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Causation Bridges the Two Times 因果关系架起了两个时代的桥梁
Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10097
Holly K. Andersen
Abstract The two-times problem, where time as experienced seems to have distinctive features different than those found in fundamental physics, appears to be more intractable than necessary, I argue, because the two times are marked out from the positions furthest apart: neuroscience and physics. I offer causation as exactly the kind of bridge between these two times that authors like Buonomano and Rovelli (forthcoming) are seeking. It is a historical contingency from philosophical discussions around phenomenology, and a methodological artefact from neuroscience, that most studies of temporal features of experience require subjects to be sufficiently still that their engagement with affordances in the environment can be at best tested in artificial and highly constrained ways. Physics does not offer an account of causation, but accounts of causation are tied to or grounded in physics in ways that can be clearly delineated. Causation then serves as a bridge that coordinates time as experienced, via interaction with affordances in the environment, with time in physics as it constrains causal relationships. I conclude by showing how an information-theoretic account of causation fits neatly into and extends the information gathering and utilizing system (IGUS) of Gruber et al. ( Front. Psychol., 13 , 718505).
我认为,“两次”问题,即经验到的时间似乎具有与基础物理学中发现的截然不同的特征,似乎比必要的更棘手,因为这两次是由距离最远的两个位置标记出来的:神经科学和物理学。我提供的因果关系正是布诺马诺和罗维利(即将出版)等作家所寻求的那种连接这两个时代的桥梁。这是围绕现象学的哲学讨论的历史偶然性,也是神经科学的方法论产物,大多数关于经验的时间特征的研究都要求受试者保持足够的静止,这样他们与环境中的可见性的接触最多只能以人为的和高度受限的方式进行测试。物理学不提供因果关系的解释,但因果关系的解释以可以清晰描述的方式与物理学联系在一起或以物理学为基础。然后,因果关系作为一个桥梁,通过与环境中的可视性的相互作用,与物理中的时间(因为它限制了因果关系)协调时间。最后,我展示了因果关系的信息论解释如何巧妙地适应并扩展了格鲁伯等人的信息收集和利用系统(IGUS)。Psychol。, 13, 718505)。
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引用次数: 0
Consciousness Is Quantum State Reduction Which Creates the Flow of Time 意识是创造时间流动的量子态缩减
Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10098
Stuart Hameroff
Abstract In neuroscience, the flow of time is a conscious experience produced by the brain. But in physics, time is either a process, or a dimension in four-dimensional spacetime geometry. Could all three explanations be correct? The Penrose–Hameroff ‘Orch OR’ theory suggests consciousness is a sequence of discrete, irreversible quantum state reductions occurring at an objective threshold (‘objective reduction’, ‘OR’) a process in fundamental spacetime geometry. These ‘self-collapses’ of the quantum wavefunction are ‘orchestrated’ in microtubules inside brain neurons. Each Orch OR event selects microtubule states which purposefully regulate neuronal functions, and provide sequences of ‘NOW’ moments of conscious experience. Connected to fundamental spacetime geometry by Penrose ‘OR’, consciousness is quantum state reduction, a set of irreversible steps which ‘ratchet forward’ in the fine scale geometry of the universe, creating a flow of time.
在神经科学中,时间的流动是大脑产生的一种有意识的体验。但在物理学中,时间要么是一个过程,要么是四维时空几何中的一个维度。这三种解释都是正确的吗?Penrose-Hameroff的“Orch OR”理论认为,意识是一系列离散的、不可逆的量子态约简,发生在一个客观阈值(“客观约简”,“OR”)上,是基本时空几何中的一个过程。这些量子波函数的“自我崩溃”是在大脑神经元内的微管中“精心安排”的。每个Orch OR事件选择有目的地调节神经元功能的微管状态,并提供意识体验的“现在”时刻序列。意识通过彭罗斯的“或”与基本时空几何相联系,是量子态的缩减,在宇宙的精细几何中“棘轮前进”的一组不可逆步骤,创造了时间的流动。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing the Accuracy of Motor Reproduction and Timeline Estimation Methods for Interval Timing in Children 比较运动再现和时间线估计方法对儿童间隔时间的准确性
Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10094
Quentin Hallez
Abstract This brief report aims to compare the performance of motor reproduction and timeline estimation tasks in two groups of children aged 5–6 and 7–8 years old. The study included 80 children and used a computer-based experiment with two sessions for each method. The findings suggest that motor reproduction and timeline estimation tasks differ in accuracy and variability, with timeline estimation yielding more accurate and less variable estimates. These differences between the two tasks are even more pronounced in younger children. The discussion highlights the importance of using the timeline estimation task for future research on children’s time perception.
摘要本研究旨在比较5-6岁和7-8岁两组儿童运动再现和时间线估计任务的表现。该研究包括80名儿童,并采用基于计算机的实验,每种方法分为两个阶段。研究结果表明,运动再现和时间线估计任务在准确性和可变性方面存在差异,时间线估计产生的估计更准确,变量更少。这两项任务之间的差异在年幼的孩子身上表现得更为明显。讨论强调了使用时间估计任务对未来儿童时间感知研究的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Doing and Knowing 做与知道
Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10091
Daniel Dennett
Abstract A naturalistic view of consciousness depends on a naturalistic view of agency, which draws a distinction between things just happening and things doing things. Agents depend on control, which depends on information used by agents to anticipate outcomes, so agents must situate themselves in time, with a distinction between past, present and future.
意识的自然主义观点建立在对能动的自然主义观点的基础上,能动的自然主义观点区分了刚刚发生的事情和正在做事情的事情。智能体依赖于控制,控制依赖于智能体预测结果所使用的信息,因此智能体必须在时间中定位自己,区分过去、现在和未来。
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引用次数: 0
Time Intervals Produced by Silent Chronometric Counting are Involuntarily Affected by Number Word Magnitudes 无声计时计数产生的时间间隔不由自主地受到数字单词大小的影响
Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10095
Timo Ruusuvirta
Abstract Chronometric counting is a method to approximate the duration of a time interval by keeping track of the accumulation of its one-second subintervals. The ordinality of the number words is instrumental to this method, but whether also the magnitudes of these words affect the approximations remains unclear. The participants performed self-initiated and silent chronometric counting in different directions to produce target intervals prospectively. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, counting from 1- to 6-s target intervals started or stopped at zero. In Experiment 2, 1- or 2-s target intervals were counted with low-magnitude (1–3) or high-magnitude (4–6) number words. The participants were found to overproduce target intervals towards their shorter durations (Experiments 1 and 2) and, at a trend level, with downward rather than upward counting (Experiment 1 but not Experiment 2). They also produced target intervals as longer in duration with high- than low-magnitude number words (Experiment 2). The main findings suggest an involuntary magnitude effect of endogenously activated number words on subjective time.
计时计数是一种通过跟踪一秒子间隔的累积来估计时间间隔持续时间的方法。数字词的序数有助于这种方法,但这些词的大小是否也影响近似值尚不清楚。参与者在不同的方向上进行自发和沉默的计时计数,以产生预期的目标间隔。进行了两个实验。在实验1中,从1到6秒的目标间隔计数开始或停止于0。实验2采用低量级(1 - 3)或高量级(4-6)数字词对1- s或2-s目标间隔进行计数。实验1和实验2发现,参与者在较短的持续时间内产生过多的目标间隔,并且在趋势水平上,向下计数而不是向上计数(实验1但不是实验2)。他们在高强度数字词上产生的目标间隔也比低强度数字词持续时间更长(实验2)。主要研究结果表明,内源性激活数字词对主观时间有非自愿的强度效应。
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引用次数: 0
“Physical Time within Human Time” and “Bridging the Neuroscience and Physics of Time” “人类时间中的物理时间”和“连接神经科学和时间物理学”
Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10089
Yuval Dolev
Abstract The commentary discusses whether AI devices can have an experience of time as passing. The papers commented on suggest the answer is “Yes”. However, I claim that the metaphysical view of time this answer presupposes, namely, eternalism, or the block universe, is untenable, and that a sound understanding of time must acknowledge time’s normative significance. This raises new and substantial questions regarding the possibility of representing time, and of equipping devices with “gadgets” that would facilitate as-of flow experiences for them. More generally, the commentary critically evaluates the role science may have in the context of philosophical debates.
这篇评论讨论了人工智能设备是否可以拥有时间流逝的体验。评论文章认为,答案是肯定的。然而,我认为,这个答案所预设的形而上学的时间观,即永恒主义或块状宇宙,是站不住脚的,对时间的合理理解必须承认时间的规范性意义。这就提出了关于表现时间的可能性,以及为设备配备“小工具”以促进他们的流动体验的新问题。更一般地说,评论批判性地评估了科学在哲学辩论的背景下可能扮演的角色。
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引用次数: 0
A commentary on “Physical Time Within Human Time” “人类时间中的物理时间”述评
Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10092
Paolo Di Sia
Abstract This work underlines the importance of studying time and its connections with real life and with disciplines such as physics, mathematics and neuroscience. The problem of time is a very important issue from a transdisciplinary point of view and should be better supported by research and funds.
这项工作强调了研究时间及其与现实生活以及物理、数学和神经科学等学科的联系的重要性。从跨学科的角度来看,时间问题是一个非常重要的问题,应该得到更好的研究和资金支持。
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引用次数: 0
Asymmetric Error Correction in the Synchronization Tapping Task 同步轻敲任务中的非对称纠错
Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10090
Kenta Tomyta, Hideki Ohira, Kentaro Katahira
Abstract In synchronization tapping tasks, tapping onset often precedes metronome one by a few tens of milliseconds, which is known as negative mean asynchrony. However, the mechanism by which negative mean asynchrony occurs remains incompletely understood. This study hypothesized that one of the mechanisms was the asymmetric error correction process for asynchrony. We examined this hypothesis using a generalized linear mixed model. The results suggested that the error correction rate for the positive asynchrony was larger than that for the negative asynchrony. This finding may contribute to improving mathematical models of the synchronization tapping task.
摘要在同步节拍器任务中,节拍器的开始往往比节拍器1早几十毫秒,这被称为负平均异步。然而,负均值异步发生的机制仍然不完全清楚。本研究假设其中一种机制是对异步的非对称纠错过程。我们使用广义线性混合模型检验了这一假设。结果表明,正面非同步性的误差率大于负面非同步性。这一发现可能有助于改进同步敲击任务的数学模型。
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引用次数: 0
The Time of Brain Science and the Time of Physics 脑科学时代和物理时代
Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10088
Peter A. White
Abstract Buonomano and Rovelli (unpubl. manuscript, 2021) and Gruber, Block, and Montemayor ( Front. Psychol. , 2022, 13, art. 718505) grapple with the problem that we experience both a present moment and a flow of time, yet neither of those things seems to be recognised in physics. This paper makes three points about that. The present moment in perception is not the same as the present moment in physics because they occupy radically different time scales, 10 –44 s in physics and something in the millisecond range in perception. The information about what is currently being perceived is experienced as in the present not because it is but because it is all labelled with time markers saying that it is the present; there are similar time markers identifying still active historical information as in the past. The flow of time is not generated by actual change over time but by an information structure existing at a single moment of time that represents change over connected time markers. Whether there is an actual present and an actual flow of time in the universe or not, the experienced present and experienced flow of time are perceptual constructs and nothing more.
[摘要]Buonomano and Rovelli (unpublic .)手稿,2021)和Gruber, Block, and Montemayor(前。Psychol。, 2022, 13,艺术。(718505)努力解决这样一个问题:我们既经历了现在的时刻,也经历了时间的流动,但这两者似乎都不被物理学所承认。本文对此有三点看法。感知中的当下时刻和物理中的当下时刻是不一样的,因为它们占据了完全不同的时间尺度,物理学中的10 -44秒,而感知中的大约是毫秒。关于当前被感知的信息被体验为现在不是因为它是,而是因为它都被贴上了时间标记说它是现在;还有类似的时间标记来标识仍然活跃的历史信息,就像过去一样。时间流不是由实际的时间变化产生的,而是由存在于某一时刻的信息结构产生的,该信息结构代表了连接时间标记上的变化。无论宇宙中是否存在真实的现在和真实的时间流,经验到的现在和经验到的时间流都是感性的构念,仅此而已。
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引用次数: 0
The Mechanics of Representing Time 表现时间的机制
Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10087
Christoph P. Hoerl
Abstract A number of recent attempts to explain the apparent contrast between ‘human time’ and ‘physical time’ have appealed to Hartle’s (2005) sketch of an ‘Information Gathering and Utilizing System’ (IGUS) as a model for explaining human temporal experience. I argue that they fall foul of William James’ (1890) dictum that “[a] succession of feelings, in and of itself, is not a feeling of succession”. Explaining how human beings come to represent time in the first place is a more substantive explanatory task than it is often taken to be.
最近,许多试图解释“人类时间”和“物理时间”之间的明显差异的尝试都诉诸于Hartle(2005)的“信息收集和利用系统”(IGUS)的概述,作为解释人类时间经验的模型。我认为,它们违背了威廉•詹姆斯(William James, 1890)的格言:“感情的延续,就其本身而言,并不是一种延续的感觉”。解释人类最初是如何表现时间的,是一项比通常认为的更实质性的解释任务。
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引用次数: 0
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Timing & Time Perception
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