的原因仍有待了解。在此,我们使用质子转移反应-四极杆界面-飞行时间质谱仪,对某大学学生办公室的挥发性有机化合物进行了为期 10 天的实时测量。我们开发了一种方法来识别主要来源于人类的挥发性有机化合物,并量化相应的排放因子,同时考虑到被评估办公室中动态变化的占用率和通风率。我们发现,当臭氧浓度从 3 ppb 增加到 10-15 ppb 时,许多经皮肤排放的挥发性有机化合物的排放因子会显著增加。这些挥发性有机化合物包括香叶基丙酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮(6-MHO)和 C10-C12 饱和醛,它们与皮肤油的第一代臭氧分解产物特征一致。6-MHO 的增幅最大,从 113 μg/h/p 增至 337 μg/h/p。相比之下,主要从人体呼吸中排放的丙酮和异戊二烯随臭氧水平的变化很小。有鉴于此,我们对文献中报道的两种常见物质(即 6-MHO 和癸醛)的排放因子进行了综合分析。在以往的研究中,仅臭氧浓度就能解释这两种物质排放因子 94-97% 的变化,而且利用文献数据得出的最佳估计臭氧依赖性与本次研究得出的结果一致。这些结果表明,在真实的室内环境中,臭氧浓度是调节许多经皮肤排放的挥发性有机化合物排放因子的关键因素,在报告或使用排放因子时必须考虑到这一点。
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引用次数: 0
Atrazine Degradation Using Immobilized Triazine Hydrolase from Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 in Mesoporous Silica Nanomaterials 固定化三嗪水解酶在介孔二氧化硅纳米材料中降解阿特拉津的研究
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00036
Karla Diviesti, Glory A. Russell-Parks, Brian G. Trewyn* and Richard C. Holz*, 

Triazine hydrolase fromArthrobacter aurescens TC1 (TrzN) was successfully immobilized on mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs) for the first time. For both nonfunctionalized MSNs and MSNs functionalized with Zn(II), three pore sizes were evaluated for their ability to immobilize wild-type TrzN: Mobile composition of matter no. 41 (small, 3 nm pores), mesoporous silica nanoparticle material with 10 nm pore diameter (MSN-10) (medium, 6–12 nm pores), and pore-expanded MSN-10 (large, 15–30 nm pores). Of these six TrzN:MSN biomaterials, it was shown that TrzN:MSN-10 was the most active (3.8 ± 0.4 × 10–5 U/mg) toward the hydrolysis of a 50 μM atrazine solution at 25 °C. The TrzN:MSN-10 biomaterial was then coated in chitosan (TrzN:MSN-10:Chit) as chitosan has been shown to increase stability in extreme conditions such as low/high pH, heat shock, and the presence of organic solvents. TrzN:MSN-10:Chit was shown to be a superior TrzN biomaterial to TrzN:MSN-10 as it exhibited higher activity under all storage conditions, in the presence of 20% MeOH, at low and high pH values, and at elevated temperatures up to 80 °C. Finally, the TrzN:MSN-10:Chit biomaterial was shown to be fully active in river water, which establishes it as a functional biomaterial under actual field conditions. A combination of these data indicate that the TrzN:MSN-10:Chit biomaterial exhibited the best overall catalytic profile making it a promising biocatalyst for the bioremediation of atrazine.

首次成功地将三嗪水解酶(TrzN)固定在介孔二氧化硅纳米材料(MSNs)上。对于未功能化的msn和带有Zn(II)功能化的msn,我们评估了三种孔径对野生型TrzN的固定化能力:孔径为10 nm的介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒材料(MSN-10)(中孔径为6-12 nm)和扩孔MSN-10(大孔径为15-30 nm)。结果表明,TrzN:MSN-10在25℃条件下水解50 μM阿特拉津溶液的活性最高(3.8±0.4 × 10-5 U/mg)。将TrzN:MSN-10生物材料包覆在壳聚糖(TrzN:MSN-10:Chit)中,因为壳聚糖已被证明在极端条件下(如低/高pH值、热冲击和有机溶剂的存在)可以提高稳定性。TrzN:MSN-10:Chit是一种优于TrzN:MSN-10的生物材料,因为它在所有储存条件下,在20%的MeOH存在下,在低pH值和高pH值以及高达80°C的高温下都表现出更高的活性。最后,TrzN:MSN-10:Chit生物材料在河流水体中表现出充分的活性,在实际野外条件下确立了其作为功能性生物材料的地位。综合这些数据表明,TrzN:MSN-10:Chit生物材料表现出最好的整体催化性能,使其成为阿特拉津生物修复的理想生物催化剂。
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引用次数: 0
Photocatalytic Hydrolysis─A Sustainable Option for the Chemical Upcycling of Polylactic Acid 光催化水解─聚乳酸化学升级循环的可持续选择
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00040
Antonia Garratt, Klaudia Nguyen, Alexander Brooke, Martin J. Taylor and Maria Grazia Francesconi*, 

Plastic waste is a critical global issue, yet current strategies to avoid committing plastic waste to landfills include incineration, gasification, or pyrolysis high carbon emitting and energy consuming approaches. However, plastic waste can become a resource instead of a problem if high value products, such as fine chemicals and liquid fuel molecules, can be liberated from controlled its decomposition. This letter presents proof of concept on a low-cost, low energy approach to controlled decomposition of plastic, photocatalytic hydrolysis. This approach integrates photolysis and hydrolysis, both slow natural decomposition processes, with a photocatalytic process. The photocatalyst, α-Fe2O3, is embedded into a polylactic acid (PLA) plastic matrix. The photocatalyst/plastic composite is then immersed in water and subjected to low-energy (25 W) UV light for 90 h. The monomer lactide is produced as the major product. α-Fe2O3 (6.9 wt %) was found to accelerate the PLA degradation pathway, achieving 32% solid transformation into liquid phase products, in comparison to PLA on its own, which was found to not decompose, using the same conditions. This highlights a low energy route toward plastic waste upgrade and valorization that is less carbon intensive than pyrolysis and faster than natural degradation. By directly comparing a 25 W (0.025 kWh) UV bulb with a 13 kWh furnace, the photocatalytic reaction would directly consume 520× less energy than a conventional thermochemical pathway. Furthermore, this technology can be extended and applied to other plastics, and other photocatalysts can be used.

塑料垃圾是一个重要的全球性问题,目前避免塑料垃圾填埋的策略包括焚烧、气化或热解等高碳排放和高能耗的方法。然而,如果高价值产品,如精细化学品和液体燃料分子,可以从受控的分解中解放出来,塑料废物可以成为一种资源,而不是一个问题。这封信提出了一种低成本,低能量的方法来控制塑料的分解,光催化水解的概念证明。这种方法结合了光解和水解,两者都是缓慢的自然分解过程,光催化过程。光催化剂α-Fe2O3嵌入聚乳酸(PLA)塑料基体中。然后将光催化剂/塑料复合材料浸入水中,并在低能量(25 W)紫外光下照射90小时。作为主要产品的单体丙交酯被生产出来。α-Fe2O3 (6.9 wt %)加速了PLA的降解途径,达到32%的固相转化为液相产物,而在相同条件下,PLA本身不分解。这凸显了塑料废物升级和增值的低能耗途径,比热解的碳密度更低,比自然降解更快。通过直接比较25瓦(0.025千瓦时)的紫外线灯泡和13千瓦时的电炉,光催化反应直接消耗的能量比传统的热化学途径少520倍。此外,该技术还可推广应用于其他塑料,并可使用其他光催化剂。
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引用次数: 0
We Are All Stars─Collaboration Builds Constellations and Galaxies 我们是全明星合作构建星座和星系。
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00042
Yujun Tao*, 
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引用次数: 0
Environmental Contaminants─Today, Tomorrow, and Forever 今天、明天和永远的环境污染物。
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00051
Peter Vikesland*, 
A a field, environmental science and engineering has long focused on improving our collective understanding of the processes dictating the formation, transport, and ultimate disposition of environmental contaminants. While the identities of the contaminants of interest continually change, our focus on these fundamental processes remains the same. The five contributions in this issue address a range of pollutants, including both airborne and waterborne. Yeh et al. describe the development of a “Soft Sensor” that relies upon machine learning algorithms to relate input signals acquired by common in-line sensors to water quality parameter outputs that are challenging to measure in the field. In particular, they are interested in using machine learning to predict chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), or Escherichia coli concentrations, based upon inline turbidity, pH, ammonium ion, nitrate ion, and electrical conductivity measurements. The researchers evaluate the potential of this approach using two years of data collected at an onsite wastewater treatment system operating in a South African informal settlement. Encouragingly, their approach was successful at predicting COD (mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.5%; R2 = 0.96) and TSS (MAPE 24.8%; R2 = 0.99). However, E. coli (MAPE 71.4%; R2 = 0.22) detection remains a challenge and will require extended experimentation and the collection of larger data sets for model parametrization. In their contribution, Zambrana and Boehm reviewed the occurrence of human viruses on fomites (i.e., inanimate objects that may play a role in disease transmission). Using a systemic review based-approach, they surveyed the literature and, based upon the 134 articles that met their search criteria, found that a variety of different virus families have been detected on fomites and that the Coronaviridae are the most commonly reported. They note, however, that this finding most likely reflects expanded interrogation of fomites for SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. This contribution highlights the need to expand the range of viral targets examined on fomite surfaces. Such expansion could result in the development of fomite monitoring as a means to quantify the circulation of infectious diseases within a community. As the authors note, however, such a monitoring approach will require additional development of standardized fomite sampling protocols, standardized reporting units, and sample analysis methods that differentiate infectious viruses from noninfectious viral DNA or RNA. James and de Vos et al. examine the environmental impacts of a highly different type of pollution episode. In 2021, an onboard explosion led the M/V X-Press Pearl to catch fire off the coast of Sri Lanka, prior to its ultimate sinking. This fire resulted in the release of hundreds of tons of high-density polyethylene and low density polyethylene resin pellets, or nurdles. Because of the onboard fire, these nurdles
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引用次数: 0
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation Can Drive Aerosol Droplet Growth in Supersaturated Regimes 液-液相分离可以在过饱和状态下驱动气溶胶液滴的生长
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00015
Kotiba Malek, Kanishk Gohil, Esther A. Olonimoyo, Nahin Ferdousi-Rokib, Qishen Huang, Kiran R. Pitta, Lucy Nandy, Katelyn A. Voss, Timothy M. Raymond*, Dabrina D Dutcher*, Miriam Arak Freedman* and Akua Asa-Awuku*, 

It is well known that atmospheric aerosol size and composition impact air quality, climate, and health. The aerosol composition is typically a mixture and consists of a wide range of organic and inorganic particles that interact with each other. Furthermore, water vapor is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, in indoor air, and within the human body’s respiratory system, and the presence of water can alter the aerosol morphology and propensity to form droplets. Specifically, aerosol mixtures can undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in the presence of water vapor. However, the experimental conditions for which LLPS impacts water uptake and the subsequent prediction of aerosol mixtures are poorly understood. To improve our understanding of aerosol mixtures and droplets, this study explores two ternary systems that undergo LLPS, namely, the 2MGA system (sucrose + ammonium sulfate + 2-methylglutaric acid) and the PEG1000 system (sucrose + ammonium sulfate + polyethylene glycol 1000). In this study, the ratio of species and the O:C ratios are systematically changed, and the hygroscopic properties of the resultant aerosol were investigated. Here, we show that the droplet activation above 100% RH of the 2MGA system was influenced by LLPS, while the droplet activation of the PEG1000 system was observed to be linearly additive regardless of chemical composition, O:C ratio, and LLPS. A theoretical model that accounts for LLPS with O:C ratios was developed and predicts the water uptake of internally mixed systems of different compositions and phase states. Hence, this study provides a computationally efficient algorithm to account for the LLPS and solubility parameterized by the O:C ratio for droplet activation at supersaturated relative humidity conditions and may thus be extended to mixed inorganic–organic aerosol populations with unspeciated organic composition found in the ambient environment.

众所周知,大气气溶胶的大小和组成影响空气质量、气候和健康。气溶胶组成物通常是一种混合物,由各种相互作用的有机和无机颗粒组成。此外,水蒸气在大气、室内空气和人体呼吸系统中无处不在,水的存在可以改变气溶胶的形态和形成水滴的倾向。具体来说,气溶胶混合物可以在水蒸气存在的情况下进行液-液相分离(LLPS)。然而,LLPS影响水分吸收和随后气溶胶混合物预测的实验条件尚不清楚。为了提高我们对气溶胶混合物和液滴的理解,本研究探索了两种经过LLPS的三元体系,即2MGA体系(蔗糖+硫酸铵+ 2-甲基戊二酸)和PEG1000体系(蔗糖+硫酸铵+聚乙二醇1000)。在这项研究中,物种比和O:C比被系统地改变,并研究了由此产生的气溶胶的吸湿特性。在这里,我们发现,在2MGA体系中,液滴在100% RH以上的活化受到LLPS的影响,而PEG1000体系的液滴活化与化学成分、O:C比和LLPS无关,都是线性加性的。建立了一个考虑O:C比的LLPS理论模型,并预测了不同成分和相态的内部混合系统的吸水率。因此,本研究提供了一种计算效率高的算法来考虑在过饱和相对湿度条件下液滴活化的O:C比参数化的LLPS和溶解度,从而可以扩展到环境环境中具有未指定有机成分的混合无机-有机气溶胶种群。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of 6PPD-Quinone in Rubberized Asphalt Concrete Mixtures 6PPD醌在橡胶沥青混凝土混合料中的应用研究
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00023
Srinidhi Lokesh, Siththarththan Arunthavabalan, Elie Hajj, Edgard Hitti and Yu Yang*, 

N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD)-quinone (6PPD-Q), a transformation byproduct of 6PPD used in tires as an antiozonant and antioxidant, was recently discovered as the chemical primarily responsible for the acute lethal toxicity of urban storm runoff to coho salmon. The asphalt concrete (AC) surface layer is the primary medium to contact 6PPD-Q immediately upon its release from tires, and the addition of recycled tire rubber (RTR) to the asphalt binder and mixture is a widely accepted practice in asphalt production. Therefore, it is urgent to understand the fate of 6PPD-Q at the asphalt concrete surface layer–water interface. This study analyzed the sorption and desorption of 6PPD-Q by compacted and crushed loose (loose particles, ∼5 mm) rubberized asphalt mixtures and their mobilization from compacted asphalt mixtures during simulated rainfall events. It should be noted that the crushed loose asphalt mixtures demonstrated the physicochemical properties of the asphalt materials, while the compacted asphalt mixtures represent in-service AC layers. Sorption of 6PPD-Q by crushed loose and compacted asphalt mixtures reached equilibrium within 12 days, with a sorption coefficient of 151.57–257.51 L/kg for compacted asphalt mixtures. Within 12 days, desorption of 6PPD-Q from crushed loose and compacted rubberized asphalt mixtures (20 g particles/L) to the double deionized (DDI) water and synthetic stormwater was 0.01–0.09 and 0.025–0.05 μg/L, respectively. Through the rainfall simulation experiments, 0.0015–0.0049 μg/L 6PPD-Q was detected in the runoff water, much lower than the lethal concentration (LC50) of 6PPD-Q of 0.095 μg/L and 308.67 μg/L for coho salmon and zebrafish larvae. Our results indicate that, while the release of 6PPD-Q from compacted rubberized asphalt mixtures is minor, the mixtures can serve as sorbents for tire-derived 6PPD-Q and retain this emerging contaminant.

N-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N ' -苯基-对苯二胺(6PPD)-醌(6PPD- q)是6PPD在轮胎中用作抗臭氧剂和抗氧化剂的转化副产物,最近被发现是导致城市暴雨径流对鲑鱼急性致死毒性的主要化学物质。沥青混凝土(AC)表层是6PPD-Q从轮胎中释放出来后立即接触的主要介质,在沥青粘结剂和混合料中添加再生轮胎橡胶(RTR)是沥青生产中广泛接受的做法。因此,迫切需要了解6PPD-Q在沥青混凝土面层-水界面的命运。该研究分析了压实和粉碎的松散(松散颗粒,约5毫米)橡胶沥青混合料对6PPD-Q的吸附和解吸,以及它们在模拟降雨事件中从压实沥青混合料中的动员。需要注意的是,破碎后的松散沥青混合料表现了沥青材料的物理化学性质,而压实后的沥青混合料则代表了使用中的交流层。破碎后松散沥青混合料和压实沥青混合料对6PPD-Q的吸附在12天内达到平衡,压实沥青混合料的吸附系数为151.57 ~ 257.51 L/kg。在12天内,从破碎的松散和压实的橡胶沥青混合料(20 g颗粒/L)中,6PPD-Q对双去离子(DDI)水和合成雨水的解吸量分别为0.01 ~ 0.09和0.025 ~ 0.05 μg/L。通过降雨模拟实验,径流水中6PPD-Q的检测值为0.0015 ~ 0.0049 μg/L,远低于6PPD-Q对银鲑和斑马鱼幼鱼0.095 μg/L和308.67 μg/L的致死浓度(LC50)。我们的研究结果表明,虽然从压实的橡胶沥青混合料中释放的6PPD-Q很少,但这些混合料可以作为轮胎衍生的6PPD-Q的吸附剂,并保留这种新出现的污染物。
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引用次数: 0
Occurrence of Human Viruses on Fomites in the Environment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 环境中人类病毒对螨虫的发生:系统综述和荟萃分析。
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00025
Winnie Zambrana,  and , Alexandria B. Boehm*, 

Documenting the occurrence of viruses on fomites is crucial in determining the significance of fomite-mediated transmission and the potential use of fomites for environmental disease surveillance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compile information on the occurrence of human viruses on fomites in the environment; we identified 134 peer-reviewed papers. We compiled sampling and measurement methods, results, quality control information, and whether virus data were compared with community health data from the papers. We conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate if presence of virus on fomites was associated with virus type (enveloped, nonenveloped), sampling location (healthcare setting, nonhealthcare temporary setting, nonhealthcare nontemporary setting), and area of fomite swabbed (<50, 50–100, >100 cm2). Across 275 data sets from the 134 papers, there was the most data available for Coronaviridae and from fomites at hospitals. Positivity rates, defined as the percent positive fomite samples, were low (median = 6%). Data were available on viruses from 16 different viral families, but data on viruses from 9 families had few (n < 5) data sets. Many human virus families were not identified in this review (11 families). Less than 15% of the data sets reported virus concentrations in externally valid units (viruses per area of surface), and 16% provided a quantitative comparison between virus and health data. Virus type and area swabbed were significant predictors of virus presence on fomites, and the positivity rate of data sets collected from healthcare settings and nonhealthcare nontemporary settings (e.g., individual housing) were significantly higher than those collected in nonhealthcare temporary settings (e.g., restaurants). Data from this review indicates that viruses may be present on fomites, that fomite-mediated virus transmission may occur, and that fomites may provide information on circulation of infectious diseases in the community. However, more quantitative data on diverse viruses are needed, and method reporting needs significant improvements.

记录fomite上病毒的发生对于确定fomite介导的传播的重要性以及fomite在环境疾病监测中的潜在用途至关重要。我们进行了一项系统综述和荟萃分析,以汇编环境中fomites上人类病毒发生的信息;我们鉴定了134篇同行评审论文。我们汇编了采样和测量方法、结果、质量控制信息,以及病毒数据是否与论文中的社区卫生数据进行了比较。我们进行了单变量和多变量分析,以调查fomite上病毒的存在是否与病毒类型(包膜、非包膜)、采样位置(医疗环境、非医疗临时环境、非卫生临时环境)和fomite拭子面积(100 cm2)有关。在134篇论文中的275个数据集中,冠状病毒科和医院感染者的数据最多。阳性率,定义为阳性fomite样本的百分比,较低(中位数=6%)。来自16个不同病毒家族的病毒数据可用,但来自9个家族的病毒的数据集很少(n<5)。许多人类病毒家族在这篇综述中没有被确定(11个家族)。不到15%的数据集以外部有效单位(每表面面积的病毒)报告了病毒浓度,16%的数据集提供了病毒和健康数据之间的定量比较。病毒类型和拭子面积是fomites上病毒存在的重要预测因素,从医疗保健环境和非医疗保健非临时环境(如个人住房)收集的数据集的阳性率显著高于在非医疗保健临时环境(例如餐馆)收集的数据集。这篇综述的数据表明,病毒可能存在于fomite上,可能发生fomite介导的病毒传播,fomite可能提供有关传染病在社区中传播的信息。然而,还需要更多关于不同病毒的定量数据,报告方法也需要显著改进。
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