A miniature electromagnetic field probe using a 0.6-mm linear dipole antenna has been developed. The probe response in a spatially varying electric field is studied. Based on the Nyquist sampling theorem, the spatial sampling frequency at which an electric field should be measured to obtain good reconstruction is established. It is shown that for an undistorted reconstruction of the electric field, the field itself should be sampled at a frequency higher than twice its spatial frequency component and the highest frequency component of the antenna transmitting current. If this criterion is satisfied, then the relationship between the electric field and the antenna voltage response shows that accurate reconstruction of the field is possible with a good knowledge of the antenna transmitting current. Theoretical findings are compared with numerical results for the voltage response obtained with the method of moments. Only one-dimensional fields are considered, but the methodology presented can be applied to general three-dimensional fields.<>
{"title":"Spatial response of a miniature field probe in an arbitrary electric field","authors":"K. T. Ng, T. Batchman, S. Harrah","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36887","url":null,"abstract":"A miniature electromagnetic field probe using a 0.6-mm linear dipole antenna has been developed. The probe response in a spatially varying electric field is studied. Based on the Nyquist sampling theorem, the spatial sampling frequency at which an electric field should be measured to obtain good reconstruction is established. It is shown that for an undistorted reconstruction of the electric field, the field itself should be sampled at a frequency higher than twice its spatial frequency component and the highest frequency component of the antenna transmitting current. If this criterion is satisfied, then the relationship between the electric field and the antenna voltage response shows that accurate reconstruction of the field is possible with a good knowledge of the antenna transmitting current. Theoretical findings are compared with numerical results for the voltage response obtained with the method of moments. Only one-dimensional fields are considered, but the methodology presented can be applied to general three-dimensional fields.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115257980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel method for milling flat-bottomed circular holes with more accurate diameters has been added to the data preparation software for the vertical workstation of an automated manufacturing research facility. Additional design functions, a new process planning function, and a new numerical control (NC) code-generating function have been added to the software to implement the method. The cutting algorithm uses a touch probe to measure the diameter of the semifinished hole during the cutting process. The radius used to finish cut the hole is then changed from its nominal value by an amount equal to the difference between the nominal and measured values of the radius of the semifinished hole. The new hole milling process corrects errors caused either by tool deflection or by using a tool whose actual radius differs from its nominal radius. With this process, errors in the diameter of a hole cut with an end mill have been reduced from roughly five mils (plus tool diameter error) to about one mil (regardless of tool diameter error), as compared with a process that does not measure during cutting.<>
{"title":"Automatic generation of NC-code for hole cutting with in-process metrology","authors":"Thomas R. Kramer","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36818","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method for milling flat-bottomed circular holes with more accurate diameters has been added to the data preparation software for the vertical workstation of an automated manufacturing research facility. Additional design functions, a new process planning function, and a new numerical control (NC) code-generating function have been added to the software to implement the method. The cutting algorithm uses a touch probe to measure the diameter of the semifinished hole during the cutting process. The radius used to finish cut the hole is then changed from its nominal value by an amount equal to the difference between the nominal and measured values of the radius of the semifinished hole. The new hole milling process corrects errors caused either by tool deflection or by using a tool whose actual radius differs from its nominal radius. With this process, errors in the diameter of a hole cut with an end mill have been reduced from roughly five mils (plus tool diameter error) to about one mil (regardless of tool diameter error), as compared with a process that does not measure during cutting.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"306 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124286202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors describe a novel instrument which measures AC electromagnetic fields by using three detection coils and analog computation circuits. The instrument has a basic accuracy of 0.5% for frequencies up to 3 kHz. Three measurement methods have been incorporated in the meter: root mean square, average and 60 Hz average. The results of a measurement program at an elementary school located at the edge of a high-voltage transmission line right of way are discussed.<>
{"title":"A tri-axis electromagnetic field meter (HV transmission line effects)","authors":"R. Arseneau, J. Zelle","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36870","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe a novel instrument which measures AC electromagnetic fields by using three detection coils and analog computation circuits. The instrument has a basic accuracy of 0.5% for frequencies up to 3 kHz. Three measurement methods have been incorporated in the meter: root mean square, average and 60 Hz average. The results of a measurement program at an elementary school located at the edge of a high-voltage transmission line right of way are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116009838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waveform estimates that are based on samples taken with timing jitter tend to be biased. The authors derive expressions for the bias that results from using the sample mean for the bias that results from using the sample mean as an estimator, and they show that it can be approximated in the frequency domain by a simple filter function. The Markov estimator used in the sampling voltage tracker is also studied and shown to converge asymptotically to the population median. It is therefore an unbiased estimator for monotonic waveforms sampled with jitter distributions having a median of zero.<>
{"title":"The effects of timing jitter in sampling systems","authors":"T. Souders, D. R. Flach, C. Hagwood, G. Yang","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36851","url":null,"abstract":"Waveform estimates that are based on samples taken with timing jitter tend to be biased. The authors derive expressions for the bias that results from using the sample mean for the bias that results from using the sample mean as an estimator, and they show that it can be approximated in the frequency domain by a simple filter function. The Markov estimator used in the sampling voltage tracker is also studied and shown to converge asymptotically to the population median. It is therefore an unbiased estimator for monotonic waveforms sampled with jitter distributions having a median of zero.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128499095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors propose a signal processing method for measuring the velocity of moving objects (or moving scenes) using 2D spatial filters. The central (peak) frequency of the bell-shaped spectrum that contains the velocity information on the moving objects is estimated by fitting the sensor measurement data to AR(2) (second-order autoregressive) models so that the estimated coefficients directly yield the estimated peak of the spectrum. A computer simulation experiment was carried out and showed that the method yields a good estimate of the peak frequency corresponding to the velocity of the moving object.<>
{"title":"An estimation method of the central frequency for optical velocity sensors","authors":"M. Tsudagawa, S. Sugimoto, H. Yamada","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36902","url":null,"abstract":"The authors propose a signal processing method for measuring the velocity of moving objects (or moving scenes) using 2D spatial filters. The central (peak) frequency of the bell-shaped spectrum that contains the velocity information on the moving objects is estimated by fitting the sensor measurement data to AR(2) (second-order autoregressive) models so that the estimated coefficients directly yield the estimated peak of the spectrum. A computer simulation experiment was carried out and showed that the method yields a good estimate of the peak frequency corresponding to the velocity of the moving object.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121716624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author proposes a microprocessor-based hardware implementation of a high-precision phase measurement technique. The hardware implementation requires two reduced tables: a sine table and a cosine table. If each table has (i(i+5)/2) entries, then the phase can be accurately determined even if the signals are distorted by any number of harmonics in the range of 2nd through ith harmonics. This design could easily be fabricated to make a 28-pin custom VLSI chip.<>
{"title":"High precision phase measurement using reduced sine and cosine tables","authors":"S. Mahmud","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36857","url":null,"abstract":"The author proposes a microprocessor-based hardware implementation of a high-precision phase measurement technique. The hardware implementation requires two reduced tables: a sine table and a cosine table. If each table has (i(i+5)/2) entries, then the phase can be accurately determined even if the signals are distorted by any number of harmonics in the range of 2nd through ith harmonics. This design could easily be fabricated to make a 28-pin custom VLSI chip.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124012277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method is presented for compensating in real-time for the transfer function of a data acquisition channel by means of a digital IIR (infinite impulse response) filter. The theory behind the measurement is developed, the experimental setup is described, and the estimation results are presented. Real-time experiments have shown that correction within a long-term error of +or-0.01 dB on the flatness of the amplitude and 0.1 degrees on the linearity of the phase is possible.<>
{"title":"Towards an ideal data acquisition channel","authors":"R. Pintelon, Y. Rolain, M. Bossche, J. Schoukens","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36869","url":null,"abstract":"A method is presented for compensating in real-time for the transfer function of a data acquisition channel by means of a digital IIR (infinite impulse response) filter. The theory behind the measurement is developed, the experimental setup is described, and the estimation results are presented. Real-time experiments have shown that correction within a long-term error of +or-0.01 dB on the flatness of the amplitude and 0.1 degrees on the linearity of the phase is possible.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129758365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of a host-independent data-acquisition system is described. Host independence is achieved by using an RS-232 communication link between the host and data-acquisition system. The capability for system expansion, both in size and functionality, is achieved through the use of a system bus and an accompanying 8-bit microprocessor for communication and control. The motivation for the system's development was to reduce the cumbersome interface problems frequently encountered when an acquisition system is moved from one host computer to another.<>
{"title":"An easy-to-use, host-independent data acquisition system","authors":"D.D. Nigus, S. Dyer","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36826","url":null,"abstract":"The design of a host-independent data-acquisition system is described. Host independence is achieved by using an RS-232 communication link between the host and data-acquisition system. The capability for system expansion, both in size and functionality, is achieved through the use of a system bus and an accompanying 8-bit microprocessor for communication and control. The motivation for the system's development was to reduce the cumbersome interface problems frequently encountered when an acquisition system is moved from one host computer to another.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127871423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An arbitrary function generator capable of running from very low clock rates up to 800 Ms/s has been developed with sufficient timing and noise margins to allow repeatable unit-to-unit production and long operational life. The generator uses an 8-bit gallium arsenide digital/analog converter and a multiplexing scheme to allow waveform memory to be stored in a relatively low-speed memory. Critical timing details that allow operation at such a high speed are presented. Methods for loading signals and noise into the memory are also touched upon.<>
{"title":"800 Ms/s arbitrary function generator","authors":"C. Gyles","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36861","url":null,"abstract":"An arbitrary function generator capable of running from very low clock rates up to 800 Ms/s has been developed with sufficient timing and noise margins to allow repeatable unit-to-unit production and long operational life. The generator uses an 8-bit gallium arsenide digital/analog converter and a multiplexing scheme to allow waveform memory to be stored in a relatively low-speed memory. Critical timing details that allow operation at such a high speed are presented. Methods for loading signals and noise into the memory are also touched upon.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133018123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors discuss the real-time aspects of the absolute position measurement of an AGV (automated guided vehicle) whose guidepath has been encoded with a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS). In particular, the problem of pseudorandom-to-natural-binary code conversion and the resulting improved AGV navigation are discussed. Different approaches to the code conversion process are examined, and a cost analysis of the different approaches is presented.<>
{"title":"Developments in the measuring of the absolute position of automated guided vehicles","authors":"J. Basran, E. Petriu, F. Groen","doi":"10.1109/IMTC.1989.36835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.1989.36835","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss the real-time aspects of the absolute position measurement of an AGV (automated guided vehicle) whose guidepath has been encoded with a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS). In particular, the problem of pseudorandom-to-natural-binary code conversion and the resulting improved AGV navigation are discussed. Different approaches to the code conversion process are examined, and a cost analysis of the different approaches is presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":298343,"journal":{"name":"6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131437746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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