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Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane: Current State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 甲烷的光催化转化:技术现状、挑战和未来展望。
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00002
Zhuo Liu, Biyang Xu, Yu-Jing Jiang, Yang Zhou, Xiaolian Sun, Yuanyuan Wang and Wenlei Zhu*, 

With 28–34 times the greenhouse effect of CO2 over a 100-year period, methane is regarded as the second largest contributor to global warming. Reducing methane emissions is a necessary measure to limit global warming to below 1.5 °C. Photocatalytic conversion of methane is a promising approach to alleviate the atmospheric methane concentrations due to its low energy consumption and environmentally friendly characteristics. Meanwhile, this conversion process can produce valuable chemicals and liquid fuels such as CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, C2H6, and C2H4, cutting down the dependence of chemical production on crude oil. However, the development of photocatalysts with a high methane conversion efficiency and product selectivity remains challenging. In this review, we overview recent advances in semiconductor-based photocatalysts for methane conversion and present catalyst design strategies, including morphology control, heteroatom doping, facet engineering, and cocatalysts modification. To gain a comprehensive understanding of photocatalytic methane conversion, the conversion pathways and mechanisms in these systems are analyzed in detail. Moreover, the role of electron scavengers in methane conversion performance is briefly discussed. Subsequently, we summarize the anthropogenic methane emission scenarios on earth and discuss the application potential of photocatalytic methane conversion. Finally, challenges and future directions for photocatalytic methane conversion are presented.

甲烷在100年内的温室效应是二氧化碳的28-34倍,被认为是全球变暖的第二大因素。减少甲烷排放是将全球变暖控制在1.5°C以下的必要措施。甲烷的光催化转化由于其低能耗和环保特性,是一种很有前途的降低大气甲烷浓度的方法。同时,这种转化过程可以生产有价值的化学品和液体燃料,如CH3OH、CH3CH2OH、C2H6和C2H4,减少化学生产对原油的依赖。然而,开发具有高甲烷转化效率和产物选择性的光催化剂仍然具有挑战性。在这篇综述中,我们概述了用于甲烷转化的半导体基光催化剂的最新进展,并介绍了催化剂的设计策略,包括形态控制、杂原子掺杂、面工程和助催化剂改性。为了全面了解光催化甲烷转化,详细分析了这些系统中的转化途径和机理。此外,还简要讨论了电子清除剂在甲烷转化性能中的作用。随后,我们总结了地球上人为甲烷排放的情景,并讨论了光催化甲烷转化的应用潜力。最后,介绍了光催化甲烷转化的挑战和未来的发展方向。
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引用次数: 2
Characterization of Photothermal Desorption-Compatible Diffusive Samplers for Volatile Organic Compounds 挥发性有机化合物光热解吸相容扩散采样器的表征
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00071
Jacob S. Shedd, Jonghwa Oh, Evan L. Floyd and Claudiu T. Lungu*, 

Products and starting materials containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can easily be found in a variety of businesses, making them a common source of occupational exposure. To prevent negative impacts on employee health, field industrial hygienists must conduct regular sampling to ensure exposures remain below the regulatory limits set by governmental and professional associations. As such, the need for sensitive and reliable exposure assessment techniques becomes evident. Over the preceding decade, the industrial hygiene research group at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) has been working on the development of an emerging, preanalytical technique known as photothermal desorption (PTD) to improve upon the analytical sensitivity of currently employed methods. PTD’s novel design uses pulses of high-energy light to desorb analytes from thermally conductive, carbonaceous sorbents, to be delivered to downstream analytical detectors. Since PTD’s conception, the theoretical framework and advances in sorbent fabrication have been investigated; however, further work is needed to produce a field-ready sampling device for use with PTD. As such, objectives of the present work were to design a PTD-compatible diffusive sampler prototype and characterize the prototype’s sampling efficiencies for toluene, n-hexane, trichloroethylene, and isopropyl alcohol. In pursuit of these objectives, the study empirically quantified the sampled masses of toluene, n-hexane, trichloroethylene, and isopropyl alcohol, at occupationally relevant air concentrations, to be 12.17 ± 0.06, 8.2 ± 0.1, 3.97 ± 0.06, and 8.0 ± 0.1 mg, respectively. Moreover, the analyte sampling efficiencies were found to be 2.2 ± 0.1, 1.7 ± 0.1, 1.2 ± 0.1, and 0.51 ± 0.05 (unitless) when comparing empirically (i.e., laboratory observed) sample mass values to theoretically predicted values. The sampling efficiencies and collected sample masses reported herein demonstrate the promising design of PTD-compatible diffusive samplers. When used in conjunction with the PTD method, the prototype samplers present strong evidence for improving analytical sensitivity in exposure assessments of VOCs in the workplace.

含有挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的产品和原料在各种企业中都很容易找到,这使它们成为职业暴露的常见来源。为了防止对员工健康产生负面影响,现场工业卫生员必须定期采样,以确保暴露量低于政府和专业协会设定的监管限制。因此,对敏感和可靠的暴露评估技术的需求变得显而易见。在过去的十年里,阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校(UAB)的工业卫生研究小组一直致力于开发一种新兴的预分析技术,即光热解吸(PTD),以提高目前使用的方法的分析灵敏度。PTD的新颖设计使用高能光脉冲从导热碳质吸收剂中解吸分析物,并将其输送到下游的分析检测器。自PTD提出以来,对吸附剂制备的理论框架和进展进行了研究;然而,还需要进一步的工作来生产用于PTD的现场准备采样装置。因此,本工作的目标是设计一个PTD兼容的扩散采样器原型,并表征该原型对甲苯、正己烷、三氯乙烯和异丙醇的采样效率。为了实现这些目标,该研究根据经验将甲苯、正己烷、三氯乙烯和异丙醇在职业相关空气浓度下的采样质量分别量化为12.17±0.06、8.2±0.1、3.97±0.06和8.0±0.1 mg。此外,当将经验(即实验室观察到的)样本质量值与理论预测值进行比较时,发现分析物采样效率为2.2±0.1、1.7±0.1、1.2±0.1和0.51±0.05(无单位)。本文报道的采样效率和收集的样品质量证明了PTD兼容扩散采样器的设计是有前景的。当与PTD方法结合使用时,原型采样器为提高工作场所挥发性有机物暴露评估的分析灵敏度提供了有力的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Use of a Dual-Labeled Bioaccumulation Method to Quantify Microplastic Vector Effects for Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Soil 使用双标记生物积累法定量土壤中疏水性有机污染物的微塑料载体效应
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00024
Jie Wang*, Jianguo Tao, Jianghao Ji, Mochen Wu, Yuanze Sun, Jun Li* and Jay Gan, 

Although in vitro simulation and in vivo feeding experiments are commonly used to evaluate the carrier role of microplastics in the bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals, there is no direct method for quantitatively determining their vector effect. In this study, we propose a dual-labeled method based on spiking unlabeled hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) into soils and spiking their respective isotope-labeled reference compounds into microplastic particles. The bioaccumulation of the unlabeled and isotope-labeled HOCs in Eisenia fetida earthworms was compared. Earthworms can assimilate both unlabeled and isotope-labeled HOCs via three routes: dermal uptake, soil ingestion, and microplastic ingestion. After 28 days of exposure, the relative fractions of bioaccumulated isotope-labeled HOCs in the soil treated with 1% microplastics ranged from 15.5 to 55.8%, which were 2.9–47.6 times higher than those in the soils treated with 0.1% microplastics. Polyethylene microplastics were observed to have higher relative fractions of bioaccumulated isotope-labeled HOCs, potentially because of their surface hydrophobicity and amorphous rubbery state. The general linear models suggested that the vector effects were mainly due to the microplastic concentration, followed by polymer properties and HOC hydrophobicity. This proposed method and the derived empirical formula contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the vector effects of microplastics for HOC bioaccumulation.

尽管体外模拟和体内喂养实验通常用于评估微塑料在有毒化学品生物累积中的载体作用,但还没有直接的方法来定量确定其载体效应。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种双重标记方法,该方法基于将未标记的疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)添加到土壤中,并将其各自的同位素标记的参考化合物添加到微塑料颗粒中。比较了未标记HOCs和同位素标记HOCs在赤子爱胜蚯蚓中的生物累积性。蚯蚓可以通过三种途径吸收未标记和同位素标记的HOCs:皮肤吸收、土壤吸收和微塑料吸收。暴露28天后,在用1%微塑料处理的土壤中,生物累积同位素标记的HOCs的相对分数在15.5至55.8%之间,是用0.1%微塑料处理土壤中的2.9至47.6倍。据观察,聚乙烯微塑料具有较高的生物累积同位素标记的HOCs相对分数,这可能是因为它们的表面疏水性和无定形橡胶状态。一般的线性模型表明,载体效应主要是由于微塑料的浓度,其次是聚合物的性质和HOC的疏水性。所提出的方法和推导出的经验公式有助于更全面地了解微塑料对HOC生物累积的媒介效应。
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引用次数: 1
Facing Global Climate and Environmental Change 面对全球气候和环境变化
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00014
Manabu Shiraiwa*, 
G environmental change is real in the Anthropocene. Global warming is happening now, caused by anthropogenic activities with the emission of greenhouse gases. The latest reading of “the Keeling curve” has topped 424 ppm of carbon dioxide, which represents the highest record in continuous measurements of CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1960. Climate change has become more prominent and more evident that we experience it even in our daily life. Weather events have intensified with recordshattering climate extremes. This winter, we experienced record-breaking rainfall and snowfall associated with the atmospheric river in the West of the United States, while facing off against heat in the East of the United States. Biomass burning and wildfires have increased with higher frequency, longer durations, and longer seasons. Hurricanes have become more frequent and stronger, causing flooding in various places around the globe. These extreme events in a warming planet disrupt and negatively impact our society, restructuring our lifestyles in a myriad of ways, e.g., in sports: a recent study showed that global warming causes a reduction in ballpark air density, promoting more home runs in Major League Baseball games (bad news for pitchers!). Even though they are managed separately, climate change is coupled with air quality. There are cobenefits of climate regulations on improving air quality, but so far there is a lack of tools to rigorously evaluate the implications of addressing these challenges simultaneously. Sebastian D. Eastham and colleagues developed a computationally efficient approach to quantify how combined climate and air quality interventions affect air quality outcomes. Their approach captures spatial heterogeneity and complex atmospheric chemistry involving ozone, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, ammonia, and particulate matter, enabling rapid assessments modeling air quality−climate interactions. They demonstrate that air quality impact of climate policy depends on precursor emission stringency. In addition to greenhouse gases, particulate matter containing chromophores, so-called brown carbon, affects the climate by posing positive radiative forcing and serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The chemical composition and climate-relevant properties of brown carbon are highly dynamic, as they evolve upon chemical transformation in the atmosphere. Borduas-Dedekind and colleagues tackle this problem by irradiating lab-generated and field-collected brown carbon samples. They specifically focused on investigating photomineralization, a photodegradation process that fragments organic molecules to CO and CO2. They found that the rates of photomineralization were fastest for lab-generated samples and slowest for ambient brown carbon samples. Despite photobleaching and composition changes in the brown carbon, its CCN abilities did not change substantially. There are three more exciting publications in this issue. Kanel,
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引用次数: 0
Unlocking High-Efficiency Methane Oxidation with Bimetallic Pd–Ce Catalysts under Zeolite Confinement 沸石约束下双金属钯铈催化剂解禁甲烷高效氧化
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00008
Xiaomai Chen, Xuefeng Shi, Peirong Chen, Bowen Liu, Meiyin Liu, Longwen Chen, Daiqi Ye, Xin Tu*, Wei Fan* and Junliang Wu*, 

Catalytic complete oxidation is an efficient approach to reducing methane emissions, a significant contributor to global warming. This approach requires active catalysts that are highly resistant to sintering and water vapor. In this work, we demonstrate that Pd nanoparticles confined within silicalite-1 zeolites (Pd@S-1), fabricated using a facile in situ encapsulation strategy, are highly active and stable in catalyzing methane oxidation and are superior to those supported on the S-1 surface due to a confinement effect. The activity of the confined Pd catalysts was further improved by co-confining a suitable amount of Ce within the S-1 zeolite (PdCe0.4@S-1), which is attributed to confinement-reinforced Pd–Ce interactions that promote the formation of oxygen vacancies and highly reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the introduction of Ce improves the hydrophobicity of the S-1 zeolite and, by forming Pd–Ce mixed oxides, inhibits the transformation of the active PdO phase to inactive Pd(OH)2 species. Overall, the bimetallic PdCe0.4@S-1 catalyst delivers exceptional outstanding activity and durability in complete methane oxidation, even in the presence of water vapor. This study may provide new prospects for the rational design of high-performance and durable Pd catalysts for complete methane oxidation.

催化完全氧化是减少甲烷排放的有效方法,甲烷排放是全球变暖的重要因素。这种方法需要对烧结和水蒸气具有高度耐受性的活性催化剂。在这项工作中,我们证明了Pd纳米颗粒被限制在silicalite-1沸石中(Pd@S-1),使用简单的原位封装策略制备,在催化甲烷氧化方面具有高度活性和稳定性,并且由于限制效应而优于负载在S-1表面上的那些。通过在S-1沸石中共同限制适量的Ce,进一步提高了限制的Pd催化剂的活性(PdCe0.4@S-1),这归因于约束增强的Pd–Ce相互作用,促进氧空位和高活性氧物种的形成。此外,Ce的引入提高了S-1沸石的疏水性,并通过形成Pd–Ce混合氧化物,抑制了活性PdO相向非活性Pd(OH)2物种的转化。总体而言,双金属PdCe0.4@S-1催化剂在甲烷完全氧化过程中,即使在水蒸气存在的情况下,也能提供卓越的活性和耐用性。本研究为合理设计高性能、耐用的甲烷完全氧化钯催化剂提供了新的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing the Economic and Environmental Sustainability of the NEWgenerator Nonsewered Sanitation System 推进新发电机无下水道卫生系统的经济和环境可持续性
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00001
Shion Watabe, Hannah A. C. Lohman, Yalin Li, Victoria L. Morgan, Lewis S. Rowles, Tyler Stephen, Hsiang-Yang Shyu, Robert A. Bair, Cynthia J. Castro, Roland D. Cusick, Daniel H. Yeh and Jeremy S. Guest*, 

Achieving safely managed sanitation and resource recovery in areas that are rural, geographically challenged, or experiencing rapidly increasing population density may not be feasible with centralized facilities due to space requirements, site-specific concerns, and high costs of sewer installation. Nonsewered sanitation (NSS) systems have the potential to provide safely managed sanitation and achieve strict wastewater treatment standards. One such NSS treatment technology is the NEWgenerator, which includes an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), nutrient recovery via ion exchange, and electrochlorination. The system has been shown to achieve robust treatment of real waste for over 100 users, but the technology’s relative life cycle sustainability remains unclear. This study characterizes the financial viability and life cycle environmental impacts of the NEWgenerator and prioritizes opportunities to advance system sustainability through targeted improvements and deployment. The costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the NEWgenerator (general case) leveraging grid electricity were 0.139 [0.113–0.168] USD cap–1 day–1 and 79.7 [55.0–112.3] kg CO2-equiv cap–1 year–1, respectively. A transition to photovoltaic-generated electricity would increase costs to 0.145 [0.118–0.181] USD cap–1 day–1 but decrease GHG emissions to 56.1 [33.8–86.2] kg CO2-equiv cap–1 year–1. The deployment location analysis demonstrated reduced median costs for deployment in China (−38%), India (−53%), Senegal (−31%), South Africa (−31%), and Uganda (−35%), but at comparable or increased GHG emissions (−2 to +16%). Targeted improvements revealed the relative change in median cost and GHG emissions to be −21 and −3% if loading is doubled (i.e., doubled users per unit), −30 and −12% with additional sludge drying, and +9 and −25% with the addition of a membrane contactor, respectively, with limited benefits (0–5% reductions) from an alternative photovoltaic battery, low-cost housing, or improved frontend operation. This research demonstrates that the NEWgenerator is a low-cost, low-emission NSS treatment technology with the potential for resource recovery to increase access to safe sanitation.

由于空间要求、场地问题和下水道安装成本高,在农村、地理位置有挑战或人口密度迅速增加的地区实现安全管理的卫生设施和资源回收可能不可行。非封闭式卫生系统有可能提供安全管理的卫生设施,并达到严格的废水处理标准。其中一种NSS处理技术是NEWgenerator,它包括厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)、通过离子交换回收营养物和电氯化。该系统已被证明可以为100多名用户实现对真实废物的有力处理,但该技术的相对生命周期可持续性尚不清楚。本研究描述了NEWgenerator的财务可行性和生命周期环境影响,并优先考虑通过有针对性的改进和部署来提高系统可持续性的机会。利用电网电力的NEW发电机(一般情况)的成本和温室气体排放量分别为0.139[0.113–0.168]美元上限(1天-1)和79.7[55.0–112.3]千克二氧化碳当量上限(1年-1)。向光伏发电的过渡将使成本增加到0.145[0.118-0.181]美元上限-1天-1,但将温室气体排放量减少到56.1[33.8-86.2]千克二氧化碳当量上限-1年-1。部署地点分析表明,在中国(−38%)、印度(−53%)、塞内加尔(−31%)、南非(−31%。有针对性的改进表明,如果负荷增加一倍(即每单位用户增加一倍),成本中值和温室气体排放量的相对变化分别为−21和−3%,如果增加污泥干燥,则成本中值和GHG排放量的变化分别为-30和−12%,如果增加膜接触器,或改进的前端操作。这项研究表明,NEWgenerator是一种低成本、低排放的NSS处理技术,有可能回收资源,增加获得安全卫生设施的机会。
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引用次数: 1
Climate Change and the Sea: A Major Disruption in Steady State and the Master Variables 气候变化与海洋:稳定状态和主变量的重大破坏
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00061
Reid A. Simmer, Emily J. Jansen, Kyle J. Patterson and Jerald L. Schnoor*, 

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have burned enormous quantities of coal, oil, and natural gas, rivaling nature’s elemental cycles of C, N, and S. The result has been a disruption in a steady state of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a warming of the planet, and changes in master variables (temperature, pH, and pε) of the sea affecting critical physical, chemical, and biological reactions. Humans have also produced copious quantities of N and P fertilizers producing widespread coastal hypoxia and low dissolved oxygen conditions, which now threaten even the open ocean. Consequently, our massive alteration of state variables diminishes coral reefs, fisheries, and marine ecosystems, which are the foundation of life on Earth. We point to a myriad of actions and alternatives which will help to stem the tide of climate change and its effects on the sea while, at the same time, creating a more sustainable future for humans and ecosystems alike.

自工业革命开始以来,人类燃烧了大量的煤炭、石油和天然气,与自然界的C、N和s元素循环相媲美。其结果是大气中二氧化碳和其他温室气体的稳定状态被破坏,地球变暖,海洋主变量(温度、pH和pε)的变化影响了关键的物理、,化学和生物反应。人类还生产了大量的N和P肥料,造成了广泛的沿海缺氧和低溶解氧条件,现在甚至威胁到公海。因此,我们对状态变量的大规模改变削弱了珊瑚礁、渔业和海洋生态系统,而这些都是地球上生命的基础。我们指出,有无数的行动和替代方案将有助于遏制气候变化及其对海洋的影响,同时为人类和生态系统创造一个更可持续的未来。
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引用次数: 1
DMsan: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Framework and Package to Characterize Contextualized Sustainability of Sanitation and Resource Recovery Technologies DMsan:一个多标准决策分析框架和包,以表征环境卫生和资源回收技术的可持续性
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00067
Hannah A. C. Lohman, Victoria L. Morgan, Yalin Li, Xinyi Zhang, Lewis S. Rowles, Sherri M. Cook and Jeremy S. Guest*, 

In resource-limited settings, conventional sanitation systems often fail to meet their goals─with system failures stemming from a mismatch among community needs, constraints, and deployed technologies. Although decision-making tools exist to help assess the appropriateness of conventional sanitation systems in a specific context, there is a lack of a holistic decision-making framework to guide sanitation research, development, and deployment (RD&D) of technologies. In this study, we introduce DMsan─an open-source multi-criteria decision analysis Python package that enables users to transparently compare sanitation and resource recovery alternatives and characterize the opportunity space for early-stage technologies. Informed by the methodological choices frequently used in literature, the core structure of DMsan includes five criteria (technical, resource recovery, economic, environmental, and social), 28 indicators, criteria weight scenarios, and indicator weight scenarios tailored to 250 countries/territories, all of which can be adapted by end-users. DMsan integrates with the open-source Python package QSDsan (quantitative sustainable design for sanitation and resource recovery systems) for system design and simulation to calculate quantitative economic (via techno-economic analysis), environmental (via life cycle assessment), and resource recovery indicators under uncertainty. Here, we illustrate the core capabilities of DMsan using an existing, conventional sanitation system and two proposed alternative systems for Bwaise, an informal settlement in Kampala, Uganda. The two example use cases are (i) use by implementation decision makers to enhance decision-making transparency and understand the robustness of sanitation choices given uncertain and/or varying stakeholder input and technology ability and (ii) use by technology developers seeking to identify and expand the opportunity space for their technologies. Through these examples, we demonstrate the utility of DMsan to evaluate sanitation and resource recovery systems tailored to individual contexts and increase transparency in technology evaluations, RD&D prioritization, and context-specific decision making.

在资源有限的环境中,传统的卫生系统往往无法实现其目标─系统故障源于社区需求、限制和部署技术之间的不匹配。尽管存在有助于评估传统卫生系统在特定背景下的适当性的决策工具,但缺乏一个全面的决策框架来指导技术的卫生研究、开发和部署。在本研究中,我们介绍DMsan─一个开源的多标准决策分析Python包,使用户能够透明地比较卫生和资源回收替代方案,并描述早期技术的机会空间。根据文献中经常使用的方法选择,DMsan的核心结构包括五个标准(技术、资源回收、经济、环境和社会)、28个指标、标准权重情景和针对250个国家/地区的指标权重情景,所有这些都可以由最终用户进行调整。DMsan与开源Python包QSDsan(卫生和资源回收系统的定量可持续设计)集成,用于系统设计和模拟,以计算不确定性下的定量经济(通过技术经济分析)、环境(通过生命周期评估)和资源回收指标。在这里,我们展示了DMsan的核心能力,它使用了乌干达坎帕拉非正式定居点Bwaise的现有传统卫生系统和两个拟议的替代系统。两个示例用例是:(i)实施决策者用于提高决策透明度,并了解在利益相关者投入和技术能力不确定和/或变化的情况下卫生选择的稳健性;(ii)技术开发人员用于确定和扩大其技术的机会空间。通过这些例子,我们展示了DMsan在评估环境卫生和资源回收系统方面的实用性,这些系统是根据个人情况量身定制的,并提高了技术评估、RD&;D优先级,以及特定环境的决策。
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引用次数: 2
Tracking the Photomineralization Mechanism in Irradiated Lab-Generated and Field-Collected Brown Carbon Samples and Its Effect on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Abilities 跟踪辐照实验室生成和现场采集的棕碳样品的光电矿化机制及其对云凝结核能力的影响
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00055
Silvan Müller, Chiara Giorio and Nadine Borduas-Dedekind*, 

Organic aerosols affect the planet’s radiative balance by absorbing and scattering light as well as by activating cloud droplets. These organic aerosols contain chromophores, termed brown carbon (BrC), and can undergo indirect photochemistry, affecting their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here, we investigated the effect of photochemical aging by tracking the conversion of organic carbon into inorganic carbon, termed the photomineralization mechanism, and its effect on the CCN abilities in four different types of BrC samples: (1) laboratory-generated (NH4)2SO4-methylglyoxal solutions, (2) dissolved organic matter isolate from Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), (3) ambient firewood smoke aerosols, and (4) ambient urban wintertime particulate matter in Padua, Italy. Photomineralization occurred in all BrC samples albeit at different rates, evidenced by photobleaching and by loss of organic carbon up to 23% over a simulated 17.6 h of sunlight exposure. These losses were correlated with the production of CO up to 4% and of CO2 up to 54% of the initial organic carbon mass, monitored by gas chromatography. Photoproducts of formic, acetic, oxalic and pyruvic acids were also produced during irradiation of the BrC solutions, but at different yields depending on the sample. Despite these chemical changes, CCN abilities did not change substantially for the BrC samples. In fact, the CCN abilities were dictated by the salt content of the BrC solution, trumping a photomineralization effect on the CCN abilities for the hygroscopic BrC samples. Solutions of (NH4)2SO4-methylglyoxal, SRFA, firewood smoke, and ambient Padua samples had hygroscopicity parameters κ of 0.6, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6, respectively. As expected, the SRFA solution with a κ of 0.1 was most impacted by the photomineralization mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that the photomineralization mechanism is expected in all BrC samples and can drive changes in the optical properties and chemical composition of aging organic aerosols.

有机气溶胶通过吸收和散射光以及激活云滴来影响地球的辐射平衡。这些有机气溶胶含有发色团,称为棕碳(BrC),可以进行间接光化学,影响其作为云凝聚核(CCN)的能力。在这里,我们通过跟踪有机碳向无机碳的转化来研究光化学老化的影响,称为光惰性化机制,以及它对四种不同类型的BrC样品中CCN能力的影响:(1)实验室生成的(NH4)2SO4甲基乙二醛溶液,(2)从苏瓦尼河黄腐酸(SRFA)分离的溶解有机物,(3)环境柴火烟雾气溶胶和(4)意大利帕多瓦城市冬季环境颗粒物。所有BrC样品都发生了光矿化,尽管速率不同,这可以通过光漂白和有机碳在模拟17.6小时的阳光照射下损失高达23%来证明。通过气相色谱法监测,这些损失与高达初始有机碳质量4%的CO和高达54%的CO2的产生相关。在BrC溶液的辐照过程中,也产生了甲酸、乙酸、草酸和丙酮酸的光产物,但产率因样品而异。尽管有这些化学变化,BrC样品的CCN能力并没有发生实质性变化。事实上,CCN能力由BrC溶液的盐含量决定,超过了吸湿BrC样品的CCN能力的光惰化效应。(NH4)2SO4甲基乙二醛、SRFA、柴火烟雾和环境Padua样品的溶液的吸湿性参数κ分别为0.6、0.1、0.3和0.6。正如预期的那样,κ为0.1的SRFA溶液受到光矿化机制的影响最大。总的来说,我们的结果表明,光惰性化机制在所有BrC样品中都是预期的,并且可以驱动老化有机气溶胶的光学性质和化学成分的变化。
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引用次数: 3
ACS Environmental Au Best Paper Awards 2021–2022 ACS环境Au最佳论文奖2021-2022
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00005
Xiangdong Li*, Ian T. Cousins and Keri C. Hornbuckle, 
S the first issue of ACS Environmental Au was published in November 2021, we have been delighted to publish many high-quality and impactful Articles, Letters, Reviews, and Perspectives in the journal. We are extremely grateful to our authors, reviewers, Editorial Advisory Board (EAB) members, and readers for their consistent support in developing this new, premier open access environmental science and technology journal. To recognize some of the outstanding publications published in 2021 and 2022, we are very pleased to share our first ACS Environmental Au Best Paper Awards. We, as Editors, nominated papers to be considered for the award, including all article types and research topics published in the last two years. We highlighted those that demonstrated key elements of quality, such as scientific rigor, novelty, significance, and impact on the community. From a shortlist of candidate papers, we invited all of our EAB members to select their top five choices that best reflected the journal’s outstanding publications in 2021−2022. We are delighted to highlight the awardees of our first ACS Environmental Au Best Paper Awards, 2021−2022. Tehya Stockman, Shelly L. Miller et al. Measurements and Simulations of Aerosol Released while Singing and Playing Wind Instruments. ACS Environ. Au 2021 1 (1), 71−84. DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00007. The COVID-19 pandemic drastically changed our lives in the last three years. Understanding the transmission of bioaerosols in the air is very important in designing effective measures to control infection risk in public places. The teams of Tehya Stockman and Shelly Miller conducted important research on aerosol generation and transport while singing and playing wind instruments in choir and theater environments. The study utilized flow visualization, aerosol and CO2 measurements, and computational fluid dynamics modeling to understand the different components that can lead to SARSCoV-2 transmission risks. The results showed that plumes from musical performances were highly directional, unsteady and varied considerably in time and space. Face and bell masks attenuated plume velocities and lengths and decreased aerosol concentrations. This research generated substantial public interest and was quoted in numerous news reports and social media posts. This is also a great example of how open access can support disseminating new, rigorous science to the public, stakeholders, and policymakers. Asha de Vos and Anna P. M. Michel et al. The M/V X-Press Pearl Nurdle Spill: Contamination of Burnt Plastic and Unburnt Nurdles along Sri Lanka’s Beaches. ACS Environ. Au 2022, 2 (2), 128−135. DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00031. An international team led by Asha de Vos and Anna P. M. Michel conducted a rapid response study on a massive plastic spill event off the west coast of Sri Lanka. The M/V XPress Pearl cargo ship caught fire in May 2021 and spilled 70−75 billion pellets of preproduction plastic material, known as nurdles, into
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引用次数: 0
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ACS Environmental Au
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