The impact of exposure to traumatic perinatal events on maternity staff has been overlooked for too long. It is a critical occupational health issue not only for carers but also for their teams, patients, and close relatives.
Our cross-sectional study aimed to assess the impact of Traumatic Perinatal Events (TPEs) on the mental health of the carers working at the University Hospital of Dijon (a French type 3 maternity unit). Our online survey was sent to all the carers working at the maternity unit between March and May 2024. Participants were asked to complete the IES-R (Impact of Event Scale-Revised), the CBI (Compassion Satisfaction Inventory) patient-related subscale, and the PTGI-SF (Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form) to estimate the respective prevalence of PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), burnout, and post-traumatic growth. Participants were also asked to identify the different potentially traumatic perinatal events they had encountered and report the level of distress they had experienced.
The participation rate in this study was 24 %. Most of our sample is made up of midwives, physicians, and neonatal nursing assistants. Among respondents, 26.7 % met the criteria for probable PTSD, and 7 % for partial symptoms. Scores compatible with moderate patient-related burnout were found in 32.2 % of subjects, while scores suggestive of severe patient-related burnout were attained by 10.2 % of respondents. Results indicative of post-traumatic growth were observed in 63.2 % of participants. Finally, the staff seemed to be exposed to several potentially highly traumatic perinatal events in the delivery room (e.g., maternal or perinatal death or severe injury to the baby) and outside (e.g., criticism during M&Ms, official patient complaint, performance evaluation by superiors, or mention in a medico-legal claim).
Our results highlight the need to seriously address the mental health issues related to occupational trauma exposure, possibly through a prevention programme.
{"title":"Impact of traumatic perinatal events on caregivers – a cross-sectional study within a French type III maternity","authors":"Clothilde Riotte , Stephanie Leclercq , Francky Teddy Endomba , Jean-Michel Pinoit , Emmanuel Simon , Jean-Christophe Chauvet-Gelinier","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of exposure to traumatic perinatal events on maternity staff has been overlooked for too long. It is a critical occupational health issue not only for carers but also for their teams, patients, and close relatives.</div><div>Our cross-sectional study aimed to assess the impact of Traumatic Perinatal Events (TPEs) on the mental health of the carers working at the University Hospital of Dijon (a French type 3 maternity unit). Our online survey was sent to all the carers working at the maternity unit between March and May 2024. Participants were asked to complete the IES-R (Impact of Event Scale-Revised), the CBI (Compassion Satisfaction Inventory) patient-related subscale, and the PTGI-SF (Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form) to estimate the respective prevalence of PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), burnout, and post-traumatic growth. Participants were also asked to identify the different potentially traumatic perinatal events they had encountered and report the level of distress they had experienced.</div><div>The participation rate in this study was 24 %. Most of our sample is made up of midwives, physicians, and neonatal nursing assistants. Among respondents, 26.7 % met the criteria for probable PTSD, and 7 % for partial symptoms. Scores compatible with moderate patient-related burnout were found in 32.2 % of subjects, while scores suggestive of severe patient-related burnout were attained by 10.2 % of respondents. Results indicative of post-traumatic growth were observed in 63.2 % of participants. Finally, the staff seemed to be exposed to several potentially highly traumatic perinatal events in the delivery room (e.g., maternal or perinatal death or severe injury to the baby) and outside (e.g., criticism during M&Ms, official patient complaint, performance evaluation by superiors, or mention in a medico-legal claim).</div><div>Our results highlight the need to seriously address the mental health issues related to occupational trauma exposure, possibly through a prevention programme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100598"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100599
David Casanovas , Bruno Faustino
This study explored the relationships between complex trauma, dialectical core schemas and emotional processing difficulties in a non-clinical sample. Drawing from schema theory and emotion-focused models, we examined how complex trauma contributes to the development of maladaptive self and other-representations and their impact on emotional functioning. A total of 185 participants (Mage = 35.16, SD = 12.10) completed validated self-report measures assessing trauma exposure, core schemas, emotional processing, and psychological symptomatology. Correlation analyses revealed that complex trauma was significantly associated with maladaptive self-schemas and all dimensions of emotional processing difficulties. An hierarchical regression model showed that complex trauma and emotional processing difficulties, but not core schemas, significantly predicted psychological distress. Mediation analysis further indicated that complex trauma mediated the relationship between maladaptive self-schemas and emotional processing difficulties. These findings highlight the role of complex trauma in shaping maladaptive cognitive-emotional structures and impairing emotional processing, underscoring the need to target trauma and emotion regulation in therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Interplay between complex trauma, dialectical core schemas and emotional processing difficulties","authors":"David Casanovas , Bruno Faustino","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the relationships between complex trauma, dialectical core schemas and emotional processing difficulties in a non-clinical sample. Drawing from schema theory and emotion-focused models, we examined how complex trauma contributes to the development of maladaptive self and other-representations and their impact on emotional functioning. A total of 185 participants (Mage = 35.16, SD = 12.10) completed validated self-report measures assessing trauma exposure, core schemas, emotional processing, and psychological symptomatology. Correlation analyses revealed that complex trauma was significantly associated with maladaptive self-schemas and all dimensions of emotional processing difficulties. An hierarchical regression model showed that complex trauma and emotional processing difficulties, but not core schemas, significantly predicted psychological distress. Mediation analysis further indicated that complex trauma mediated the relationship between maladaptive self-schemas and emotional processing difficulties. These findings highlight the role of complex trauma in shaping maladaptive cognitive-emotional structures and impairing emotional processing, underscoring the need to target trauma and emotion regulation in therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100599"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100606
Kalliopi Megari , Eleana Argyriadou
Correctional psychology and public health have been increasingly concerned with the mental health and psychological well-being of those who are incarcerated. Numerous psychological stressors, such as loneliness, loss of autonomy, exposure to violence, and disconnection from social support networks, are linked to incarceration. These pressures have a major role in the high rates of mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance use disorders that are found in prison populations. This narrative review summarizes the body of research on the mental health issues that prisoners encounter, looking at both institutional and individual factors that affect psychological outcomes while incarcerated. It also looks at how the prison environment, coping mechanisms, and emotional control affect the wellbeing of convicts. Particular focus is placed on how mental illness intersects with pre-incarceration trauma, gender, and race. The evaluation also identifies crucial gaps in care as well as effective methods in the present mental health services provided in correctional settings. The results highlight the necessity of thorough, trauma-informed mental health treatments that go beyond symptom relief to attend to the more extensive social and emotional requirements of those who are incarcerated. Enhancing mental health services in prisons helps inmates' psychological health and aids in their effective rehabilitation and reintegration into society after release. In order to build compassionate and encouraging prison settings, this review highlights the significance of staff training, policy changes, and ongoing research. It also argues for a systemic change in the way mental health is emphasized within correctional facilities.
{"title":"Mental health and psychological well-being of incarcerated individuals: A narrative review","authors":"Kalliopi Megari , Eleana Argyriadou","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Correctional psychology and public health have been increasingly concerned with the mental health and psychological well-being of those who are incarcerated. Numerous psychological stressors, such as loneliness, loss of autonomy, exposure to violence, and disconnection from social support networks, are linked to incarceration. These pressures have a major role in the high rates of mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance use disorders that are found in prison populations. This narrative review summarizes the body of research on the mental health issues that prisoners encounter, looking at both institutional and individual factors that affect psychological outcomes while incarcerated. It also looks at how the prison environment, coping mechanisms, and emotional control affect the wellbeing of convicts. Particular focus is placed on how mental illness intersects with pre-incarceration trauma, gender, and race. The evaluation also identifies crucial gaps in care as well as effective methods in the present mental health services provided in correctional settings. The results highlight the necessity of thorough, trauma-informed mental health treatments that go beyond symptom relief to attend to the more extensive social and emotional requirements of those who are incarcerated. Enhancing mental health services in prisons helps inmates' psychological health and aids in their effective rehabilitation and reintegration into society after release. In order to build compassionate and encouraging prison settings, this review highlights the significance of staff training, policy changes, and ongoing research. It also argues for a systemic change in the way mental health is emphasized within correctional facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100606"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Despite the existence of effective, evidence-based therapies, the shortage of mental health professionals limits the possibility of reaching those in need of help. A solution to meet this demand is to train para- and allied professionals and scale up trauma treatment interventions that are based on task-shifting principles. The Traumatic Stress Relief (TSR) program, developed by the Global Initiative for Stress and Trauma Treatment (GIST-T) has been developed to provide an effective, safe, and early intervention for traumatic stress reduction in humanitarian settings. This study aims to explore the acceptability and feasibility of both the training of staff and treatment program with internal refugees and members of the host community, as well as with trained healthcare workers in northern Burkina Faso.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>17 mental health workers, nurses, and midwives attended a TSR training course, upskilling the participants to use psychoeducation, evidence-based stabilization techniques, grounding, and the Frontline Worksheet Protocol (F-WSP). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the training content and a follow-up of the implementation in the field were conducted and monitored over 3 months. Then 92 users of the Ministry of Health structures supported by ALIMA NGO participated voluntarily in the F-WSP intervention, including 3 F-WSP sessions provided by the trained staff. Their levels of traumatic stress and of resilience were assessed with respectively the ITQ and the BRS, before, after one week, and at follow-up after one month. Demographic data were captured and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to compare pre- and post-TSR intervention outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Acceptability and feasibility of both the training and the intervention were good. Participants appreciated the cultural adaptations made, such as the metaphors used for stress and relaxation. Psychoeducation was rated as a necessary and helpful step in stabilization and acceptability. Grounding and stabilization techniques were well received by participants. The 92 participants of the F-WSP intervention reported a significant reduction in levels of traumatic stress (<em>Z</em> = 3726,5; <em>p</em> < .0001; Cohen’s <em>d</em> = 2973), including symptoms associated with complex trauma (<em>Z</em> = 3583; <em>p</em> < 0.0001; Cohen’s <em>d</em> = 2,90), as well as increased levels of resilience (<em>Z</em> = 783.5; <em>p</em> < 0.001; <em>Cohen’s d</em> = -1,34) after one week, with scores continuing to improve after one month. These preliminary results are only exploratory as there was no comparison group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results are promising and suggest that TSR is a feasible and acceptable program that could add to the existing MHPSS tools in treating persons reporting with high levels of traumatic stress in Burkina Faso and similar settings. Future comparative s
尽管存在有效的循证治疗方法，但精神卫生专业人员的短缺限制了向需要帮助的人提供帮助的可能性。满足这一需求的一个解决方案是培训辅助和联合专业人员，并扩大基于任务转移原则的创伤治疗干预措施。创伤压力缓解（TSR）项目由全球压力和创伤治疗倡议（GIST-T）开发，旨在为人道主义环境下的创伤压力减轻提供有效、安全、早期的干预措施。本研究旨在探讨在布基纳法索北部对内部难民和收容社区成员以及训练有素的保健工作者进行工作人员培训和治疗方案的可接受性和可行性。方法17名精神卫生工作者、护士和助产士参加了TSR培训课程，提高了参与者使用心理教育、循证稳定技术、接地和前线工作表协议（F-WSP）的技能。对培训内容进行了定性和定量评价，并对实地执行情况进行了跟踪，为期3个月。随后，由非政府组织ALIMA支助的92名卫生部机构的使用者自愿参加了F-WSP的干预，其中包括由受过培训的工作人员提供的3次F-WSP会议。分别在一周前、一周后和一个月后的随访中，用ITQ和BRS评估他们的创伤应激水平和恢复能力。收集人口统计数据，并进行Wilcoxon sign -rank检验，比较tsr干预前后的结果。结果培训和干预的可接受性和可行性均较好。参与者对所做的文化适应表示赞赏，例如用于压力和放松的隐喻。心理教育被认为是稳定和可接受性的必要和有益的步骤。接地和稳定技术受到了与会者的好评。F-WSP干预的92名参与者报告了创伤应激水平的显著降低（Z = 3726,5; p < 0.0001; Cohen 's d = 2973），包括与复杂创伤相关的症状（Z = 3583; p < 0.0001; Cohen 's d = 2,90），以及恢复能力水平的增加（Z = 783.5; p < 0.001; Cohen 's d = -1,34），一个月后得分继续提高。这些初步结果只是探索性的，因为没有对照组。结论TSR是一种可行和可接受的方案，可以添加到现有的MHPSS工具中，用于治疗布基纳法索和类似环境中报告有高水平创伤应激的人。建议将来使用正式验证的工具进行比较研究，以评估干预措施的效果。
{"title":"Feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of the traumatic stress relief training program (GIST-T TSR) for paraprofessionals and allied mental health professionals in Burkina Faso: A series of case studies","authors":"Adeline Pupat , Dodo Ilunga Diemu , Harouna Yacoubou , Valérie Chanfreau , Susanne Young","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Despite the existence of effective, evidence-based therapies, the shortage of mental health professionals limits the possibility of reaching those in need of help. A solution to meet this demand is to train para- and allied professionals and scale up trauma treatment interventions that are based on task-shifting principles. The Traumatic Stress Relief (TSR) program, developed by the Global Initiative for Stress and Trauma Treatment (GIST-T) has been developed to provide an effective, safe, and early intervention for traumatic stress reduction in humanitarian settings. This study aims to explore the acceptability and feasibility of both the training of staff and treatment program with internal refugees and members of the host community, as well as with trained healthcare workers in northern Burkina Faso.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>17 mental health workers, nurses, and midwives attended a TSR training course, upskilling the participants to use psychoeducation, evidence-based stabilization techniques, grounding, and the Frontline Worksheet Protocol (F-WSP). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the training content and a follow-up of the implementation in the field were conducted and monitored over 3 months. Then 92 users of the Ministry of Health structures supported by ALIMA NGO participated voluntarily in the F-WSP intervention, including 3 F-WSP sessions provided by the trained staff. Their levels of traumatic stress and of resilience were assessed with respectively the ITQ and the BRS, before, after one week, and at follow-up after one month. Demographic data were captured and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to compare pre- and post-TSR intervention outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Acceptability and feasibility of both the training and the intervention were good. Participants appreciated the cultural adaptations made, such as the metaphors used for stress and relaxation. Psychoeducation was rated as a necessary and helpful step in stabilization and acceptability. Grounding and stabilization techniques were well received by participants. The 92 participants of the F-WSP intervention reported a significant reduction in levels of traumatic stress (<em>Z</em> = 3726,5; <em>p</em> < .0001; Cohen’s <em>d</em> = 2973), including symptoms associated with complex trauma (<em>Z</em> = 3583; <em>p</em> < 0.0001; Cohen’s <em>d</em> = 2,90), as well as increased levels of resilience (<em>Z</em> = 783.5; <em>p</em> < 0.001; <em>Cohen’s d</em> = -1,34) after one week, with scores continuing to improve after one month. These preliminary results are only exploratory as there was no comparison group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results are promising and suggest that TSR is a feasible and acceptable program that could add to the existing MHPSS tools in treating persons reporting with high levels of traumatic stress in Burkina Faso and similar settings. Future comparative s","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100607"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted to obtain a first impression of the reliability and validity of the Trauma and Dissociation Symptoms Interview (TADS-I, Boon, 2023; Boon & Matthess, 2016).
Method: The TADS-I is a new clinician-administered semi-structured interview to assess dissociative and other trauma-related symptoms and DSM-5 and ICD-11 dissociative disorders (DD).
Fifty-three participants, all outpatients, were interviewed with TADS-I, 37 by the first author and 16 by a second interviewer (fourth author, a psychologist trained in administering the TADS-I). Self-report questionnaires (DES, SDQ-20, and TEC) were given to patients to complete at home prior to TADS-I administration.
Inter-rater reliability for the absence or presence of a DD and the type of DD was assessed for a subsample of 21 interviews independently rated by the two interviewers.
Results: Inter-rater reliability In this subsample of 21 participants there was a 95 % agreement on the absence or presence of a dissociative disorder. Four met the criteria for DID (100 % agreement), three for depersonalization/ derealization disorder (100 % agreement), and one for OSDD. Raters differed with respect to one participant who was given PTSD dissociative subtype by one and OSDD by the other. There was also 100 % agreement on the absence of a DD (DID) in 6 participants (or their therapists) who believed they had DID.
In the TADS-I section on trauma-related symptoms we found sclear association (p<.05) for the DD group among trauma-related symptoms, symptoms indicating a division of the personality, and alterations of consciousness.
Conclusions: In this pilot study, TADS-I was able to reliably differentiate DD patients from patients without a DD. DD patients differed significantly from non-DD in severity on all symptom profiles, also on the severity of trauma-related symptoms and alterations of consciousness.
{"title":"The trauma and dissociative symptoms interview (TADS-I): Results of a pilot study","authors":"Suzette Antoinette Boon-Langelaan , Matteo Cavalletti , Maria Paola Boldrini , Marjolein Runhaar","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted to obtain a first impression of the reliability and validity of the Trauma and Dissociation Symptoms Interview (TADS-I, Boon, 2023; Boon & Matthess, 2016).</div><div><strong>Method</strong>: The TADS-I is a new clinician-administered semi-structured interview to assess dissociative and other trauma-related symptoms and DSM-5 and ICD-11 dissociative disorders (DD).</div><div>Fifty-three participants, all outpatients, were interviewed with TADS-I, 37 by the first author and 16 by a second interviewer (fourth author, a psychologist trained in administering the TADS-I). Self-report questionnaires (DES, SDQ-20, and TEC) were given to patients to complete at home prior to TADS-I administration.</div><div>Inter-rater reliability for the absence or presence of a DD and the type of DD was assessed for a subsample of 21 interviews independently rated by the two interviewers.</div><div><strong>Results</strong>: Inter-rater reliability In this subsample of 21 participants there was a 95 % agreement on the absence or presence of a dissociative disorder. Four met the criteria for DID (100 % agreement), three for depersonalization/ derealization disorder (100 % agreement), and one for OSDD. Raters differed with respect to one participant who was given PTSD dissociative subtype by one and OSDD by the other. There was also 100 % agreement on the absence of a DD (DID) in 6 participants (or their therapists) who believed they had DID.</div><div>In the TADS-I section on trauma-related symptoms we found sclear association (<em>p</em><.05) for the DD group among trauma-related symptoms, symptoms indicating a division of the personality, and alterations of consciousness.</div><div><strong>Conclusions</strong>: In this pilot study, TADS-I was able to reliably differentiate DD patients from patients without a DD. DD patients differed significantly from non-DD in severity on all symptom profiles, also on the severity of trauma-related symptoms and alterations of consciousness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100605
Sajjad Saadat (Ph.D.) , Anna Bjärtå (Ph.D.) , Basir Ahmad Azizi (MSc) , Jasmine Hamad (MSc) , Wahidh Talbian (MSc) , Mohammad Sajjad Afsharzada (Ph.D.)
Background
The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) is a widely used and standardized questionnaire designed to assess five types of childhood abuse. The CTQ-SF demonstrates good validity and reliability. The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a Dari-translated version of the CTQ-SF.
Method
A convenience sample of 240 undergraduate Dari-speaking students at Herat University, Afghanistan, completed an online survey that included the CTQ-SF and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). To calculate test-retest reliability, a sub-sample of 44 individuals completed the CTQ-SF again within two weeks.
Results
The results from a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the five-factor structure of the CTQ-SF demonstrated acceptable fit to the data (χ2/df = 1.98, CFI = .90, RMSEA = .06). Furthermore, CTQ-SF showed a moderate positive association with depression, anxiety, and stress (r(238) = .43 - 0.49, p < .05), a strong test-retest reliability, (r(42) = .74, p < .05), and excellent internal consistency (α = .92).
Conclusion
The results support the five-factor structure of the CTQ-SF and, together with strong psychometric properties, suggest that the Dari version is reliable for assessing childhood maltreatment.
{"title":"Dari version of the childhood Trauma questionnaire-short form (CTQ-SF) in a sample of Afghan students","authors":"Sajjad Saadat (Ph.D.) , Anna Bjärtå (Ph.D.) , Basir Ahmad Azizi (MSc) , Jasmine Hamad (MSc) , Wahidh Talbian (MSc) , Mohammad Sajjad Afsharzada (Ph.D.)","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) is a widely used and standardized questionnaire designed to assess five types of childhood abuse. The CTQ-SF demonstrates good validity and reliability. The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a Dari-translated version of the CTQ-SF.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A convenience sample of 240 undergraduate Dari-speaking students at Herat University, Afghanistan, completed an online survey that included the CTQ-SF and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). To calculate test-retest reliability, a sub-sample of 44 individuals completed the CTQ-SF again within two weeks.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results from a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the five-factor structure of the CTQ-SF demonstrated acceptable fit to the data (<em>χ<sup>2</sup></em>/df = 1.98, CFI = .90, RMSEA = .06). Furthermore, CTQ-SF showed a moderate positive association with depression, anxiety, and stress (<em>r</em>(238) = .43 - 0.49, <em>p</em> < .05), a strong test-retest reliability, (<em>r</em>(42) = .74, <em>p</em> < .05), and excellent internal consistency (<em>α</em> = .92).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results support the five-factor structure of the CTQ-SF and, together with strong psychometric properties, suggest that the Dari version is reliable for assessing childhood maltreatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100605"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100597
Jürgen Schäfer
Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a dissociative disorder characterized by persistent unreality experiences and intact reality testing. It is presented as a primary disorder or conceptualized as a secondary disorder associated with another psychopathology, in which such secondary disorder supposes to be the main promoting factor in the condition. Dissociative disorders are understood broadly as posttraumatic phenomena, although literature reports have demonstrated certain difficulties in both treatment and accurate diagnosis especially concerning depersonalization/derealization. The present theoretical paper aims to present previous research data and a summarized theoretical corpus on trauma-related dissociation to characterize the phenomenon from a psychotraumatology standpoint, and elaborate an explanatory hypothesis on its mechanism, pointing to etiology, differential diagnosis, and adequate management issues based on historical and empirical research to date. As an attainable emotional reaction, the chronic egodystonic presentation requires a formal explanation in conformity with the theory of structural dissociation. Depersonalization/derealization disorder, as a dissociative disorder, although mostly would be precipitated by accumulative trauma, could be understood not always solely on that explanation, but as a multifactorial phenomenon in some cases. Nonetheless, an explanation centered in the disorder acquisition as a type of posttraumatic reaction will be emphasized, involving personality development and developmental psychopathology.
{"title":"Depersonalization/derealization disorder: A comprehensive theoretical formulation","authors":"Jürgen Schäfer","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a dissociative disorder characterized by persistent unreality experiences and intact reality testing. It is presented as a primary disorder or conceptualized as a secondary disorder associated with another psychopathology, in which such secondary disorder supposes to be the main promoting factor in the condition. Dissociative disorders are understood broadly as posttraumatic phenomena, although literature reports have demonstrated certain difficulties in both treatment and accurate diagnosis especially concerning depersonalization/derealization. The present theoretical paper aims to present previous research data and a summarized theoretical corpus on trauma-related dissociation to characterize the phenomenon from a psychotraumatology standpoint, and elaborate an explanatory hypothesis on its mechanism, pointing to etiology, differential diagnosis, and adequate management issues based on historical and empirical research to date. As an attainable emotional reaction, the chronic egodystonic presentation requires a formal explanation in conformity with the theory of structural dissociation. Depersonalization/derealization disorder, as a dissociative disorder, although mostly would be precipitated by accumulative trauma, could be understood not always solely on that explanation, but as a multifactorial phenomenon in some cases. Nonetheless, an explanation centered in the disorder acquisition as a type of posttraumatic reaction will be emphasized, involving personality development and developmental psychopathology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100597"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100612
Rajat Mitra , Pankaj Singh , Nidhi Mitra
This research considers the psychological fragmentation of sexual assault survivors from the framework of structural dissociation (Van der Hart et al., 2006) by exploring the way trauma manifest in the survivors post sexual assault. This study engaged 31 sexual assault survivors (aged 18–30) across six Indian states, employing trauma informed practices to conduct in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis, revealing survivors' post-sexual assault experiences, with a focus on dissociation. The findings identified two dissociative states in the survivors—felt state (14 subthemes) and being state (10 subthemes). The Felt state consists of the survivors’ efforts to restore order and normality by using adaptive coping mechanisms; and the Being state as a process of frozen traumatic memories, somatically stored distress, and chronic perceptions of irreversible harm. The findings, based on qualitative analytical approach, show how cultural stories—such as the female chastity, culture, and honour (izzat) determine the reaction to trauma in Indian women. Clinically, the findings support phase-based interventions that initially establish stabilization through felt state coping strategies before targeting being state trauma. The research indicates the need for culturally sensitive trauma models that target both the psychological mediation of dissociation and oppressive social schemas. Further, the future research may examine the neurobiological underpinnings of dissociation subthemes and the development of culturally determined assessment tools. In combining survivor testimonies with theoretical frameworks, the study contributes to research on trauma in regions of the world where gender, caste, and mythical narratives intersect sexual violence.
本研究从结构性分离（Van der Hart et al., 2006）的框架出发，通过探究创伤在性侵犯幸存者身上的表现方式，来考虑性侵犯幸存者的心理分裂。本研究涉及印度6个邦的31名性侵幸存者（年龄在18-30岁），采用创伤知情实践进行深入的半结构化访谈。数据分析使用反身性主题分析，揭示幸存者的性侵犯后的经历，重点是分离。研究结果确定了幸存者的两种分离状态——感觉状态（14个子主题）和存在状态（10个子主题）。感知状态包括幸存者利用适应性应对机制努力恢复秩序和正常状态；而存在状态则是一个冻结创伤记忆的过程，身体上储存的痛苦，以及对不可逆转伤害的长期感知。研究结果基于定性分析方法，展示了文化故事——如女性贞洁、文化和荣誉（izzat）——如何决定印度女性对创伤的反应。在临床上，研究结果支持基于阶段的干预措施，即在针对状态创伤之前，首先通过感觉状态应对策略建立稳定。该研究表明，需要针对分离和压迫性社会图式的心理调解的文化敏感创伤模型。此外，未来的研究可能会检查分离子主题的神经生物学基础和文化决定评估工具的发展。通过将幸存者证词与理论框架相结合，该研究有助于研究世界上性别、种姓和神话叙事交织在一起的性暴力地区的创伤。
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Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-05-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100548
Pablo D. Valencia , Tomás Caycho-Rodríguez , Andy Sánchez-Villena , Jonatan Baños-Chaparro , Julio Torales , Iván Barrios , Luis Hualparuca-Olivera
Background and Objectives
Depression and anxiety are common symptoms among individuals who have experienced the death of a loved one; however, their relationship with post-traumatic growth in this population has rarely been examined. This study aimed to identify distinct profiles of post-traumatic growth, depression, and anxiety symptoms in a sample of individuals from Latin America who had experienced the loss of a loved one.
Method
A total of 2,572 participants from various Latin American countries took part in this study. The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 and the 8-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory–Short Form were administered. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify symptom profiles among individuals who had experienced bereavement.
Results
Five distinct profiles were identified: Growth, Average, Combined, Resilient, and Distress. Additionally, factors such as age, gender, time since the loss, and relationship to the deceased were found to differentially influence the patterns of post-traumatic growth, depression, and anxiety.
Conclusion
These findings contribute to the limited body of evidence on the coexistence of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic growth, illustrating that post-traumatic growth may emerge regardless of the presence or absence of other psychological symptoms in a Latin American context.
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Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-07-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100582
Pascale Amara, Guy Gimenez
<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>La prise en charge psychothérapeutique des troubles du deuil a fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches et est actuellement un domaine qui tend à s’émanciper d’attitudes thérapeutiques basées sur des postulats cliniques anciens. La clinique de l’attachement ainsi que des approches thérapeutiques innovantes sont venues nourrir la créativité de cliniciens soucieux de l’efficacité thérapeutique. Par exemple s’adresser intérieurement au défunt, questionner le rapport aux rituels, articuler la dimension psychotraumatique, ont ouvert des voies thérapeutiques prometteuses.</div></div><div><h3>Objectif</h3><div>L’importance thérapeutique du réaménagement psychique du lien au défunt apparait de façon récurrente dans les résultats cliniques obtenus dans la thérapie EMDR de patients souffrant de troubles du deuil. Les approches thérapeutiques traditionnelles centrées sur la perte mobilisent la question du désinvestissement de la relation au défunt pour s’ouvrir à de nouveaux liens, mais la question de l’héritage psychique du défunt comme ressource à mobiliser est peu ou incomplètement abordée. L’hypothèse soutenue est que l’ensemble des représentations psychiques issues de la relation au défunt est un support d’étayage pertinent à prendre en compte dans la psychothérapie des endeuillés. Nous présentons un outil clinique favorisant la mobilisation de cette réalité psychique internalisée dans l’espace thérapeutique. Cet outil est une métaphore nommée « la mémoire vivante du disparu ».</div></div><div><h3>Méthode</h3><div>Après un rappel de la clinique des troubles du deuil et une synthèse des approches thérapeutiques recommandées et émergentes, nous présentons du matériel clinique obtenu lors de trois thérapies EMDR de patients souffrant de deuils récents ou pathologiques. Des émergences imaginaires disruptives observées principalement dans la phase de désensibilisation convoquent un lien positif au défunt et projettent le patient dans un réaménagement subjectif pacifié de la relation à ce dernier, amenant une sédation des symptômes douloureux. La métaphore est proposée si le patient n’est pas spontanément connecté à la représentation interne du défunt.</div></div><div><h3>Résultat</h3><div>Il apparait une convergence dans la psychothérapie EMDR d’endeuillés entre la mobilisation d’éléments mnésiques ou représentationnels positifs relatifs au défunt, un réaménagement psychique structurant intégrant le décès, et une amélioration thérapeutique observable sur le plan clinique.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Cette convergence milite en faveur de l’efficience d’une approche en EMDR mobilisant le réaménagement du lien interne au défunt pour nourrir la nécessaire mutation psychique déclenchée par le décès. Les observations cliniques sont articulées à des cadres conceptuels et des approches cliniques émergentes. La vividité et l’étrangeté de certaines productions imaginaires à effet thérapeutique immédiat nous amènent à questionne
{"title":"Mobilisation du lien au défunt dans le traitement du deuil chronique en EMDR: métaphore de « la mémoire vivante du disparu »","authors":"Pascale Amara, Guy Gimenez","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>La prise en charge psychothérapeutique des troubles du deuil a fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches et est actuellement un domaine qui tend à s’émanciper d’attitudes thérapeutiques basées sur des postulats cliniques anciens. La clinique de l’attachement ainsi que des approches thérapeutiques innovantes sont venues nourrir la créativité de cliniciens soucieux de l’efficacité thérapeutique. Par exemple s’adresser intérieurement au défunt, questionner le rapport aux rituels, articuler la dimension psychotraumatique, ont ouvert des voies thérapeutiques prometteuses.</div></div><div><h3>Objectif</h3><div>L’importance thérapeutique du réaménagement psychique du lien au défunt apparait de façon récurrente dans les résultats cliniques obtenus dans la thérapie EMDR de patients souffrant de troubles du deuil. Les approches thérapeutiques traditionnelles centrées sur la perte mobilisent la question du désinvestissement de la relation au défunt pour s’ouvrir à de nouveaux liens, mais la question de l’héritage psychique du défunt comme ressource à mobiliser est peu ou incomplètement abordée. L’hypothèse soutenue est que l’ensemble des représentations psychiques issues de la relation au défunt est un support d’étayage pertinent à prendre en compte dans la psychothérapie des endeuillés. Nous présentons un outil clinique favorisant la mobilisation de cette réalité psychique internalisée dans l’espace thérapeutique. Cet outil est une métaphore nommée « la mémoire vivante du disparu ».</div></div><div><h3>Méthode</h3><div>Après un rappel de la clinique des troubles du deuil et une synthèse des approches thérapeutiques recommandées et émergentes, nous présentons du matériel clinique obtenu lors de trois thérapies EMDR de patients souffrant de deuils récents ou pathologiques. Des émergences imaginaires disruptives observées principalement dans la phase de désensibilisation convoquent un lien positif au défunt et projettent le patient dans un réaménagement subjectif pacifié de la relation à ce dernier, amenant une sédation des symptômes douloureux. La métaphore est proposée si le patient n’est pas spontanément connecté à la représentation interne du défunt.</div></div><div><h3>Résultat</h3><div>Il apparait une convergence dans la psychothérapie EMDR d’endeuillés entre la mobilisation d’éléments mnésiques ou représentationnels positifs relatifs au défunt, un réaménagement psychique structurant intégrant le décès, et une amélioration thérapeutique observable sur le plan clinique.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Cette convergence milite en faveur de l’efficience d’une approche en EMDR mobilisant le réaménagement du lien interne au défunt pour nourrir la nécessaire mutation psychique déclenchée par le décès. Les observations cliniques sont articulées à des cadres conceptuels et des approches cliniques émergentes. La vividité et l’étrangeté de certaines productions imaginaires à effet thérapeutique immédiat nous amènent à questionne","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100582"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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