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Primary Succession Changes the Composition and Functioning of the Protist Community on Mine Tailings, Especially Phototrophic Protists 原生演替改变了尾矿上原生生物群落的组成和功能,尤其是光养原生生物
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-06-29 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00066
Yongbin Li, Pin Gao, Xiaoxu Sun, Baoqin Li, Lifang Guo, Rui Yang, Xianfa Su, Wenlong Gao, Zhimin Xu, Geng Yan, Qi Wang and Weimin Sun*, 

Primary succession in mine tailings is a prerequisite for tailing vegetation. Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, play an important role in this process in the driving force for improving the nutritional status. Compared to bacteria and fungi, protist populations have rarely been investigated regarding their role in mine tailings, especially for those inhabiting tailings associated with primary succession. Protists are the primary consumers of fungi and bacteria, and their predatory actions promote the release of nutrients immobilized in the microbial biomass, as well as the uptake and turnover of nutrients, affecting the functions of the wider ecosystems. In this study, three different types of mine tailings associated with three successional stages (original tailings, biological crusts, and Miscanthus sinensis grasslands) were selected to characterize the protistan community diversity, structure, and function during primary succession. Some members classified as consumers dominated the network of microbial communities in the tailings, especially in the original bare land tailings. The keystone phototrophs of Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae showed the highest relative abundance in the biological crusts and grassland rhizosphere, respectively. In addition, the co-occurrences between protist and bacterial taxa demonstrated that the proportion of protistan phototrophs gradually increased during primary succession. Further, the metagenomic analysis of protistan metabolic potential showed that abundances of many functional genes associated with photosynthesis increased during the primary succession of tailings. Overall, these results suggest that the primary succession of mine tailings drives the changes observed in the protistan community, and in turn, the protistan phototrophs facilitate the primary succession of tailings. This research offers an initial insight into the changes in biodiversity, structure, and function of the protistan community during ecological succession on tailings.

尾矿的原生演替是尾矿植被形成的先决条件。包括细菌、真菌和原生生物在内的微生物在这一过程中起着重要的推动作用,是改善营养状况的动力。与细菌和真菌相比,原生生物种群在尾矿中的作用很少被研究,特别是那些与初级演替有关的尾矿生物。原生生物是真菌和细菌的主要消费者,它们的捕食行为促进了固定在微生物生物量中的营养物质的释放,以及营养物质的吸收和周转,影响了更广泛的生态系统的功能。本研究以3个演替阶段(原始尾砂、生物结壳和芒草草地)的3种不同类型的尾矿为研究对象,对原始演替过程中原生生物群落的多样性、结构和功能进行了研究。一些被归类为消费者的成员主导了尾矿中微生物群落的网络,特别是在原始裸地尾矿中。绿藻门和海藻门的重点光养菌在生物结壳和草地根际的相对丰度最高。此外,原生生物与细菌类群的共生现象表明,原生生物光养生物的比例在原生演替过程中逐渐增加。此外,原生生物代谢势的宏基因组分析表明,在尾矿初次演替过程中,许多与光合作用相关的功能基因的丰度增加。综上所述,这些结果表明,尾矿的初次演替驱动了原生生物群落的变化,反过来,原生生物光养生物促进了尾矿的初次演替。本研究初步揭示了尾矿生态演替过程中原生生物群落的生物多样性、结构和功能的变化。
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引用次数: 7
Plastic Burning Impacts on Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter at Urban and Rural Sites in the USA and Bangladesh 塑料燃烧对美国和孟加拉国城乡大气细颗粒物的影响
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00054
Md. Robiul Islam, Josie Welker, Abdus Salam and Elizabeth A. Stone*, 

To better understand the impact of plastic burning on atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), we evaluated two methods for the quantification of 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (TPB), a molecular tracer of plastic burning. Compared to traditional solvent-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) techniques, thermal-desorption (TD) GCMS provided higher throughput, lower limits of detection, more precise spike recoveries, a wider linear quantification range, and reduced solvent use. This method enabled quantification of TPB in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected at rural and urban sites in the USA and Bangladesh. These analyses demonstrated a measurable impact of plastic burning at 5 of the 6 study locations, with the largest absolute and relative TPB concentrations occurring in Dhaka, Bangladesh, where plastic burning is expected to be a significant source of PM2.5. Background-level contributions of plastic burning in the USA were estimated to be 0.004–0.03 μg m–3 of PM2.5 mass. Across the four sites in the USA, the lower estimate of plastic burning contributions to PM2.5 ranged 0.04–0.8%, while the median estimate ranged 0.3–3% (save for Atlanta, Georgia, in the wintertime at 2–7%). The results demonstrate a consistent presence of plastic burning emissions in ambient PM2.5 across urban and rural sites in the USA, with a relatively small impact in comparison to other anthropogenic combustion sources in most cases. Much higher TPB concentrations were observed in Dhaka, with estimated plastic burning impacts on PM2.5 ranging from a lower estimate of 0.3–1.8 μg m–3 (0.6–2% of PM2.5) and the median estimate ranging 2–35 μg m–3 (5–15% of PM2.5). The methodological advances and new measurements presented herein help to assess the air quality impacts of burning plastic more broadly.

为了更好地了解塑料燃烧对大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的影响,我们评估了两种量化塑料燃烧分子示踪剂1,3,5-三苯基苯(TPB)的方法。与传统的溶剂萃取气相色谱质谱(GCMS)技术相比,热解吸(TD) GCMS具有更高的通量、更低的检测限、更精确的峰回收率、更宽的线性定量范围和更少的溶剂使用。该方法可以量化在美国和孟加拉国农村和城市收集的细颗粒物(PM2.5)样本中的TPB。这些分析表明,在6个研究地点中,有5个地点的塑料燃烧产生了可测量的影响,其中孟加拉国达卡的绝对和相对TPB浓度最高,那里的塑料燃烧预计将成为PM2.5的重要来源。据估计,美国塑料燃烧对背景水平的贡献为PM2.5质量的0.004-0.03 μg m-3。在美国的四个地点,塑料燃烧对PM2.5的贡献的最低估计范围为0.04-0.8%,而中位数估计范围为0.3-3%(除了佐治亚州亚特兰大,冬季为2-7%)。研究结果表明,在美国城市和农村地区,塑料燃烧排放在环境PM2.5中始终存在,在大多数情况下,与其他人为燃烧源相比,影响相对较小。达卡观察到更高的TPB浓度,估计塑料燃烧对PM2.5的影响范围从0.3-1.8 μg m-3 (PM2.5的0.6-2%)的较低估计值到2-35 μg m-3 (PM2.5的5-15%)。本文提出的方法进步和新的测量方法有助于更广泛地评估燃烧塑料对空气质量的影响。
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引用次数: 8
Exceptional Mineral Scaling Resistance from the Surface Gas Layer: Impacts of Surface Wetting Properties and the Gas Layer Charging Mechanism 来自表面气层的特殊矿物抗结垢性:表面润湿特性和气层充注机制的影响
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-31 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00011
Thomas Horseman,  and , Shihong Lin*, 

Mineral scaling is a phenomenon that occurs on submerged surfaces in contact with saline solutions. In membrane desalination, heat exchangers, and marine structures, mineral scaling reduces process efficiency and eventually leads to process failure. Therefore, achieving long-term scaling resistance is beneficial to enhancing process performance and reducing operating and maintenance costs. While evidence shows that superhydrophobic surfaces may reduce mineral scaling kinetics, prolonged scaling resistance is limited due to the finite stability of the entrained gas layer present in a Cassie–Baxter wetting state. Additionally, superhydrophobic surfaces are not always feasible for all applications, but strategies for long-term scaling resistance with smooth or even hydrophilic surfaces are often overlooked. In this study, we elucidate the role of interfacial nanobubbles on the scaling kinetics of submerged surfaces of varied wetting properties, including those that do not entrain a gas layer. We show that both solution conditions and surface wetting properties that promote interfacial bubble formation enhances scaling resistance. In the absence of interfacial bubbles, scaling kinetics decrease as surface energy decreases, while the presence of bulk nanobubbles enhances the scaling resistance of the surface with any wetting property. The findings in this study allude to scaling mitigation strategies that are enabled by solution and surface properties that promote the formation and stability of interfacial gas layers and provide insights to surface and process design for greater scaling resistance.

矿物结垢是一种发生在与盐溶液接触的浸没表面上的现象。在膜脱盐、热交换器和海洋结构中,矿物结垢会降低工艺效率并最终导致工艺失败。因此,实现长期抗结垢有利于提高工艺性能,降低操作和维护成本。虽然有证据表明,超疏水表面可能会降低矿物结垢动力学,但由于在Cassie-Baxter润湿状态下携带的气层的有限稳定性,延长的结垢阻力是有限的。此外,超疏水表面并不总是适用于所有应用,但光滑甚至亲水表面的长期抗结垢策略经常被忽视。在这项研究中,我们阐明了界面纳米气泡在不同润湿特性的浸没表面的结垢动力学中的作用,包括那些不携带气体层的表面。我们发现促进界面气泡形成的溶液条件和表面润湿特性都增强了抗结垢性。在没有界面气泡的情况下,随着表面能的降低,结垢动力学降低,而体纳米气泡的存在增强了具有任何润湿性能的表面的结垢阻力。本研究的发现暗示了通过溶液和表面特性促进界面气层形成和稳定性的结垢缓解策略,并为表面和工艺设计提供了更大的抗结垢性。
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引用次数: 1
Environmental Engineers Addressing the Grand Challenges of the 21st Century 环境工程师应对21世纪的重大挑战
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-18 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00025
Fangqiong Ling*,  and , Keri C. Hornbuckle*, 
W are happy to introduce our third issue of ACS Environmental Au in 2022. With this collection of eight research articles and critical reviews, we are proud to highlight the work of environmental engineers and scientists across the globe, addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing society. “The discipline of environmental engineering has no single, widely agreed-upon definition”here we quote the 2019 report from an ad hoc committee of the Water Science and Technology Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. In that inspiring report, in lieu of defining “environmental engineering” or identifying specific environmental challenges, the committee chose to identify “the most pressing challenges of the 21st century for which the expertise of environmental engineering will be needed to help resolve or manage’’. These grand challenges include (a) providing a sustainable supply of food, water and energy, (b) reducing climate change and adapting to its impacts, (c) designing a future without pollution and waste, (d) creating efficient, healthy, resilient cities, and (e) fostering informed decisions and actions. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided an additional challenge, and environmental engineers have stepped up to provide new technologies to help curb the pandemic. The contributions in this issue address many of these grand challenges of the 21 century. Below you will find a synopsis of the articles and review in this issue, grouped by the above-mentioned challenges that they are helping address.
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引用次数: 0
Daily Emission Patterns of Coal-Fired Power Plants in China Based on Multisource Data Fusion 基于多源数据融合的中国燃煤电厂日排放模式
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00014
Nana Wu, Guannan Geng, Xinying Qin, Dan Tong, Yixuan Zheng, Yu Lei and Qiang Zhang*, 

Daily emission estimates are essential for tracking the dynamic changes in emission sources. In this work, we estimate daily emissions of coal-fired power plants in China during 2017–2020 by combining information from the unit-based China coal-fired Power plant Emissions Database (CPED) and real-time measurements from continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). We develop a step-by-step method to screen outliers and impute missing values for data from CEMS. Then, plant-level daily profiles of flue gas volume and emissions obtained from CEMS are coupled with annual emissions from CPED to derive daily emissions. Reasonable agreement is found between emission variations and available statistics (i.e., monthly power generation and daily coal consumption). Daily power emissions are in the range of 6267–12,994, 0.4–1.3, 6.5–12.0, and 2.5–6.8 Gg for CO2, PM2.5, NOx, and SO2, respectively, with high emissions in winter and summer caused by heating and cooling demand. Our estimates can capture sudden decreases (e.g., those associated with COVID-19 lockdowns and short-term emission controls) or increases (e.g., those related to a drought) in daily power emissions during typical socioeconomic events. We also find that weekly patterns from CEMS exhibit no obvious weekend effect compared to those in previous studies. The daily power emissions will help to improve chemical transport modeling and facilitate policy formulation.

每日排放估算对于跟踪排放源的动态变化至关重要。在这项工作中,我们结合了基于单位的中国燃煤电厂排放数据库(CPED)和连续排放监测系统(CEMS)的实时测量数据,估算了2017-2020年中国燃煤电厂的日排放量。我们开发了一种循序渐进的方法来筛选异常值并为CEMS数据输入缺失值。然后,将从CEMS获得的工厂级烟气量和排放量的每日概况与CPED的年排放量相结合,得出每日排放量。在排放变化和现有统计数据(即每月发电量和每日煤炭消耗量)之间发现了合理的一致。CO2、PM2.5、NOx、SO2的日排放量分别为6267 ~ 12994、0.4 ~ 1.3、6.5 ~ 12.0、2.5 ~ 6.8 Gg,其中冬夏两季因采暖制冷需求而排放量较高。我们的估计可以捕捉到典型社会经济事件期间每日电力排放量的突然减少(例如,与COVID-19封锁和短期排放控制有关的减少)或增加(例如,与干旱有关的增加)。我们还发现,与以往的研究相比,CEMS的每周模式没有明显的周末效应。每日电力排放数据将有助于改进化学运输模型,促进政策制定。
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引用次数: 3
Direct Air Capture of CO2 Using a Liquid Amine–Solid Carbamic Acid Phase-Separation System Using Diamines Bearing an Aminocyclohexyl Group 使用带有氨基环己基的二胺的液胺-固体氨基甲酸相分离系统直接空气捕获CO2
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-10 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00065
Soichi Kikkawa, Kazushi Amamoto, Yu Fujiki, Jun Hirayama, Gen Kato, Hiroki Miura, Tetsuya Shishido and Seiji Yamazoe*, 

The phase separation between a liquid amine and the solid carbamic acid exhibited >99% CO2 removal efficiency under a 400 ppm CO2 flow system using diamines bearing an aminocyclohexyl group. Among them, isophorone diamine [IPDA; 3-(aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine] exhibited the highest CO2 removal efficiency. IPDA reacted with CO2 in a CO2/IPDA molar ratio of ≥1 even in H2O as a solvent. The captured CO2 was completely desorbed at 333 K because the dissolved carbamate ion releases CO2 at low temperatures. The reusability of IPDA under CO2 adsorption-and-desorption cycles without degradation, the >99% efficiency kept for 100 h under direct air capture conditions, and the high CO2 capture rate (201 mmol/h for 1 mol of amine) suggest that the phase separation system using IPDA is robust and durable for practical use.

液体胺和固体氨基甲酸之间的相分离表现出>;在使用带有氨基环己基的二胺的400ppm CO2流动系统下99%的CO2去除效率。其中,异佛尔酮二胺[IDA;3-(氨基甲基)-3,5,5-三甲基环己胺]表现出最高的CO2去除效率。即使在作为溶剂的H2O中,IPDA也以≥1的CO2/IPDA摩尔比与CO2反应。捕获的CO2在333K下完全解吸,因为溶解的氨基甲酸根离子在低温下释放CO2。IPDA在没有降解的CO2吸附和解吸循环下的可重复使用性,>;99%的效率在直接空气捕获条件下保持100小时,并且高CO2捕获速率(对于1摩尔胺为201毫摩尔/小时)表明使用IPDA的相分离系统在实际使用中是坚固耐用的。
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引用次数: 6
Revisiting the Key Driving Processes of the Decadal Trend of Aerosol Acidity in the U.S 美国气溶胶酸度年代际变化趋势的关键驱动过程
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-06 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00055
Guangjie Zheng, Hang Su and Yafang Cheng*, 
Acidity is one essential parameter in determining the aqueous phase physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere and strongly influences the climate, ecological, and health effects of aerosols. Traditionally, aerosol acidity is thought to increase with emissions of atmospheric acidic substances (SO2, NOx, etc.) and decrease with that of alkaline ones (NH3, dust, etc.). However, decade-long observations in southeastern U.S. seem to disagree with this hypothesis: while the emissions of NH3 versus SO2 enhanced by over three times, the predicted aerosol acidity is stable, and the observed particle-phase ammonium-to-sulfate ratio is even decreasing. Here, we investigated into this issue with the recently proposed multiphase buffer theory. We show that historically, there is a transition in the dominant drivers of aerosol acidity in this region. Under the ammonia-poor conditions before ∼2008, the acidity is governed by HSO4–/SO42– buffering and the water self-buffering effect. Under the ammonia-rich conditions after ∼2008, aerosol acidity is mainly buffered by NH4+/NH3. Buffering from the organic acids is negligible in the investigated period. In addition, the observed decrease in ammonium-to-sulfate ratio is due to the increased importance of non-volatile cations, especially after ∼2014. We predict that until ∼2050, the aerosols will remain in the ammonia-buffered regime, and the nitrate will remain largely (>98%) in the gas phase in southeastern U.S.
酸度是决定大气中水相物理和化学过程的一个重要参数,它强烈影响气溶胶对气候、生态和健康的影响。传统上认为,气溶胶的酸度随着大气酸性物质(SO2、NOx等)的排放而增加,而随着碱性物质(NH3、粉尘等)的排放而减少。然而,在美国东南部长达十年的观测似乎不同意这一假设:虽然NH3与SO2的排放量增加了三倍以上,但预测的气溶胶酸度是稳定的,而且观测到的颗粒相氨与硫酸盐的比例甚至在下降。在这里,我们用最近提出的多相缓冲理论来研究这个问题。我们表明,从历史上看,该地区气溶胶酸度的主要驱动因素发生了转变。在~ 2008年之前的贫氨条件下,酸度由HSO4 - /SO42 -缓冲和水的自缓冲作用控制。在富氨条件下,~ 2008年后,气溶胶酸度主要由NH4+/NH3缓冲。在研究期间,有机酸的缓冲作用可以忽略不计。此外,观察到的氨硫酸盐比的下降是由于非挥发性阳离子的重要性增加,特别是在~ 2014年之后。我们预测,直到2050年,气溶胶仍将处于氨缓冲状态,而在美国东南部,硝酸盐将大部分(98%)保持在气相中
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引用次数: 1
Source Apportionment of Speciated Mercury in Chinese Rice Grain Using a High-Resolution Model 基于高分辨率模型的中国水稻籽粒中特定汞来源解析
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00061
Yuying Cui, Qingru Wu, Kaiyun Liu, Shuxiao Wang*, Xun Wang, Tao Jiang, Bo Meng, Yurong Wu and Jia Guo, 

Rice grain consumption is a primary pathway of human mercury exposure. To trace the source of rice grain mercury in China, we developed a rice paddy mercury transport and transformation model with a grid resolution of 1 km × 1 km by using the unit cell mass conservation method. The simulated total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in Chinese rice grain ranged from 0.08 to 243.6 and 0.03 to 238.6 μg/kg, respectively, in 2017. Approximately, 81.3% of the national average rice grain THg concentration was due to atmospheric mercury deposition. However, soil heterogeneity, especially the variation in soil mercury, led to the wide rice grain THg distribution across grids. Approximately, 64.8% of the national average rice grain MeHg concentration was due to soil mercury. In situ methylation was the main pathway via which the rice grain MeHg concentration was increased. The coupled impact of high mercury input and methylation potential led to extremely high rice grain MeHg in partial grids among Guizhou province and junctions with surrounding provinces. The spatial variation in soil organic matter significantly impacted the methylation potential among grids, especially in Northeast China. Based on the high-resolution rice grain THg concentration, we identified 0.72% of grids as heavily polluted THg grids (rice grain THg > 20 μg/kg). These grids mainly corresponded to areas in which the human activities of nonferrous metal smelting, cement clinker production, and mercury and other metal mining were conducted. Thus, we recommended measures that are targeted at the control of heavy pollution of rice grain by THg according to the pollution sources. In addition, we observed a wide spatial variation range of MeHg to THg ratios not only in China but also in other regions of the world, which highlights the potential risk of rice intake.

食用稻米是人类接触汞的主要途径。为了追踪中国水稻颗粒汞的来源,采用单位细胞质量守恒法建立了网格分辨率为1 km × 1 km的水稻颗粒汞运移转化模型。2017年中国大米中模拟总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)浓度分别为0.08 ~ 243.6 μg/kg和0.03 ~ 238.6 μg/kg。全国稻米THg平均浓度的81.3%来自于大气汞沉降。然而,土壤的异质性,特别是土壤汞含量的变化,导致水稻THg在网格上分布较宽。全国稻米MeHg平均浓度的64.8%来自土壤汞。原位甲基化是水稻甲基汞浓度升高的主要途径。高汞输入和甲基化电位的耦合作用导致贵州部分网格及与周边省份交界的水稻MeHg极高。土壤有机质的空间变化对网格间甲基化电位有显著影响,特别是在东北地区。基于高分辨率的稻米THg浓度,我们确定了0.72%的网格为严重污染的THg网格(稻米THg >20μg /公斤)。这些网格主要对应有色金属冶炼、水泥熟料生产、汞和其他金属开采等人类活动的区域。因此,我们根据污染源的不同,提出了有针对性的控制水稻重污染的措施。此外,我们观察到不仅在中国,而且在世界其他地区,MeHg与THg比值的空间变化范围也很广,这突出了大米摄入的潜在风险。
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引用次数: 3
Effects of Acidity on Reactive Oxygen Species Formation from Secondary Organic Aerosols 酸度对二次有机气溶胶中活性氧生成的影响
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-04-29 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00018
Jinlai Wei, Ting Fang and Manabu Shiraiwa*, 

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the chemical transformation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and aerosol health effects by causing oxidative stress in vivo. Acidity is an important physicochemical property of atmospheric aerosols, but its effects on the ROS formation from SOA have been poorly characterized. By applying the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique and the Diogenes chemiluminescence assay, we find highly distinct radical yields and composition at different pH values in the range of 1–7.4 from SOA generated by oxidation of isoprene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, toluene, and naphthalene. We observe that isoprene SOA has substantial hydroxyl radical (OH) and organic radical yields at neutral pH, which are 1.5–2 times higher compared to acidic conditions in total radical yields. Superoxide (O2•–) is found to be the dominant species generated by all types of SOAs at lower pH. At neutral pH, α-terpineol SOA exhibits a substantial yield of carbon-centered organic radicals, while no radical formation is observed by aromatic SOA. Further experiments with model compounds show that the decomposition of organic peroxide leading to radical formation may be suppressed at lower pH due to acid-catalyzed rearrangement of peroxides. We also observe 1.5–3 times higher molar yields of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acidic conditions compared to neutral pH by biogenic and aromatic SOA, likely due to enhanced decomposition of α-hydroxyhydroperoxides and quinone redox cycling, respectively. These findings are critical to bridge the gap in understanding ROS formation mechanisms and kinetics in atmospheric and physiological environments.

活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)通过在体内引起氧化应激,在大气二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol, SOA)的化学转化和气溶胶健康效应中发挥关键作用。酸度是大气气溶胶的一项重要理化性质,但其对SOA形成活性氧的影响尚不清楚。通过应用电子顺磁共振自旋俘获技术和Diogenes化学发光实验,我们发现异戊二烯、α-松油醇、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、甲苯和萘在不同pH值范围内氧化产生的SOA在1-7.4范围内的自由基产率和组成有很大差异。我们观察到异戊二烯SOA在中性pH下具有大量的羟基自由基(•OH)和有机自由基产率,其总自由基产率是酸性条件下的1.5-2倍。超氧化物(O2•-)是所有类型SOA在较低pH下生成的主要物质。在中性pH下,α-松油醇SOA能大量生成碳中心有机自由基,而芳香型SOA则没有形成自由基。对模型化合物的进一步实验表明,由于酸催化过氧化物的重排,有机过氧化物的分解导致自由基的形成可能在较低的pH下被抑制。我们还观察到,在酸性条件下,与中性pH相比,生物源性和芳香性SOA的过氧化氢(H2O2)的摩尔产率提高了1.5-3倍,这可能是由于α-羟基过氧化物和醌氧化还原循环的分解增强。这些发现对于理解ROS在大气和生理环境中的形成机制和动力学至关重要。
{"title":"Effects of Acidity on Reactive Oxygen Species Formation from Secondary Organic Aerosols","authors":"Jinlai Wei,&nbsp;Ting Fang and Manabu Shiraiwa*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00018","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the chemical transformation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and aerosol health effects by causing oxidative stress <i>in vivo</i>. Acidity is an important physicochemical property of atmospheric aerosols, but its effects on the ROS formation from SOA have been poorly characterized. By applying the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique and the Diogenes chemiluminescence assay, we find highly distinct radical yields and composition at different pH values in the range of 1–7.4 from SOA generated by oxidation of isoprene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, toluene, and naphthalene. We observe that isoprene SOA has substantial hydroxyl radical (<sup>•</sup>OH) and organic radical yields at neutral pH, which are 1.5–2 times higher compared to acidic conditions in total radical yields. Superoxide (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•–</sup>) is found to be the dominant species generated by all types of SOAs at lower pH. At neutral pH, α-terpineol SOA exhibits a substantial yield of carbon-centered organic radicals, while no radical formation is observed by aromatic SOA. Further experiments with model compounds show that the decomposition of organic peroxide leading to radical formation may be suppressed at lower pH due to acid-catalyzed rearrangement of peroxides. We also observe 1.5–3 times higher molar yields of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) in acidic conditions compared to neutral pH by biogenic and aromatic SOA, likely due to enhanced decomposition of α-hydroxyhydroperoxides and quinone redox cycling, respectively. These findings are critical to bridge the gap in understanding ROS formation mechanisms and kinetics in atmospheric and physiological environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":29801,"journal":{"name":"ACS Environmental Au","volume":"2 4","pages":"336–345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9342606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40583197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Association of Chemical Aggregates and Fungal Moieties Affecting Native Environmental Films 影响本地环境膜的化学聚集体和真菌部分的关联
Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-04-14 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00004
Jessica L DeYoung,  and , Scott K. Shaw*, 

Fungi are prevalent microorganisms in environmental films. Their impacts on the film chemical environment and morphology remains poorly defined. Here we present microscopic and chemical analyses fungi impacts to environmental films over long- and short-time scales. We report bulk properties of films accumulated for 2 months (February and March 2019) and 12 months to contrast short and longer-term effects. Bright field microscopy results show that fungi and fungal-associated aggregates cover close to 14% of the surface after 12 months and include significant numbers of large (tens to hundreds of μm in diameter) particles aggregated with fungal colonies. Data acquired for films accumulated over shorter times (2 months) suggest mechanisms that contribute to these longer-term effects. This is important because the film’s exposed surface will determine what additional material will accumulate over the ensuing weeks or months. A combination of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy provides spatially resolved maps of fugal hypha and nearby elements of interest. We also identify a “nutrient pool” associated with the fungal hypha which extend orthogonally to the growth direction to ca. 50 μm distances. We conclude that fungi have both short-term and long-term effects on the chemistry and morphology of environmental film surfaces. In short, the presence (or absence) of fungi will significantly alter the films’ evolution and should be considered when analyzing environmental film impacts on local processes.

真菌是环境膜中普遍存在的微生物。它们对薄膜化学环境和形态的影响仍不清楚。在这里,我们提出了微观和化学分析真菌对环境膜的影响在长时间和短时间尺度。我们报告了2个月(2019年2月和3月)和12个月累积的薄膜的大量特性,以对比短期和长期影响。明光显微镜结果显示,真菌和真菌相关聚集体在12个月后覆盖了近14%的表面,其中包括大量与真菌菌落聚集的大颗粒(直径数十至数百μm)。在较短时间内(2个月)积累的电影数据表明了促成这些长期影响的机制。这一点很重要,因为薄膜暴露的表面将决定在接下来的几周或几个月里会积累什么额外的物质。扫描电子显微镜和能量色散x射线光谱学的结合提供了真菌菌丝和感兴趣的附近元素的空间分辨图。我们还发现了一个与真菌菌丝相关的“营养池”,它垂直延伸到生长方向约50 μm的距离。我们认为真菌对环境膜表面的化学和形态有短期和长期的影响。总之,真菌的存在(或不存在)将显著改变膜的演化,在分析环境膜对局部过程的影响时应予以考虑。
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引用次数: 0
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ACS Environmental Au
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