<div><div>Trauma emerges as a significant etiological factor associated with a wide range of psychopathologies, including anxiety, mood disorders, impulse dysregulation, psychosis, substance dependence, personality disorders, conduct issues, and suicidal behavior. Furthermore, trauma plays a central role in somatoform and alexithymic disorders, eating disorders, and self-injurious behaviors. Additionally, trauma is linked to the development of various physical health conditions such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer. Thus, the negative health consequences of trauma extend beyond PTSD and often manifest in personalized, polysymptomatic, and polysyndromic ways, suggesting the utility of adopting transdiagnostic approaches.</div><div>This study focuses on validating the Arousal Modulation Model Questionnaire (AMMQ), grounded in Ogden and Minton's Arousal Modulation Model originating from Siegel's concept of the Window of Tolerance. The validation process encompasses multiple facets of questionnaire validation, including construct validity, reliability, and other psychometric properties.</div><div>Participants included a sample of 304 individuals recruited for this study, with a mean age of 39.36 years (SD = 12.88). Although participants may have experienced one or more traumatic events in their lives, they were currently not under the care of the National Health Service Psychiatry Centers.</div><div>Construct validity of the AMMQ was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.</div><div>Initial exploratory factor analysis revealed a coherent factor structure consistent with theoretical expectations derived from the Arousal Modulation Model, yielding four distinct factors: "Optimal Arousal Zone" (OAZ, 7 items), "Fight/Flight" (FF, 4 items), Freeze (Fr, 6 items), and "Feigned Death" (FD, 5 items). Subsequent confirmatory factor analysis supported this structure, demonstrating excellent model fit (χ²(203) = 381.738, <em>p</em> < 0.001; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.05).</div><div>Internal consistency was high, with a mean categorical omega (ω) of 0.83 across all subscales, supporting the reliability of the AMMQ.</div><div>Convergent validity was assessed by examining the associations between each AMMQ subscale and a set of established external measures. The Optimal Arousal Zone (OAZ) subscale showed strong positive correlations with all dimensions of psychological well-being (PWB-SF) and negative correlations with emotional distress (DASS-21), dissociation (DES-II). Conversely, all three dysregulation subscales—Fight-or-Flight (FF), Freeze (Fr), and Feigned Death (FD)—were positively associated with anxiety, depression, stress, and dissociation, as well as with increased autonomic reactivity measured by the BPQ-22 (all <em>p</em> < 0.001). The AMMQ test-retest reliability was also good (0.83).</div><div>Overall, the validation results suggest that the A
{"title":"The Arousal Modulation Model Questionnaire (AMMQ): Development, validation, and transdiagnostic applications","authors":"Fabio D’Antoni , Alessio Matiz , Cristiano Crescentini","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trauma emerges as a significant etiological factor associated with a wide range of psychopathologies, including anxiety, mood disorders, impulse dysregulation, psychosis, substance dependence, personality disorders, conduct issues, and suicidal behavior. Furthermore, trauma plays a central role in somatoform and alexithymic disorders, eating disorders, and self-injurious behaviors. Additionally, trauma is linked to the development of various physical health conditions such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer. Thus, the negative health consequences of trauma extend beyond PTSD and often manifest in personalized, polysymptomatic, and polysyndromic ways, suggesting the utility of adopting transdiagnostic approaches.</div><div>This study focuses on validating the Arousal Modulation Model Questionnaire (AMMQ), grounded in Ogden and Minton's Arousal Modulation Model originating from Siegel's concept of the Window of Tolerance. The validation process encompasses multiple facets of questionnaire validation, including construct validity, reliability, and other psychometric properties.</div><div>Participants included a sample of 304 individuals recruited for this study, with a mean age of 39.36 years (SD = 12.88). Although participants may have experienced one or more traumatic events in their lives, they were currently not under the care of the National Health Service Psychiatry Centers.</div><div>Construct validity of the AMMQ was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.</div><div>Initial exploratory factor analysis revealed a coherent factor structure consistent with theoretical expectations derived from the Arousal Modulation Model, yielding four distinct factors: \"Optimal Arousal Zone\" (OAZ, 7 items), \"Fight/Flight\" (FF, 4 items), Freeze (Fr, 6 items), and \"Feigned Death\" (FD, 5 items). Subsequent confirmatory factor analysis supported this structure, demonstrating excellent model fit (χ²(203) = 381.738, <em>p</em> < 0.001; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.05).</div><div>Internal consistency was high, with a mean categorical omega (ω) of 0.83 across all subscales, supporting the reliability of the AMMQ.</div><div>Convergent validity was assessed by examining the associations between each AMMQ subscale and a set of established external measures. The Optimal Arousal Zone (OAZ) subscale showed strong positive correlations with all dimensions of psychological well-being (PWB-SF) and negative correlations with emotional distress (DASS-21), dissociation (DES-II). Conversely, all three dysregulation subscales—Fight-or-Flight (FF), Freeze (Fr), and Feigned Death (FD)—were positively associated with anxiety, depression, stress, and dissociation, as well as with increased autonomic reactivity measured by the BPQ-22 (all <em>p</em> < 0.001). The AMMQ test-retest reliability was also good (0.83).</div><div>Overall, the validation results suggest that the A","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ongoing war in Ukraine has triggered a large-scale humanitarian crisis, severely affecting the structure and well-being of families. The disruption of family roles, prolonged separation, and psychological trauma have created long-term consequences for both adults and children.
Objective
The aim of this study was to identify the key consequences of the humanitarian crisis for Ukrainian families and to develop evidence-based recommendations for psychosocial support.
Method
The research combined a survey of families affected by the war in Ukraine with a content analysis of relevant literature. The sample included families who directly experienced the impact of displacement, loss, and social instability.
Results
The study revealed significant changes in family dynamics, including role confusion due to loss of employment or physical injury, emotional disconnection caused by prolonged separation, and an increased risk of relationship breakdown. Children were identified as particularly vulnerable, with symptoms such as emotional instability, academic decline, and, in some cases, severe psychological disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) emerged as a central challenge, influencing communication patterns, emotional availability, and behavior within families. The study also systematized effective technologies for crisis recovery, including individual and family therapy, online counseling, and the use of digital self-help tools.
Conclusion
The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted psychosocial interventions for families affected by war. Practical recommendations include the development of adaptable support programmes that address trauma, preserve family cohesion, and promote emotional resilience across different family structures.
{"title":"Impact of crisis events on the family and technologies of psychological support to overcome the consequences","authors":"Tetiana Pashko , Olesia Tovstukha , Liliia Chernovska , Inessa Serhieieva , Olha Chumak","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The ongoing war in Ukraine has triggered a large-scale humanitarian crisis, severely affecting the structure and well-being of families. The disruption of family roles, prolonged separation, and psychological trauma have created long-term consequences for both adults and children.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to identify the key consequences of the humanitarian crisis for Ukrainian families and to develop evidence-based recommendations for psychosocial support.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The research combined a survey of families affected by the war in Ukraine with a content analysis of relevant literature. The sample included families who directly experienced the impact of displacement, loss, and social instability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study revealed significant changes in family dynamics, including role confusion due to loss of employment or physical injury, emotional disconnection caused by prolonged separation, and an increased risk of relationship breakdown. Children were identified as particularly vulnerable, with symptoms such as emotional instability, academic decline, and, in some cases, severe psychological disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) emerged as a central challenge, influencing communication patterns, emotional availability, and behavior within families. The study also systematized effective technologies for crisis recovery, including individual and family therapy, online counseling, and the use of digital self-help tools.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted psychosocial interventions for families affected by war. Practical recommendations include the development of adaptable support programmes that address trauma, preserve family cohesion, and promote emotional resilience across different family structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-06-16DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100565
Jacqueline L. Kinley , Sandra M. Reyno
Background
Individual with histories of complex attachment (relational) trauma and comorbid mental illness often have significant treatment needs. The current study sought to explore the relative contribution of Complex PTSD symptom clusters on functional impairment in this population.
Methods
A convenience sample of 74 individuals admitted to a specialty treatment service for trauma-related disorders completed the International Trauma Questionnaire to assess Complex PTSD symptoms and functional impairment.
Results
Meeting diagnostic criteria for any of the Complex PTSD symptom clusters was significantly associated with meeting the functional impairment criterion. Nevertheless, the strength of associations differed between symptom clusters. Individuals endorsing diagnostic criteria for affective dysregulation or disturbances in relationships had a higher risk/probability of meeting criteria for DSO functional impairment, while those endorsing avoidance or sense of threat having a higher risk/probability of meeting criteria for PTSD functional impairment. Dimensional severity of all Complex PTSD symptom clusters was significantly associated with dimensional severity of functional impairments; however, only negative self-concept, disturbances in relationships and avoidance were found to be significant predictors of DSO or PTSD related severity of functional impairment when controlling for other symptom clusters.
Conclusions
Trauma symptoms have differential impacts on functional impairment. Prioritizing the most impactful symptoms may be critical for providing timely and efficient treatment of Complex PTSD. Negative self-concept, disturbances in relationships and avoidance stemming from traumatic experiences may be particularly crucial targets in interventions for individuals with histories of attachment trauma, Complex PTSD symptoms and comorbid mental illness.
{"title":"The relationship between Complex PTSD symptoms and functional impairment in individuals with attachment trauma and comorbid mental illness","authors":"Jacqueline L. Kinley , Sandra M. Reyno","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Individual with histories of complex attachment (relational) trauma and comorbid mental illness often have significant treatment needs. The current study sought to explore the relative contribution of Complex PTSD symptom clusters on functional impairment in this population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A convenience sample of 74 individuals admitted to a specialty treatment service for trauma-related disorders completed the International Trauma Questionnaire to assess Complex PTSD symptoms and functional impairment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Meeting diagnostic criteria for any of the Complex PTSD symptom clusters was significantly associated with meeting the functional impairment criterion. Nevertheless, the strength of associations differed between symptom clusters. Individuals endorsing diagnostic criteria for affective dysregulation or disturbances in relationships had a higher risk/probability of meeting criteria for DSO functional impairment, while those endorsing avoidance or sense of threat having a higher risk/probability of meeting criteria for PTSD functional impairment. Dimensional severity of all Complex PTSD symptom clusters was significantly associated with dimensional severity of functional impairments; however, only negative self-concept, disturbances in relationships and avoidance were found to be significant predictors of DSO or PTSD related severity of functional impairment when controlling for other symptom clusters.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Trauma symptoms have differential impacts on functional impairment. Prioritizing the most impactful symptoms may be critical for providing timely and efficient treatment of Complex PTSD. Negative self-concept, disturbances in relationships and avoidance stemming from traumatic experiences may be particularly crucial targets in interventions for individuals with histories of attachment trauma, Complex PTSD symptoms and comorbid mental illness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100565"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-06-09DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100569
Oria Vaknin, Vered Ne'eman-Haviv
Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of moral frameworks in understanding trauma and traumatic events, leading to the recognition of "moral injury" as a clinical syndrome. Although various definitions exist, there is still a lack of consensus on the nature and consequences of moral injury. This article proposes a new theoretical model that broadens the study of moral injury to include diverse populations, suggesting it arises not only from traumatic experiences but also from conflicts between moral ideals and reality. By integrating concepts such as prescriptive cognitions, post hoc thinking, and cognitive flexibility, the model portrays moral injury as existing on a continuum, affecting a wide range of individuals. The article explores implications for treatment and emphasizes the need for follow-up empirical studies to validate the proposed model. It also suggests the possibility that moral injury is on a continuum, in addition to the possibility of explaining this process. This approach offers new insights into prevention and intervention strategies, highlighting the broader applicability of moral injury beyond military contexts.
{"title":"Beyond right and wrong: A new theoretical model for understanding moral injury","authors":"Oria Vaknin, Vered Ne'eman-Haviv","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of moral frameworks in understanding trauma and traumatic events, leading to the recognition of \"moral injury\" as a clinical syndrome. Although various definitions exist, there is still a lack of consensus on the nature and consequences of moral injury. This article proposes a new theoretical model that broadens the study of moral injury to include diverse populations, suggesting it arises not only from traumatic experiences but also from conflicts between moral ideals and reality. By integrating concepts such as prescriptive cognitions, post hoc thinking, and cognitive flexibility, the model portrays moral injury as existing on a continuum, affecting a wide range of individuals. The article explores implications for treatment and emphasizes the need for follow-up empirical studies to validate the proposed model. It also suggests the possibility that moral injury is on a continuum, in addition to the possibility of explaining this process. This approach offers new insights into prevention and intervention strategies, highlighting the broader applicability of moral injury beyond military contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-07-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100576
Virginie Dhaese
Introduction
Cet article propose une réflexion clinique sur l’articulation entre la thérapie des États du Moi (TEM) et la thérapie E.M.D.R (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) dans le cadre de l’accompagnement d’un enfant adopté et de sa famille. Il explore l’impact potentiel des mémoires implicites non intégrées, susceptibles de fragiliser le système intra-individuel de l’enfant ainsi que les dynamiques systémiques intrafamiliales.
Méthode:
A travers une approche intégrative, le cas clinique de Meghan et sa famille illustre comment la combinaison de la thérapie E.M.D.R et la TEM peuvent soutenir, de manière complémentaire, les processus de stabilisation, de réparation des liens intra et interindividuels, ainsi que l’intégration des expériences précoces traumatiques.
Résultat
L’intégration des mémoires implicites permet à Meghan de se libérer des comportements et émotions débordantes qu’elle vit avec une forme de « soudaineté » et une intensité non contrôlée. Elle peut, ainsi, mobiliser les ressources pour s’autoréguler, mieux appréhender les relations avec les autres et avec elle-même.
Conclusion
Le travail thérapeutique mené avec l’enfant et sa famille, à travers l’E.M.D.R et la TEM, semble encourager un processus d’intégration des expériences traumatiques précoces. Cette dynamique se manifeste notamment par une cohérence autobiographique narrative intra-et inter-individuelle, d’une part et une régulation émotionnelle, plus adaptée, à l’ici et le maintenant.
{"title":"Le retraitement des mémoires implicites dans la prise en charge de l’enfant adopté et sa famille: regards croisés de la thérapie des États du moi et de l’EMDR","authors":"Virginie Dhaese","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Cet article propose une réflexion clinique sur l’articulation entre la thérapie des États du Moi (TEM) et la thérapie E.M.D.R (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) dans le cadre de l’accompagnement d’un enfant adopté et de sa famille. Il explore l’impact potentiel des mémoires implicites non intégrées, susceptibles de fragiliser le système intra-individuel de l’enfant ainsi que les dynamiques systémiques intrafamiliales.</div></div><div><h3>Méthode:</h3><div>A travers une approche intégrative, le cas clinique de Meghan et sa famille illustre comment la combinaison de la thérapie E.M.D.R et la TEM peuvent soutenir, de manière complémentaire, les processus de stabilisation, de réparation des liens intra et interindividuels, ainsi que l’intégration des expériences précoces traumatiques.</div></div><div><h3>Résultat</h3><div>L’intégration des mémoires implicites permet à Meghan de se libérer des comportements et émotions débordantes qu’elle vit avec une forme de « soudaineté » et une intensité non contrôlée. Elle peut, ainsi, mobiliser les ressources pour s’autoréguler, mieux appréhender les relations avec les autres et avec elle-même.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Le travail thérapeutique mené avec l’enfant et sa famille, à travers l’E.M.D.R et la TEM, semble encourager un processus d’intégration des expériences traumatiques précoces. Cette dynamique se manifeste notamment par une cohérence autobiographique narrative intra-et inter-individuelle, d’une part et une régulation émotionnelle, plus adaptée, à l’ici et le maintenant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-07-16DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100581
Tamini Soondrum , Jie Fan , Feng Gao , Xiang Wang , Qian Liu , Yao Liu , Jingjie Lu , Quanhao Yu , Hongyu Du , Xiongzhao Zhu
Background
Previous studies have shown that social impairments such as Theory of Mind (ToM) may be influenced by childhood trauma (CT), however the extent to which CT influence ToM ability, and whether OCD patients with CT are more vulnerable to ToM deficits than healthy controls (HC) have never been established. Therefore, this study attempts to understand the effect of CT on ToM ability in OCD.
Methods
81 OCD patients and 108 healthy controls were included in this study. ToM deficits were assessed on four dimensions, namely first and second order affective and cognitive ToM. The effect of CT on ToM deficits was assessed using the 2 × 2 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVAs) and the hierarchical regression.
Results
Simple effect analysis revealed a positive effect of CT>No CT in OCD and effect of OCD>HC in CT for both affective and cognitive second-order ToM deficits. Within the OCD group, emotional abuse was found to have an effect on affective ToM deficits (p = .028) and sexual abuse on cognitive ToM deficits (p = .040).
Conclusions
Only OCD patients with CT showed deficits on second order cognitive and affective ToM and emotional and sexual abuse were the most influential CT subtypes on second-order ToM deficits in OCD.
{"title":"Childhood trauma is associated with theory of mind deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder","authors":"Tamini Soondrum , Jie Fan , Feng Gao , Xiang Wang , Qian Liu , Yao Liu , Jingjie Lu , Quanhao Yu , Hongyu Du , Xiongzhao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Previous studies have shown that social impairments such as Theory of Mind (ToM) may be influenced by childhood trauma (CT), however the extent to which CT influence ToM ability, and whether OCD patients with CT are more vulnerable to ToM deficits than healthy controls (HC) have never been established. Therefore, this study attempts to understand the effect of CT on ToM ability in OCD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>81 OCD patients and 108 healthy controls were included in this study. ToM deficits were assessed on four dimensions, namely first and second order affective and cognitive ToM. The effect of CT on ToM deficits was assessed using the 2 × 2 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVAs) and the hierarchical regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Simple effect analysis revealed a positive effect of CT>No CT in OCD and effect of OCD>HC in CT for both affective and cognitive second-order ToM deficits. Within the OCD group, emotional abuse was found to have an effect on affective ToM deficits (<em>p</em> = .028) and sexual abuse on cognitive ToM deficits (<em>p</em> = .040).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Only OCD patients with CT showed deficits on second order cognitive and affective ToM and emotional and sexual abuse were the most influential CT subtypes on second-order ToM deficits in OCD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100581"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100537
Kateryna Kravchenko
This study examines the occupational stressors, emotional distress, and psychological fatigue experienced by military psychologists working with service members affected by combat-related trauma. The research identifies key predictors of fatigue and burnout, providing evidence-based recommendations for improving mental health support for military psychologists. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was employed, involving 120 military psychologists deployed in high-conflict zones. Participants were recruited from military hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and veteran support programs. Psychometric tools used included the Professional Resilience Questionnaire, Job Search Behaviors Scale, Negative Affect at Work Scale, Organizational Stressors Scale, Quantitative Workload Scale, and Fatigue Assessment Scale. Data collection occurred in two phases: initial assessments post-deployment and a six-month follow-up. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression models. The findings reveal that organizational stressors (β = 0.37, p < 0.01) and negative affect at work (β = 0.29, p < 0.05) are the strongest predictors of fatigue among military psychologists. Contrary to expectations, professional resilience did not significantly buffer against fatigue (β = -0.12, p = 0.07), suggesting that resilience alone is insufficient in preventing occupational burnout. Job search behaviors and workload intensity had no significant impact on fatigue levels, implying that psychological stressors, rather than workload per se, drive exhaustion. The study underscores the need for institutional reforms, including leadership engagement, administrative burden reduction, and structured resilience training. Additionally, the impact of moral and ethical concerns on military psychologists’ emotional distress necessitates further research on moral injury and ethical dilemmas in military mental health care.
本研究考察了军事心理学家与受战斗相关创伤影响的服务成员一起工作时所经历的职业压力源、情绪困扰和心理疲劳。该研究确定了疲劳和倦怠的关键预测因素，为改善军事心理学家的心理健康支持提供了基于证据的建议。采用横断面定量研究设计，涉及部署在高冲突地区的120名军事心理学家。参与者是从军队医院、康复中心和退伍军人支持项目中招募的。使用的心理测量工具包括职业弹性问卷、求职行为量表、工作负面影响量表、组织压力量表、工作量量化量表和疲劳评估量表。数据收集分两个阶段进行：部署后的初步评估和六个月的后续行动。统计分析包括描述性统计、Pearson相关分析和多元回归模型。结果表明：组织压力源(β = 0.37, p <；0.01)和工作负性情绪(β = 0.29, p <；0.05)是最能预测军事心理学家疲劳程度的指标。与预期相反，职业弹性并没有显著缓冲疲劳（β = -0.12, p = 0.07），这表明仅靠职业弹性不足以预防职业倦怠。求职行为和工作强度对疲劳程度没有显著影响，这意味着心理压力源而不是工作本身驱动疲劳程度。该研究强调了机构改革的必要性，包括领导参与、减轻行政负担和结构化弹性培训。此外，道德伦理问题对军人心理医生情绪困扰的影响，需要进一步研究军人心理保健中的道德伤害和伦理困境。
{"title":"Experience of military psychologists working with service members affected by combat-related psychological trauma","authors":"Kateryna Kravchenko","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the occupational stressors, emotional distress, and psychological fatigue experienced by military psychologists working with service members affected by combat-related trauma. The research identifies key predictors of fatigue and burnout, providing evidence-based recommendations for improving mental health support for military psychologists. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was employed, involving 120 military psychologists deployed in high-conflict zones. Participants were recruited from military hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and veteran support programs. Psychometric tools used included the Professional Resilience Questionnaire, Job Search Behaviors Scale, Negative Affect at Work Scale, Organizational Stressors Scale, Quantitative Workload Scale, and Fatigue Assessment Scale. Data collection occurred in two phases: initial assessments post-deployment and a six-month follow-up. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression models. The findings reveal that organizational stressors (β = 0.37, <em>p</em> < 0.01) and negative affect at work (β = 0.29, <em>p</em> < 0.05) are the strongest predictors of fatigue among military psychologists. Contrary to expectations, professional resilience did not significantly buffer against fatigue (β = -0.12, <em>p</em> = 0.07), suggesting that resilience alone is insufficient in preventing occupational burnout. Job search behaviors and workload intensity had no significant impact on fatigue levels, implying that psychological stressors, rather than workload per se, drive exhaustion. The study underscores the need for institutional reforms, including leadership engagement, administrative burden reduction, and structured resilience training. Additionally, the impact of moral and ethical concerns on military psychologists’ emotional distress necessitates further research on moral injury and ethical dilemmas in military mental health care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The difficult living conditions caused by the hostilities have a significant impact on the destruction of people’s mental health. The research relevance is determined by the aforementioned impact and the necessity for a scientific basis for designing effective assistance programmes.
Objective
The study aims to address the impact of military operations on the mental health of the civilian population in Ukraine.
Methods
To achieve this goal, theoretical research methods (analysis and synthesis, classification, generalisation) and empirical research methods (surveys, statistical analysis of data) were used.
Results
The main results of the study: Many civilians in Ukraine are facing complex crises due to the hostilities and need assistance. Individual resilience to stress is determined by their characteristics and how these characteristics can interact with the factors of influence (four levels: individual, family, community, and societal levels). The impact of hostilities on the mental health of civilians is significant and negative. People who have been exposed to war or its aftermath experience high levels of stress symptoms, leading to post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems. The level of mental health problems is higher among people who have experienced more traumatic events, such as loss of loved ones, violence, and loss of home. There are several key areas in which practical assistance can be provided, including psychosocial support, which can be provided through information support, emotional support, psychological counselling, trauma therapy, and medication.
Conclusion
The practical significance of the study is determined by the contribution to understanding the impact of war on people’s mental health. The results of the study can be used to improve the lives of people affected by the war. Namely, to develop and implement effective assistance programmes.
{"title":"Psychology of stress and adaptation during complex crises: Practical aspects of assisting people in difficult circumstances","authors":"Oksana Oliinyk , Dilzatbek Zholdoshbaev , Saltanat Koshonova , Yuriy Kravtsov , Vitalii Bocheliuk","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The difficult living conditions caused by the hostilities have a significant impact on the destruction of people’s mental health. The research relevance is determined by the aforementioned impact and the necessity for a scientific basis for designing effective assistance programmes.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study aims to address the impact of military operations on the mental health of the civilian population in Ukraine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To achieve this goal, theoretical research methods (analysis and synthesis, classification, generalisation) and empirical research methods (surveys, statistical analysis of data) were used.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The main results of the study: Many civilians in Ukraine are facing complex crises due to the hostilities and need assistance. Individual resilience to stress is determined by their characteristics and how these characteristics can interact with the factors of influence (four levels: individual, family, community, and societal levels). The impact of hostilities on the mental health of civilians is significant and negative. People who have been exposed to war or its aftermath experience high levels of stress symptoms, leading to post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and other mental health problems. The level of mental health problems is higher among people who have experienced more traumatic events, such as loss of loved ones, violence, and loss of home. There are several key areas in which practical assistance can be provided, including psychosocial support, which can be provided through information support, emotional support, psychological counselling, trauma therapy, and medication.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The practical significance of the study is determined by the contribution to understanding the impact of war on people’s mental health. The results of the study can be used to improve the lives of people affected by the war. Namely, to develop and implement effective assistance programmes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100526
Iman Mesbah , Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi , Ali Sheikholslamy , Ali Rezaei Sharif
Introduction
The consequences of traumatic marriages for women represent a significant area of concern that has garnered attention from researchers across various studies. Despite the critical nature of this issue, there exists a considerable gap in the foundational classification of problems associated with such marriages, which hinders effective therapeutic interventions. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the lived experiences of women who have undergone unwanted marriages. Specifically, this research seeks to identify and categorize intrapersonal issues, with a focus on psychological harm, as well as interpersonal challenges stemming from unwanted marriages in women.
Methods
This study employed a qualitative methodology utilizing a phenomenological approach. The sample comprised 16 women who had experienced unwanted marriages, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was performed via semi-structured interviews, with subsequent coding and analysis conducted using thematic analysis.
Results
The findings indicate that psychological issues such as anxiety, depression, obsessive thoughts, feelings of inadequacy, pessimism, distrust, internal shame, emotional void, and sexual dysfunction, alongside interpersonal issues including violence, dependence, isolation, and lack of solidarity, are significant consequences of unwanted marriages among women.
Conclusion
By identifying both psychological and interpersonal problems and facilitating timely interventions by therapists, it is possible to encourage women to seek therapeutic support, thereby taking a crucial step toward preventing or alleviating these challenges.
{"title":"Investigating psychological and interpersonal problems in traumatic marriages among women: A phenomenological analysis of unwanted marriages","authors":"Iman Mesbah , Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi , Ali Sheikholslamy , Ali Rezaei Sharif","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The consequences of traumatic marriages for women represent a significant area of concern that has garnered attention from researchers across various studies. Despite the critical nature of this issue, there exists a considerable gap in the foundational classification of problems associated with such marriages, which hinders effective therapeutic interventions. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the lived experiences of women who have undergone unwanted marriages. Specifically, this research seeks to identify and categorize intrapersonal issues, with a focus on psychological harm, as well as interpersonal challenges stemming from unwanted marriages in women.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study employed a qualitative methodology utilizing a phenomenological approach. The sample comprised 16 women who had experienced unwanted marriages, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was performed via semi-structured interviews, with subsequent coding and analysis conducted using thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings indicate that psychological issues such as anxiety, depression, obsessive thoughts, feelings of inadequacy, pessimism, distrust, internal shame, emotional void, and sexual dysfunction, alongside interpersonal issues including violence, dependence, isolation, and lack of solidarity, are significant consequences of unwanted marriages among women.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>By identifying both psychological and interpersonal problems and facilitating timely interventions by therapists, it is possible to encourage women to seek therapeutic support, thereby taking a crucial step toward preventing or alleviating these challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100540
Mohammad Sajjad Afsharzada , Sajjad Saadat , Mohammad Ershad Afsharzada , Lisa Lindström , Mohammad Farid Fahiz , Fazel Rahman Fazel
Background
The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) introduced two related stress disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) which highlights the need for brief and reliable assessment for both adults and youth. The International Trauma Questionnaire – Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ-CA) is the only which assesses both PTSD and CPTSD in children and adolescents in accordance with ICD-11 guidelines, but it has not yet been translated into Dari.
Objective
The aim of this study was to translate and validate the ITQ-CA among Afghan Children and Adolescents Exposed to Trauma.
Method
A sample of 235 trauma-exposed Afghan adolescents completed the ITQ-CA in Dari. Reliability and validity were analyzed using internal consistency, test-retest stability, and confirmatory factor analysis.
Results
The present study results showed that the self-report ITQ-CA in Dari had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.82) and retest reliability (two-week retest correlation coefficient was 0.71). CFA supported the ICD-11 CPTSD symptom structure as a two-factor model with PTSD and Disturbances in Self-Organization (DSO) as correlated factors with a very good model fit. And the single-factor model also had a good fit.
Conclusion
This study confirms the psychometric properties of the Dari version of the ITQ-CA, which is designed to identify symptoms of PTSD and Disturbance in Self-Organization among children and adolescents. The findings confirm its effectiveness and validity in Dari in this context.
{"title":"Dari version of international trauma questionnaire-child and adolescent version (ITQ-CA): In a sample of Afghan children and adolescents exposed to trauma","authors":"Mohammad Sajjad Afsharzada , Sajjad Saadat , Mohammad Ershad Afsharzada , Lisa Lindström , Mohammad Farid Fahiz , Fazel Rahman Fazel","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) introduced two related stress disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) which highlights the need for brief and reliable assessment for both adults and youth. The International Trauma Questionnaire – Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ-CA) is the only which assesses both PTSD and CPTSD in children and adolescents in accordance with ICD-11 guidelines, but it has not yet been translated into Dari.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to translate and validate the ITQ-CA among Afghan Children and Adolescents Exposed to Trauma.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A sample of 235 trauma-exposed Afghan adolescents completed the ITQ-CA in Dari. Reliability and validity were analyzed using internal consistency, test-retest stability, and confirmatory factor analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The present study results showed that the self-report ITQ-CA in Dari had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.82) and retest reliability (two-week retest correlation coefficient was 0.71). CFA supported the ICD-11 CPTSD symptom structure as a two-factor model with PTSD and Disturbances in Self-Organization (DSO) as correlated factors with a very good model fit. And the single-factor model also had a good fit.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study confirms the psychometric properties of the Dari version of the ITQ-CA, which is designed to identify symptoms of PTSD and Disturbance in Self-Organization among children and adolescents. The findings confirm its effectiveness and validity in Dari in this context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 2","pages":"Article 100540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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