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Development and Validation of the Temporal Competency Test-5D 时态能力测试-5D的开发与验证
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-08-09 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191157
Tianna Loose, D. Acier, Jean Luc Pilet, A. Deledalle, Ghassan El-Baalbaki
We developed and validated a new version of our test of temporal competency. In three studies we (1) defined dimensions, created items and studied face and content validity; (2) examined dimensionality and reliability; and (3) confirmed factor structure and studied convergent validity. Focus groups were held in which we drew up temporal concepts that articulated well with clinical observations. We derived a questionnaire that was administered to French young people and this data was used to reduce the questionnaire to 15 items. Reliability and validity of the 15-item version was studied among samples: French college, French high school, and Québec college. Five dimensions were defined and retained: anticipation, full present, temporal rupture, past, future. 15 items explained 68% of variance. The model provided adequate fit in confirmatory analyses across samples. Scales converged with hypothesized dimensions of the ZTPI and scales mostly maintained acceptable reliability. Conceptual issues with ZTPI were addressed, possibly rectified and discussed in light of clinical practice. The past was defined by how much one grows from experience independently of how ‘happy’ or ‘sad’ events were. Full present and temporal rupture relate to living in the now, the first by means of flow and engagement, the second by means of addictive behaviors. Future entailed a projection unto uncertainty, whereas anticipation defined adapting behavior in order to achieve short-term goals. We found that the questionnaire had adequate psychometric proprieties among Francophone youth in Canada and in France.
我们开发并验证了一个新版本的时间能力测试。在三个研究中,我们(1)定义维度,创建项目,研究面孔效度和内容效度;(2)检验维度和信度;(3)确定因子结构,研究收敛效度。我们举行了焦点小组讨论,在讨论中我们提出了与临床观察相结合的时间概念。我们对法国年轻人进行了问卷调查,并利用这些数据将问卷减少到15个项目。本研究以法国大学、法国高中、曲海学院为样本,研究了15项量表的信度和效度。五个维度被定义和保留:预期,完整的现在,时间断裂,过去,未来。15个项目解释了68%的方差。该模型在跨样本的验证性分析中提供了足够的拟合。量表与ZTPI的假设维度收敛,量表大多保持可接受的信度。ZTPI的概念问题得到了解决,可能会根据临床实践进行纠正和讨论。过去的定义是,一个人从经历中成长的程度,与“快乐”或“悲伤”事件无关。完全的“现在”和“时间”断裂与活在当下有关,前者是通过心流和参与,后者是通过成瘾行为。未来意味着对不确定性的预测,而预期则定义了为了实现短期目标而进行的适应性行为。我们发现问卷在加拿大和法国的法语青年中具有足够的心理测量性。
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引用次数: 3
Factor Structure of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in a Norwegian Convenience Sample 挪威便利样本津巴多时间视角量表的因素结构
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-08-09 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191149
J. Skogen, Sverre Nesvåg
Sense of time is a fundamental aspect of human psychology. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) is a widely used questionnaire meant to measure fundamental experiential dimensions of time, such as past, present and future. The aim of this study was to establish model fit of a Norwegian extended version of the ZTPI. The study is based on a convenience sample of 713 individuals. Based on previous findings, we employed confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling to investigate different factor structures of ZTPI. The analyses were carried out using the WLSMV-estimation approach, and several fit indices was used as indicators of how well the data fitted the suggested factor structure. This first investigation of a Norwegian version of ZTPI did not find support for the original 56-item scale, the S-ZTPI version (64 items), nor an extended version that also incorporated the transcendental time perspective (74 items). In post-hoc analyses, we identified a model with 34 items and 7 factors that fitted the data adequately. Further studies should investigate the factor structure of ZTPI in a Norwegian context, and international studies should investigate how the transcendental time perspective relates to the rest of ZTPI.
时间感是人类心理的一个基本方面。津巴多时间视角量表(ZTPI)是一种广泛使用的问卷,旨在测量时间的基本经验维度,如过去、现在和未来。本研究的目的是建立挪威扩展版ZTPI的模型拟合。这项研究是基于713个人的方便样本。在此基础上,本文采用验证性因子分析和探索性结构方程模型,探讨了ZTPI的不同因素结构。使用wlsmv估计方法进行分析,并使用几个拟合指标作为数据拟合建议因子结构的指标。对挪威版ZTPI的第一次调查没有发现对最初的56项量表的支持,S-ZTPI版本(64项),也没有扩展版本,也纳入了先验时间视角(74项)。在事后分析中,我们确定了一个包含34个项目和7个因素的模型,充分拟合了数据。进一步的研究应在挪威背景下考察中泰工业的因素结构,国际研究应探讨超越时间视角与中泰工业其他部分的关系。
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引用次数: 4
The Influence of Monochronic/Polychronic Time Orientation on Temporal Demand and Subjective Mental Workload 单时间/多时间取向对时间需求和主观心理负荷的影响
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-08-09 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191151
A. Widyanti, Dewi Regamalela
The sensitivity of mental workload measures is influenced by cultural and individual factors. One individual factor that is hypothesized to influence mental workload is time orientation. The aim of this study is to observe the influence of time orientation on temporal demand and subjective mental workload. One hundred and two participants representing three different time orientations, namely monochronic, neutral, and polychronic orientations, assessed using the Modified Polychronic Attitude Index 3 (MPAI3), voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were instructed to complete a search and count task in four different conditions with varying degrees of difficulty. Mental workload was assessed using subjective (NASA-TLX) and objective (heart rate variability, or HRV) methods and analyzed for each condition. The results show that, with comparable performance and comparable HRV, monochronic participants show higher sensitivity than neutral or polychronic participants in subjective mental workload, particularly the temporal demand dimension. The implications are discussed.
心理工作量测量的敏感性受到文化和个人因素的影响。假设影响心理工作量的一个单独因素是时间取向。本研究的目的是观察时间取向对时间需求和主观心理工作量的影响。112名参与者代表三种不同的时间取向,即单时、中性和多时取向,使用改良的多时态度指数3(MPAI3)进行评估,他们自愿参与了这项研究。参与者被要求在四种不同的条件下以不同的难度完成搜索和计数任务。使用主观(NASA-TLX)和客观(心率变异性,或HRV)方法评估心理工作量,并对每种情况进行分析。结果表明,在表现可比和HRV可比的情况下,单时参与者在主观心理负荷方面,特别是在时间需求维度上,表现出比中性或多时参与者更高的敏感性。讨论了其影响。
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引用次数: 0
What Makes Action and Outcome Temporally Close to Each Other: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Temporal Binding 是什么使行动和结果在时间上彼此接近:时间约束的系统回顾和荟萃分析
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-07-26 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191150
Takumi Tanaka, Takuya Matsumoto, Shintaro Hayashi, S. Takagi, Hideaki Kawabata
Temporal binding refers to the subjective compression of the temporal interval between a voluntary action and its external sensory consequences. While empirical evidence and theoretical accounts have indicated the potential linkage between temporal binding and action outcome prediction mechanisms, several questions regarding the underlying processes and the fundamental nature of temporal binding remain unanswered. Based on the sophisticated classification of predictive processes proposed by Hughes et al. (2013), we conducted a systematic, quantitative review of the binding effect as measured with two representative procedures, i.e., Libet clock procedure and interval estimation procedure. Although both procedures were designed to measure the same phenomenon, we revealed a larger effect size and higher sensitivity to perceptual moderators in binding observed with the clock procedure than with the interval estimation. Moreover, in the former, we observed different characteristics for the two perceptual shifts that comprise temporal binding. Action shifts depended more on whether one can control outcome onsets with voluntary actions. In contrast, outcome shifts depended more on the degree to which participants could predict, rather than control, the action outcome onset. These results indicate that action shift occurs based on the activation of learned action–outcome associations by planning and executing actions, while outcome shift occurs based on comparing predicted and observed outcomes. By understanding the nature of each experimental procedure and each shift, future research can use optimal methods depending on the goal. We discuss, as an example, the implications for the underlying disorders of agency in schizophrenia.
时间约束指的是主观压缩自愿行为与其外部感觉结果之间的时间间隔。虽然经验证据和理论解释表明时间约束与行动结果预测机制之间存在潜在联系,但关于时间约束的潜在过程和基本性质的几个问题仍未得到解答。基于Hughes等人(2013)提出的复杂的预测过程分类,我们通过Libet时钟过程和区间估计过程这两种具有代表性的过程对结合效应进行了系统的定量回顾。虽然这两种方法都是为了测量相同的现象而设计的,但我们发现,与间隔估计相比,使用时钟方法观察到的绑定具有更大的效应大小和对感知调节因子的更高灵敏度。此外,在前者中,我们观察到构成时间绑定的两种感知转变的不同特征。行动的转变更多地取决于一个人能否通过自愿行动控制结果的发生。相反,结果的变化更多地取决于参与者对行动结果的预测程度,而不是控制程度。这些结果表明,行动转移发生在通过计划和执行行动激活习得的行动-结果关联的基础上,而结果转移发生在比较预测结果和观察结果的基础上。通过了解每个实验过程和每个转变的本质,未来的研究可以根据目标使用最佳方法。作为一个例子,我们讨论了精神分裂症中潜在的代理障碍的含义。
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引用次数: 22
Factors Affecting Human Time Perception: Do Feelings of Rejection Increase the Rate of Subjective Timing? 影响人类时间感知的因素:被拒绝的感觉会增加主观计时率吗?
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191129
Aoife McLoughlin
Research in the area of human sub-second-to-second timing has uncovered that emotional stimuli can influence our subjective timing, with much research highlighting that stimuli portraying high arousal negative emotions (for example, images of angry faces) cause a subjective lengthening effect, based on a potential fight or flight response. Further research has shown that in order for this effect to occur, the individual needs to be able to emulate the emotion that they have seen, suggesting that responses differ dependant on whether the individual is timing an emotional stimulus, or the individual is emotional while timing a neutral stimulus. Research in the area of social psychology has previously highlighted a link between social exclusion (peer rejection) and time distortion at the minute-to-multiple-minute range, with social exclusion causing a subjective lengthening effect of duration, supposedly due to cognitive deconstruction and emotional numbing. The current study aimed to investigate this further by examining the impact of peer rejection on sub-second-to-second timing. Participants completed a bisection task and were subsequently made to feel either rejected, or accepted by their peers. After this intervention stage, they again completed the bisection task. It was hypothesised that those who were rejected would experience subjective lengthening of duration, whereas those who were accepted would experience subjective shortening of duration. These hypotheses were supported. Implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.
在人类亚秒到秒时间领域的研究发现,情绪刺激会影响我们的主观时间,许多研究强调,描绘高唤醒负面情绪的刺激(例如,愤怒的脸的图像)会导致基于潜在的战斗或逃跑反应的主观延长效应。进一步的研究表明,为了产生这种效果,个体需要能够模仿他们所看到的情绪,这表明反应的不同取决于个体是在选择情绪刺激的时机,还是在选择中性刺激的时机时情绪化。社会心理学领域的研究此前强调了社会排斥(同伴排斥)与一分钟到多分钟范围内的时间扭曲之间的联系,社会排斥会导致持续时间的主观延长效应,这可能是由于认知解构和情绪麻木。目前的研究旨在通过研究同伴拒绝对亚秒到秒时间的影响来进一步调查这一点。参与者完成了一项平分任务,随后会感到被同伴拒绝或接受。在这个干预阶段之后,他们再次完成了平分任务。假设那些被拒绝的人会经历主观上的持续时间延长,而那些被接受的人会体验主观上的时间缩短。这些假设得到了支持。还讨论了该研究的意义和局限性。
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引用次数: 2
The Effects of Visual Movement on Beat-Based vs. Duration-Based Temporal Perception 视觉运动对基于节拍和基于持续时间的时间感知的影响
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191141
N. Torres, Carlos dos Santos Luiz, S. Castro, S. Silva
It is known that moving visual stimuli (bouncing balls) have an advantage over static visual ones (flashes) in sensorimotor synchronization, such that the former match auditory beeps in driving synchronization while the latter do not. This occurs in beat-based synchronization but not in beat-based purely perceptual tasks, suggesting that the advantage is action-specific. The main goal of this study was to test the advantage of moving over static visual stimuli in a different perceptual timing system – duration-based perception – to determine whether the advantage is action-specific in a broad sense, i.e., if it excludes both beat-based and duration-based perception. We asked a group of participants to perform different tasks with three stimulus types: auditory beeps, visual bouncing balls (moving) and visual flashes (static). First, participants performed a duration-based perception task in which they judged whether intervals were speeding up or slowing down; then they did a synchronization task with isochronous sequences; finally, they performed a beat-based perception task in which they judged whether sequences sounded right or wrong. Bouncing balls outperformed flashes and matched beeps in synchronization. In the duration-based perceptual task, beeps, balls and flashes were equivalent, but in beat-based perception beeps outperformed balls and flashes. Our findings suggest that the advantage of moving over static visual stimuli is grounded on action rather than perception in a broad sense, in that it is absent in both beat-based and duration-based perception.
众所周知,运动视觉刺激(弹跳球)比静态视觉刺激(闪光)在感觉运动同步方面具有优势,因此前者在驱动同步方面与听觉蜂鸣声相匹配,而后者则不然。这发生在基于节拍的同步中,而不是基于节拍的纯粹感知任务,这表明优势是特定于动作的。本研究的主要目的是测试在不同的感知时间系统(基于持续时间的感知)中移动相对于静态视觉刺激的优势,以确定这种优势是否在广义上是行动特异性的,即,如果它排除了基于节拍和基于持续时间的感知。我们要求一组参与者在三种刺激类型下执行不同的任务:听觉蜂鸣声、视觉弹跳球(移动)和视觉闪光(静态)。首先,参与者执行了一个基于持续时间的感知任务,在这个任务中,他们判断间隔是加快还是减慢;然后他们用等时序列做一个同步任务;最后,他们执行了一个基于节拍的感知任务,在这个任务中,他们判断序列听起来是对还是错。弹跳球在同步方面优于闪光和匹配的蜂鸣声。在基于持续时间的感知任务中,哔哔声、球和闪光是相等的,但在基于节拍的感知任务中,哔哔声的表现优于球和闪光。我们的研究结果表明,移动相对于静态视觉刺激的优势是基于动作而不是广义的感知,因为它在基于节拍和基于持续时间的感知中都不存在。
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引用次数: 2
Chronic Stress Impairs Temporal Memory 慢性压力会损害时间记忆
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191138
Raquel Cocenas-Silva, S. Droit-Volet, E. Gherardi-Donato
Temporal memory is formed from processes encoding and consolidating durations in memory. These processes can be enhanced in acute stressful contexts, which increase the arousal level, typical of the alert phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome of stress. However, prolonged stressful experiences (chronic stress) can cause damage to the storage of duration in memory. This study investigated the effects of psychological and physiological stress on the temporal memory of 50 nurses working in an emergency situation. They performed a temporal generalization task with a retention delay of 24 hours between the learning of a standard duration (4 s) and testing. Their blood was collected to examine circulating inflammatory markers related to stress. Their feeling of stress was also examined with two self-reported questionnaires, the Job Stress Scale (JSS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The results show that temporal judgment is more variable when participants have high exposure to occupational stress (JSS). A quadratic relationship was also observed between the accuracy of time judgment and the level of perceived stress. Indeed, the proportion of accurate responses increased until a certain threshold of perceived stress, and then decreased. The results also showed a significant quadratic relationship between nitric oxide and the proportion of accurate responses. A low stress level is positively related to improving memory for a time, consistent with the reaction triggered in the alarm stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome of stress. However, above a certain level of stress, psychological and physiological stress damages temporal memory.
时间记忆是由对记忆中的持续时间进行编码和整合的过程形成的。这些过程可以在急性压力环境中得到增强,从而提高唤醒水平,这是压力的一般适应综合征警报阶段的典型表现。然而,长期的压力经历(慢性压力)会破坏记忆中持续时间的存储。本研究调查了50名在紧急情况下工作的护士的心理和生理压力对时间记忆的影响。他们执行了一项时间概括任务,在标准持续时间(4 s)的学习和测试之间有24小时的保留延迟。采集他们的血液以检查与压力相关的循环炎症标志物。他们的压力感也通过两份自我报告的问卷进行了调查,即工作压力量表(JSS)和感知压力表(PSS)。结果表明,当参与者高度暴露于职业压力(JSS)时,时间判断的变化更大。时间判断的准确性和感知压力水平之间也存在二次关系。事实上,准确反应的比例增加,直到达到一定的感知压力阈值,然后下降。结果还表明,一氧化氮与准确反应的比例之间存在显著的二次关系。低压力水平与一段时间内记忆力的改善呈正相关,这与压力的一般适应综合征警报阶段引发的反应一致。然而,在一定程度的压力之上,心理和生理压力会损害时间记忆。
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引用次数: 5
Body Temperature and the Sense of Time: A Translation of Francois (1927) with a Commentary 体温与时间感:弗朗索瓦(1927)译著
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191142
J. Wearden
The main body of the text presents an English translation of the article by François (1927) on body temperature and time judgements. In summary, François used diathermy, the passage of high-frequency electric current through the body, to change body temperature in three young female participants. Two timing tasks: tapping at a rate that was usually 3/s, and adjusting a variable-speed metronome to a rate judged to be 4/s were used. In general, increases in body temperature shortened the intervals produced, but lengthened duration estimates. The author also discusses (a) the potential use of diurnal variation in body temperature, (b) the use of pulse rate as a predictor of time judgements, and (c) the use of febrile patients. The translation is followed by a short commentary focussing on later studies of body temperature and time judgements, and studies of aspects of heart rate and time judgements.
正文的主要部分介绍了弗朗索瓦(1927)关于体温和时间判断的文章的英文翻译。综上所述,franois使用透热疗法,即高频电流通过身体,来改变三名年轻女性参与者的体温。两个定时任务:以通常为3/s的速率敲击,并将可变速度节拍器调整到判断为4/s的速率。一般来说,体温的升高缩短了产生的间隔,但延长了持续时间的估计。作者还讨论了(a)体温日变化的潜在用途,(b)使用脉搏率作为时间判断的预测因子,以及(c)发热患者的使用。翻译之后是一段简短的评论,重点介绍了后来对体温和时间判断的研究,以及对心率和时间判断方面的研究。
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引用次数: 2
The Role of Context and Attention on the Effect of Numerical Digit Value on Time Estimation 语境和注意力在数字值对时间估计影响中的作用
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-04-25 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191125
Stefan Pichelmann, T. Rammsayer
The effect of task-irrelevant numerical values on perceived duration is well established. More precisely, higher numerical values (e.g., ‘9’) correspond to longer estimated durations than lower numerical values (e.g., ‘1’). So far, sparse evidence for two moderators, physical context and stimulus salience, has been provided. The contextual effect refers to an increased difference between estimated durations for low and high numerical values when Arabic digits are presented simultaneously with large physical quantities (e.g., ‘kg’), instead of small physical quantities (e.g., ‘g’). Similarly, the salience effect refers to the observation that differences in time estimations increase when attention is directed to numerical values’ magnitude. Using a time reproduction paradigm, we conducted four experiments to further investigate these two moderators and their possible interaction. In Experiments 1a and 1b, target intervals differed in duration (800, 1000, 1200 ms), numerical value (1, 2, 8, 9), and physical quantity (mg, kg, without). Experiments 2 and 3 additionally included the manipulation of the attentional focus (numerical value or physical quantity) and further quantities (cm, km). Our results supported the positive effect of numerical values on reproduced durations. This was also true for the moderating effect of stimulus salience, which was always significant. In contrast, no evidence for a contextual effect was observed even when participants’ attention was directed on the difference in physical quantity. In conclusion, our data challenge the existence of a moderating contextual effect, while supporting the moderating effect of stimulus salience.
与任务无关的数值对感知持续时间的影响已经得到了很好的证实。更准确地说,与较低的数值(例如“1”)相比,较高的数值(如“9”)对应于较长的估计持续时间。到目前为止,关于物理环境和刺激显著性这两个调节因子的证据很少。上下文效应是指当阿拉伯数字与大的物理量(如“kg”)同时出现,而不是小物理量(例如“g”)时,低数值和高数值的估计持续时间之间的差异增加。同样,显著性效应是指观察到,当注意力集中在数值的大小上时,时间估计的差异会增加。使用时间再现范式,我们进行了四个实验来进一步研究这两个调节因子及其可能的相互作用。在实验1a和1b中,目标间隔在持续时间(80010001200ms)、数值(1,2,8,9)和物理量(mg,kg,无)方面不同。实验2和3还包括注意力焦点的操纵(数值或物理量)和其他量(cm,km)。我们的结果支持了数值对再现持续时间的积极影响。刺激显著性的调节作用也是如此,它总是显著的。相反,即使参与者的注意力集中在物理量的差异上,也没有观察到上下文效应的证据。总之,我们的数据挑战了调节情境效应的存在,同时支持刺激显著性的调节效应。
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引用次数: 1
Motor Timing Outcome Differences between Patients with Alcohol- and/or Cocaine Use Disorder in a Rehabilitation Program 康复项目中酒精和/或可卡因使用障碍患者的运动时机结果差异
IF 1.4 Pub Date : 2019-01-11 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20181137
S. Young, M. Kidd, S. Seedat
Substance Use Disorders (SUD) lead to brain structural and functional deficits associated with cognitive and social functioning in affected individuals and can impact on treatment outcomes. The lack of behavioural autonomy is underpinned by direct reward, high impulsivity and difficulties in planning behaviour. The motor cortex — as part of a neural mechanism accounting for action and intention — plays a fundamental role in complex cognition, motor performance and coordination. The study sample consisted of 74 abstinent patients, aged 18–60 years, diagnosed with alcohol and/or cocaine dependence who were all inpatients at a private treatment programme for drug/alcohol dependence in South Africa. The main questions addressed were whether motor timing abilities would improve over time (as a function of recovery) in patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme for SUD, and if there were between-group differences. Timing abilities in SUD improved with prolonged abstinence. Timing in decision making (cognitive control) did not improve over time, nor did movement coordination. Rhythmic abilities and synchronisation with external events, as well as spatial abilities, improved with prolonged abstinence. The recovery of rhythmic and synchronisation abilities differed between the groups. This study shows for the first time that motor timing abilities can recover significantly with prolonged abstinence with differences in recovery between SUD populations. Improvements in interval timing only (both in time and in space) were observed. Not all motor timing abilities, and not every type of SUD, recovered equally, thereby suggesting that different substances may affect the brain differently with regard to timing abilities. These findings suggest that motor timing should further be investigated in different clinical settings.
物质使用障碍(SUD)会导致受影响个体的大脑结构和功能缺陷,这些缺陷与认知和社会功能有关,并可能影响治疗结果。缺乏行为自主性的原因是直接奖励、高度冲动和难以规划行为。运动皮层作为解释动作和意图的神经机制的一部分,在复杂认知、运动表现和协调中发挥着重要作用。研究样本包括74名被诊断为酒精和/或可卡因依赖的禁欲患者,年龄在18-60岁之间,他们都是南非一家私人药物/酒精依赖治疗项目的住院患者。所解决的主要问题是,接受SUD康复计划的患者的运动计时能力是否会随着时间的推移而改善(作为恢复的函数),以及是否存在组间差异。SUD的计时能力随着长期禁欲而提高。决策的时机(认知控制)并没有随着时间的推移而改善,运动协调也没有改善。节奏能力、与外部事件的同步性以及空间能力随着长期禁欲而提高。两组之间节奏和同步能力的恢复情况不同。这项研究首次表明,运动计时能力可以随着长期禁欲而显著恢复,SUD人群之间的恢复存在差异。仅在间隔时间上(在时间和空间上)观察到改进。并不是所有的运动计时能力,也不是每种类型的SUD都能平等地恢复,这表明不同的物质可能会对大脑的计时能力产生不同的影响。这些发现表明,应在不同的临床环境中进一步研究运动时机。
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引用次数: 0
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