Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191149
J. Skogen, Sverre Nesvåg
Sense of time is a fundamental aspect of human psychology. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) is a widely used questionnaire meant to measure fundamental experiential dimensions of time, such as past, present and future. The aim of this study was to establish model fit of a Norwegian extended version of the ZTPI. The study is based on a convenience sample of 713 individuals. Based on previous findings, we employed confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling to investigate different factor structures of ZTPI. The analyses were carried out using the WLSMV-estimation approach, and several fit indices was used as indicators of how well the data fitted the suggested factor structure. This first investigation of a Norwegian version of ZTPI did not find support for the original 56-item scale, the S-ZTPI version (64 items), nor an extended version that also incorporated the transcendental time perspective (74 items). In post-hoc analyses, we identified a model with 34 items and 7 factors that fitted the data adequately. Further studies should investigate the factor structure of ZTPI in a Norwegian context, and international studies should investigate how the transcendental time perspective relates to the rest of ZTPI.
{"title":"Factor Structure of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in a Norwegian Convenience Sample","authors":"J. Skogen, Sverre Nesvåg","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20191149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20191149","url":null,"abstract":"Sense of time is a fundamental aspect of human psychology. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) is a widely used questionnaire meant to measure fundamental experiential dimensions of time, such as past, present and future. The aim of this study was to establish model fit of a Norwegian extended version of the ZTPI. The study is based on a convenience sample of 713 individuals. Based on previous findings, we employed confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling to investigate different factor structures of ZTPI. The analyses were carried out using the WLSMV-estimation approach, and several fit indices was used as indicators of how well the data fitted the suggested factor structure. This first investigation of a Norwegian version of ZTPI did not find support for the original 56-item scale, the S-ZTPI version (64 items), nor an extended version that also incorporated the transcendental time perspective (74 items). In post-hoc analyses, we identified a model with 34 items and 7 factors that fitted the data adequately. Further studies should investigate the factor structure of ZTPI in a Norwegian context, and international studies should investigate how the transcendental time perspective relates to the rest of ZTPI.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22134468-20191149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44320116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-26DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191150
Takumi Tanaka, Takuya Matsumoto, Shintaro Hayashi, S. Takagi, Hideaki Kawabata
Temporal binding refers to the subjective compression of the temporal interval between a voluntary action and its external sensory consequences. While empirical evidence and theoretical accounts have indicated the potential linkage between temporal binding and action outcome prediction mechanisms, several questions regarding the underlying processes and the fundamental nature of temporal binding remain unanswered. Based on the sophisticated classification of predictive processes proposed by Hughes et al. (2013), we conducted a systematic, quantitative review of the binding effect as measured with two representative procedures, i.e., Libet clock procedure and interval estimation procedure. Although both procedures were designed to measure the same phenomenon, we revealed a larger effect size and higher sensitivity to perceptual moderators in binding observed with the clock procedure than with the interval estimation. Moreover, in the former, we observed different characteristics for the two perceptual shifts that comprise temporal binding. Action shifts depended more on whether one can control outcome onsets with voluntary actions. In contrast, outcome shifts depended more on the degree to which participants could predict, rather than control, the action outcome onset. These results indicate that action shift occurs based on the activation of learned action–outcome associations by planning and executing actions, while outcome shift occurs based on comparing predicted and observed outcomes. By understanding the nature of each experimental procedure and each shift, future research can use optimal methods depending on the goal. We discuss, as an example, the implications for the underlying disorders of agency in schizophrenia.
{"title":"What Makes Action and Outcome Temporally Close to Each Other: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Temporal Binding","authors":"Takumi Tanaka, Takuya Matsumoto, Shintaro Hayashi, S. Takagi, Hideaki Kawabata","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20191150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20191150","url":null,"abstract":"Temporal binding refers to the subjective compression of the temporal interval between a voluntary action and its external sensory consequences. While empirical evidence and theoretical accounts have indicated the potential linkage between temporal binding and action outcome prediction mechanisms, several questions regarding the underlying processes and the fundamental nature of temporal binding remain unanswered. Based on the sophisticated classification of predictive processes proposed by Hughes et al. (2013), we conducted a systematic, quantitative review of the binding effect as measured with two representative procedures, i.e., Libet clock procedure and interval estimation procedure. Although both procedures were designed to measure the same phenomenon, we revealed a larger effect size and higher sensitivity to perceptual moderators in binding observed with the clock procedure than with the interval estimation. Moreover, in the former, we observed different characteristics for the two perceptual shifts that comprise temporal binding. Action shifts depended more on whether one can control outcome onsets with voluntary actions. In contrast, outcome shifts depended more on the degree to which participants could predict, rather than control, the action outcome onset. These results indicate that action shift occurs based on the activation of learned action–outcome associations by planning and executing actions, while outcome shift occurs based on comparing predicted and observed outcomes. By understanding the nature of each experimental procedure and each shift, future research can use optimal methods depending on the goal. We discuss, as an example, the implications for the underlying disorders of agency in schizophrenia.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22134468-20191150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48139296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191129
Aoife McLoughlin
Research in the area of human sub-second-to-second timing has uncovered that emotional stimuli can influence our subjective timing, with much research highlighting that stimuli portraying high arousal negative emotions (for example, images of angry faces) cause a subjective lengthening effect, based on a potential fight or flight response. Further research has shown that in order for this effect to occur, the individual needs to be able to emulate the emotion that they have seen, suggesting that responses differ dependant on whether the individual is timing an emotional stimulus, or the individual is emotional while timing a neutral stimulus. Research in the area of social psychology has previously highlighted a link between social exclusion (peer rejection) and time distortion at the minute-to-multiple-minute range, with social exclusion causing a subjective lengthening effect of duration, supposedly due to cognitive deconstruction and emotional numbing. The current study aimed to investigate this further by examining the impact of peer rejection on sub-second-to-second timing. Participants completed a bisection task and were subsequently made to feel either rejected, or accepted by their peers. After this intervention stage, they again completed the bisection task. It was hypothesised that those who were rejected would experience subjective lengthening of duration, whereas those who were accepted would experience subjective shortening of duration. These hypotheses were supported. Implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Human Time Perception: Do Feelings of Rejection Increase the Rate of Subjective Timing?","authors":"Aoife McLoughlin","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20191129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20191129","url":null,"abstract":"Research in the area of human sub-second-to-second timing has uncovered that emotional stimuli can influence our subjective timing, with much research highlighting that stimuli portraying high arousal negative emotions (for example, images of angry faces) cause a subjective lengthening effect, based on a potential fight or flight response. Further research has shown that in order for this effect to occur, the individual needs to be able to emulate the emotion that they have seen, suggesting that responses differ dependant on whether the individual is timing an emotional stimulus, or the individual is emotional while timing a neutral stimulus. Research in the area of social psychology has previously highlighted a link between social exclusion (peer rejection) and time distortion at the minute-to-multiple-minute range, with social exclusion causing a subjective lengthening effect of duration, supposedly due to cognitive deconstruction and emotional numbing. The current study aimed to investigate this further by examining the impact of peer rejection on sub-second-to-second timing. Participants completed a bisection task and were subsequently made to feel either rejected, or accepted by their peers. After this intervention stage, they again completed the bisection task. It was hypothesised that those who were rejected would experience subjective lengthening of duration, whereas those who were accepted would experience subjective shortening of duration. These hypotheses were supported. Implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22134468-20191129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44874562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191141
N. Torres, Carlos dos Santos Luiz, S. Castro, S. Silva
It is known that moving visual stimuli (bouncing balls) have an advantage over static visual ones (flashes) in sensorimotor synchronization, such that the former match auditory beeps in driving synchronization while the latter do not. This occurs in beat-based synchronization but not in beat-based purely perceptual tasks, suggesting that the advantage is action-specific. The main goal of this study was to test the advantage of moving over static visual stimuli in a different perceptual timing system – duration-based perception – to determine whether the advantage is action-specific in a broad sense, i.e., if it excludes both beat-based and duration-based perception. We asked a group of participants to perform different tasks with three stimulus types: auditory beeps, visual bouncing balls (moving) and visual flashes (static). First, participants performed a duration-based perception task in which they judged whether intervals were speeding up or slowing down; then they did a synchronization task with isochronous sequences; finally, they performed a beat-based perception task in which they judged whether sequences sounded right or wrong. Bouncing balls outperformed flashes and matched beeps in synchronization. In the duration-based perceptual task, beeps, balls and flashes were equivalent, but in beat-based perception beeps outperformed balls and flashes. Our findings suggest that the advantage of moving over static visual stimuli is grounded on action rather than perception in a broad sense, in that it is absent in both beat-based and duration-based perception.
{"title":"The Effects of Visual Movement on Beat-Based vs. Duration-Based Temporal Perception","authors":"N. Torres, Carlos dos Santos Luiz, S. Castro, S. Silva","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20191141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20191141","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that moving visual stimuli (bouncing balls) have an advantage over static visual ones (flashes) in sensorimotor synchronization, such that the former match auditory beeps in driving synchronization while the latter do not. This occurs in beat-based synchronization but not in beat-based purely perceptual tasks, suggesting that the advantage is action-specific. The main goal of this study was to test the advantage of moving over static visual stimuli in a different perceptual timing system – duration-based perception – to determine whether the advantage is action-specific in a broad sense, i.e., if it excludes both beat-based and duration-based perception. We asked a group of participants to perform different tasks with three stimulus types: auditory beeps, visual bouncing balls (moving) and visual flashes (static). First, participants performed a duration-based perception task in which they judged whether intervals were speeding up or slowing down; then they did a synchronization task with isochronous sequences; finally, they performed a beat-based perception task in which they judged whether sequences sounded right or wrong. Bouncing balls outperformed flashes and matched beeps in synchronization. In the duration-based perceptual task, beeps, balls and flashes were equivalent, but in beat-based perception beeps outperformed balls and flashes. Our findings suggest that the advantage of moving over static visual stimuli is grounded on action rather than perception in a broad sense, in that it is absent in both beat-based and duration-based perception.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47677922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191138
Raquel Cocenas-Silva, S. Droit-Volet, E. Gherardi-Donato
Temporal memory is formed from processes encoding and consolidating durations in memory. These processes can be enhanced in acute stressful contexts, which increase the arousal level, typical of the alert phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome of stress. However, prolonged stressful experiences (chronic stress) can cause damage to the storage of duration in memory. This study investigated the effects of psychological and physiological stress on the temporal memory of 50 nurses working in an emergency situation. They performed a temporal generalization task with a retention delay of 24 hours between the learning of a standard duration (4 s) and testing. Their blood was collected to examine circulating inflammatory markers related to stress. Their feeling of stress was also examined with two self-reported questionnaires, the Job Stress Scale (JSS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The results show that temporal judgment is more variable when participants have high exposure to occupational stress (JSS). A quadratic relationship was also observed between the accuracy of time judgment and the level of perceived stress. Indeed, the proportion of accurate responses increased until a certain threshold of perceived stress, and then decreased. The results also showed a significant quadratic relationship between nitric oxide and the proportion of accurate responses. A low stress level is positively related to improving memory for a time, consistent with the reaction triggered in the alarm stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome of stress. However, above a certain level of stress, psychological and physiological stress damages temporal memory.
{"title":"Chronic Stress Impairs Temporal Memory","authors":"Raquel Cocenas-Silva, S. Droit-Volet, E. Gherardi-Donato","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20191138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20191138","url":null,"abstract":"Temporal memory is formed from processes encoding and consolidating durations in memory. These processes can be enhanced in acute stressful contexts, which increase the arousal level, typical of the alert phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome of stress. However, prolonged stressful experiences (chronic stress) can cause damage to the storage of duration in memory. This study investigated the effects of psychological and physiological stress on the temporal memory of 50 nurses working in an emergency situation. They performed a temporal generalization task with a retention delay of 24 hours between the learning of a standard duration (4 s) and testing. Their blood was collected to examine circulating inflammatory markers related to stress. Their feeling of stress was also examined with two self-reported questionnaires, the Job Stress Scale (JSS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The results show that temporal judgment is more variable when participants have high exposure to occupational stress (JSS). A quadratic relationship was also observed between the accuracy of time judgment and the level of perceived stress. Indeed, the proportion of accurate responses increased until a certain threshold of perceived stress, and then decreased. The results also showed a significant quadratic relationship between nitric oxide and the proportion of accurate responses. A low stress level is positively related to improving memory for a time, consistent with the reaction triggered in the alarm stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome of stress. However, above a certain level of stress, psychological and physiological stress damages temporal memory.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22134468-20191138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49231304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191142
J. Wearden
The main body of the text presents an English translation of the article by François (1927) on body temperature and time judgements. In summary, François used diathermy, the passage of high-frequency electric current through the body, to change body temperature in three young female participants. Two timing tasks: tapping at a rate that was usually 3/s, and adjusting a variable-speed metronome to a rate judged to be 4/s were used. In general, increases in body temperature shortened the intervals produced, but lengthened duration estimates. The author also discusses (a) the potential use of diurnal variation in body temperature, (b) the use of pulse rate as a predictor of time judgements, and (c) the use of febrile patients. The translation is followed by a short commentary focussing on later studies of body temperature and time judgements, and studies of aspects of heart rate and time judgements.
{"title":"Body Temperature and the Sense of Time: A Translation of Francois (1927) with a Commentary","authors":"J. Wearden","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20191142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20191142","url":null,"abstract":"The main body of the text presents an English translation of the article by François (1927) on body temperature and time judgements. In summary, François used diathermy, the passage of high-frequency electric current through the body, to change body temperature in three young female participants. Two timing tasks: tapping at a rate that was usually 3/s, and adjusting a variable-speed metronome to a rate judged to be 4/s were used. In general, increases in body temperature shortened the intervals produced, but lengthened duration estimates. The author also discusses (a) the potential use of diurnal variation in body temperature, (b) the use of pulse rate as a predictor of time judgements, and (c) the use of febrile patients. The translation is followed by a short commentary focussing on later studies of body temperature and time judgements, and studies of aspects of heart rate and time judgements.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45348465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20191125
Stefan Pichelmann, T. Rammsayer
The effect of task-irrelevant numerical values on perceived duration is well established. More precisely, higher numerical values (e.g., ‘9’) correspond to longer estimated durations than lower numerical values (e.g., ‘1’). So far, sparse evidence for two moderators, physical context and stimulus salience, has been provided. The contextual effect refers to an increased difference between estimated durations for low and high numerical values when Arabic digits are presented simultaneously with large physical quantities (e.g., ‘kg’), instead of small physical quantities (e.g., ‘g’). Similarly, the salience effect refers to the observation that differences in time estimations increase when attention is directed to numerical values’ magnitude. Using a time reproduction paradigm, we conducted four experiments to further investigate these two moderators and their possible interaction. In Experiments 1a and 1b, target intervals differed in duration (800, 1000, 1200 ms), numerical value (1, 2, 8, 9), and physical quantity (mg, kg, without). Experiments 2 and 3 additionally included the manipulation of the attentional focus (numerical value or physical quantity) and further quantities (cm, km). Our results supported the positive effect of numerical values on reproduced durations. This was also true for the moderating effect of stimulus salience, which was always significant. In contrast, no evidence for a contextual effect was observed even when participants’ attention was directed on the difference in physical quantity. In conclusion, our data challenge the existence of a moderating contextual effect, while supporting the moderating effect of stimulus salience.
{"title":"The Role of Context and Attention on the Effect of Numerical Digit Value on Time Estimation","authors":"Stefan Pichelmann, T. Rammsayer","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20191125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20191125","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of task-irrelevant numerical values on perceived duration is well established. More precisely, higher numerical values (e.g., ‘9’) correspond to longer estimated durations than lower numerical values (e.g., ‘1’). So far, sparse evidence for two moderators, physical context and stimulus salience, has been provided. The contextual effect refers to an increased difference between estimated durations for low and high numerical values when Arabic digits are presented simultaneously with large physical quantities (e.g., ‘kg’), instead of small physical quantities (e.g., ‘g’). Similarly, the salience effect refers to the observation that differences in time estimations increase when attention is directed to numerical values’ magnitude. Using a time reproduction paradigm, we conducted four experiments to further investigate these two moderators and their possible interaction. In Experiments 1a and 1b, target intervals differed in duration (800, 1000, 1200 ms), numerical value (1, 2, 8, 9), and physical quantity (mg, kg, without). Experiments 2 and 3 additionally included the manipulation of the attentional focus (numerical value or physical quantity) and further quantities (cm, km). Our results supported the positive effect of numerical values on reproduced durations. This was also true for the moderating effect of stimulus salience, which was always significant. In contrast, no evidence for a contextual effect was observed even when participants’ attention was directed on the difference in physical quantity. In conclusion, our data challenge the existence of a moderating contextual effect, while supporting the moderating effect of stimulus salience.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22134468-20191125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42142517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-11DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20181137
S. Young, M. Kidd, S. Seedat
Substance Use Disorders (SUD) lead to brain structural and functional deficits associated with cognitive and social functioning in affected individuals and can impact on treatment outcomes. The lack of behavioural autonomy is underpinned by direct reward, high impulsivity and difficulties in planning behaviour. The motor cortex — as part of a neural mechanism accounting for action and intention — plays a fundamental role in complex cognition, motor performance and coordination. The study sample consisted of 74 abstinent patients, aged 18–60 years, diagnosed with alcohol and/or cocaine dependence who were all inpatients at a private treatment programme for drug/alcohol dependence in South Africa. The main questions addressed were whether motor timing abilities would improve over time (as a function of recovery) in patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme for SUD, and if there were between-group differences. Timing abilities in SUD improved with prolonged abstinence. Timing in decision making (cognitive control) did not improve over time, nor did movement coordination. Rhythmic abilities and synchronisation with external events, as well as spatial abilities, improved with prolonged abstinence. The recovery of rhythmic and synchronisation abilities differed between the groups. This study shows for the first time that motor timing abilities can recover significantly with prolonged abstinence with differences in recovery between SUD populations. Improvements in interval timing only (both in time and in space) were observed. Not all motor timing abilities, and not every type of SUD, recovered equally, thereby suggesting that different substances may affect the brain differently with regard to timing abilities. These findings suggest that motor timing should further be investigated in different clinical settings.
{"title":"Motor Timing Outcome Differences between Patients with Alcohol- and/or Cocaine Use Disorder in a Rehabilitation Program","authors":"S. Young, M. Kidd, S. Seedat","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20181137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20181137","url":null,"abstract":"Substance Use Disorders (SUD) lead to brain structural and functional deficits associated with cognitive and social functioning in affected individuals and can impact on treatment outcomes. The lack of behavioural autonomy is underpinned by direct reward, high impulsivity and difficulties in planning behaviour. The motor cortex — as part of a neural mechanism accounting for action and intention — plays a fundamental role in complex cognition, motor performance and coordination. The study sample consisted of 74 abstinent patients, aged 18–60 years, diagnosed with alcohol and/or cocaine dependence who were all inpatients at a private treatment programme for drug/alcohol dependence in South Africa. The main questions addressed were whether motor timing abilities would improve over time (as a function of recovery) in patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme for SUD, and if there were between-group differences. Timing abilities in SUD improved with prolonged abstinence. Timing in decision making (cognitive control) did not improve over time, nor did movement coordination. Rhythmic abilities and synchronisation with external events, as well as spatial abilities, improved with prolonged abstinence. The recovery of rhythmic and synchronisation abilities differed between the groups. This study shows for the first time that motor timing abilities can recover significantly with prolonged abstinence with differences in recovery between SUD populations. Improvements in interval timing only (both in time and in space) were observed. Not all motor timing abilities, and not every type of SUD, recovered equally, thereby suggesting that different substances may affect the brain differently with regard to timing abilities. These findings suggest that motor timing should further be investigated in different clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22134468-20181137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43082316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-11DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20181124
Aurore Malet-Karas, M. Noulhiane, V. Doyère
Time and space are commonly approached as two distinct dimensions, and rarely combined together in a single task, preventing a comparison of their interaction. In this project, using a version of a timing task with a spatial component, we investigate the learning of a spatio-temporal rule in animals. To do so, rats were placed in front of a five-hole nose-poke wall in a Peak Interval (PI) procedure to obtain a reward, with two spatio-temporal combination rules associated with different to-be-timed cues and lighting contexts. We report that, after successful learning of the discriminative task, a single Pavlovian session was sufficient for the animals to learn a new spatio-temporal association. This was seen as evidence for a beneficial transfer to the new spatio-temporal rule, as compared to control animals that did not experience the new spatio-temporal association during the Pavlovian session. The benefit was observed until nine days later. The results are discussed within the framework of adaptation to a change of a complex associative rule involving interval timing processes.
{"title":"Dynamics of Spatio-Temporal Binding in Rats","authors":"Aurore Malet-Karas, M. Noulhiane, V. Doyère","doi":"10.1163/22134468-20181124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20181124","url":null,"abstract":"Time and space are commonly approached as two distinct dimensions, and rarely combined together in a single task, preventing a comparison of their interaction. In this project, using a version of a timing task with a spatial component, we investigate the learning of a spatio-temporal rule in animals. To do so, rats were placed in front of a five-hole nose-poke wall in a Peak Interval (PI) procedure to obtain a reward, with two spatio-temporal combination rules associated with different to-be-timed cues and lighting contexts. We report that, after successful learning of the discriminative task, a single Pavlovian session was sufficient for the animals to learn a new spatio-temporal association. This was seen as evidence for a beneficial transfer to the new spatio-temporal rule, as compared to control animals that did not experience the new spatio-temporal association during the Pavlovian session. The benefit was observed until nine days later. The results are discussed within the framework of adaptation to a change of a complex associative rule involving interval timing processes.","PeriodicalId":29927,"journal":{"name":"Timing & Time Perception","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22134468-20181124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41432010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-11DOI: 10.1163/22134468-20181135
Lachlan Kent
Duration perception is not the same as perception duration. Time is an object of perception in its own right and is qualitatively different to exteroceptive or interoceptive perception of concrete objects or sensations originating within the self. In reviewing evidence for and against the experienced moment, White (2017, Psychol. Bull., 143, 735–756) proposed a model of global integration of information dense envelopes of integration. This is a valuable addition to the literature because it supposes that, like Tononi’s (2004, BMC Neurosci., 5, 42) Integrated Information Theory, consciousness is an integral step above perception of objects or the self. Consciousness includes the perception of abstract contents such as time, space, and magnitude, as well as post-perceptual contents drawn from memory. The present review takes this logic a step further and sketches a potential neurobiological pathway through the salience, default mode, and central executive networks that culminates in a candidate model of how duration perception and consciousness arises. Global integration is viewed as a process of Bayesian Prediction Error Minimisation according to a model put forward by Hohwy, Paton and Palmer (2016, Phenomenol. Cogn. Sci., 15, 315–335) called ‘distrusting the present’. The proposed model also expresses global integration as an intermediate stage between perception and memory that spans an approximate one second duration, an analogue of Wittmann’s (2011, Front. Integr. Neurosci., 5, 66) experienced moment.
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