Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100462
Gianpaolo Salvatore , Giovanni Stanghellini , René Rosfort , Rodolfo Rossi , Sergio Salvatore
The current conception of complex trauma is based on an implicit materialized, orthopedic conception of the mind. Just as in osteoporosis, chronic damage to the bone can cause it to fracture, so the self can be chronically damaged by repeated damaging events inflicted upon it by the relational environment. In this paper, we first look at the severe problems of this conception, and subsequently argue for a different conception - an intersubjective conception of complex traumain the framework of the semiotic function of affectivity - that may help us overcome problems. We propose to conceive complex trauma as an adaptation imposed on the mind by a relational environment endowed with limited affective complexity, to which the mind responds by reducing its affective complexity to varying degrees and adopting a variably rigid, affectively hyper-simplified “successful” form of interpretation of reality. In this perspective, complex trauma would be a ubiquitous form of adaptation that takes on the appearance of ways of being in the world and in relationships, if not the only possible form of existence, which often manifest as various forms of psychopathology.
{"title":"An intersubjective conception of complex trauma in the framework of the semiotic function of affectivity","authors":"Gianpaolo Salvatore , Giovanni Stanghellini , René Rosfort , Rodolfo Rossi , Sergio Salvatore","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current conception of complex trauma is based on an implicit materialized, orthopedic conception of the mind. Just as in osteoporosis, chronic damage to the bone can cause it to fracture, so the self can be chronically damaged by repeated damaging events inflicted upon it by the relational environment. In this paper, we first look at the severe problems of this conception, and subsequently argue for a different conception - an intersubjective conception of complex traumain the framework of the semiotic function of affectivity - that may help us overcome problems. We propose to conceive complex trauma as an adaptation imposed on the mind by a relational environment endowed with limited affective complexity, to which the mind responds by reducing its affective complexity to varying degrees and adopting a variably rigid, affectively hyper-simplified “successful” form of interpretation of reality. In this perspective, complex trauma would be a ubiquitous form of adaptation that takes on the appearance of ways of being in the world and in relationships, if not the only possible form of existence, which often manifest as various forms of psychopathology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142311220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100463
David Turgoose , Dominic Murphy
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), including childhood abuse and neglect, are consistently linked to poorer mental health and psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. Complex-posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and moral injury are two conditions which can cause significant distress and functional impairment in individuals affected by trauma. However, not much is known about the complex relationships between ACEs, C-PTSD and moral injury. Furthermore, while perceived social support is a commonly cited protective factor for C-PTSD, there is little understanding about how it relates to ACEs in traumatised populations. The aim of this study was to investigate ACEs in a trauma-affected sample of UK military veterans using latent class analysis. Secondly, the study tested for associations between latent classes of ACEs, severity of C-PTSD and moral injury, and levels of perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Data was collected from a UK military veterans mental health charity, from a clinical sample (<em>N</em> = 336) who were receiving treatment for mental health difficulties. Participants completed standardised measures of ACEs, C-PTSD, moral injury, and perceived social support. Data was analysed using a bias-adjusted 3-step approach latent class analysis. Wald statistics were used to test for associations between classes of ACEs and C-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>A two-class model was found to be the best fit for the data, which depicted two classes of ACEs within the sample. The classes showed a distinction between a group of participants who were more likely to endorse experiencing high levels of ACEs, and a separate group who endorsed relatively lower levels of ACEs. As such, the model was interpreted as depicting a <em>low-ACEs</em> (class 1) vs. <em>high-ACEs</em> (class 2) distinction. 56 % of participants fell into class 1 (low ACEs) with 44 % in class 2 (high ACEs). Participants in class 2 (high ACEs) were significantly more likely to score highly for symptoms of C-PTSD and moral injury, and to report lower levels of perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study is the first to report a two-class model of low vs high-ACEs in a clinical sample of UK military veterans. It also describes how membership of the high-ACEs class was significantly associated with higher scores for key mental health and psychosocial variables in C-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support. The findings have important clinical implications in highlighting the possible role of ACEs in understanding the aetiology of psychopathology in military populations affected by trauma. It also adds to the growing literature which demonstrates how many military personnel experience significant levels of pre-existing trauma and adversity before entering service, and how this can contribute to the development of complex mental health outcomes
{"title":"Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Complex-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support: A latent class analysis","authors":"David Turgoose , Dominic Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), including childhood abuse and neglect, are consistently linked to poorer mental health and psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. Complex-posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and moral injury are two conditions which can cause significant distress and functional impairment in individuals affected by trauma. However, not much is known about the complex relationships between ACEs, C-PTSD and moral injury. Furthermore, while perceived social support is a commonly cited protective factor for C-PTSD, there is little understanding about how it relates to ACEs in traumatised populations. The aim of this study was to investigate ACEs in a trauma-affected sample of UK military veterans using latent class analysis. Secondly, the study tested for associations between latent classes of ACEs, severity of C-PTSD and moral injury, and levels of perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Data was collected from a UK military veterans mental health charity, from a clinical sample (<em>N</em> = 336) who were receiving treatment for mental health difficulties. Participants completed standardised measures of ACEs, C-PTSD, moral injury, and perceived social support. Data was analysed using a bias-adjusted 3-step approach latent class analysis. Wald statistics were used to test for associations between classes of ACEs and C-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>A two-class model was found to be the best fit for the data, which depicted two classes of ACEs within the sample. The classes showed a distinction between a group of participants who were more likely to endorse experiencing high levels of ACEs, and a separate group who endorsed relatively lower levels of ACEs. As such, the model was interpreted as depicting a <em>low-ACEs</em> (class 1) vs. <em>high-ACEs</em> (class 2) distinction. 56 % of participants fell into class 1 (low ACEs) with 44 % in class 2 (high ACEs). Participants in class 2 (high ACEs) were significantly more likely to score highly for symptoms of C-PTSD and moral injury, and to report lower levels of perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study is the first to report a two-class model of low vs high-ACEs in a clinical sample of UK military veterans. It also describes how membership of the high-ACEs class was significantly associated with higher scores for key mental health and psychosocial variables in C-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support. The findings have important clinical implications in highlighting the possible role of ACEs in understanding the aetiology of psychopathology in military populations affected by trauma. It also adds to the growing literature which demonstrates how many military personnel experience significant levels of pre-existing trauma and adversity before entering service, and how this can contribute to the development of complex mental health outcomes ","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468749924000863/pdfft?md5=54168c48c567418a53372acfe33f71b7&pid=1-s2.0-S2468749924000863-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100461
Helin Abursu, Mehmet Fatih Ceylan, Selma Tural Hesapcıoglu
Objective
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is characterized by irritability and anger outbursts, categorized under depressive disorders along with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in DSM-5. This study aims to investigate exposure to peer bullying and trauma in irritable youth with DMDD and compare it with those with MDD and healthy controls.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 313 participants aged 12–17 (DMDD: 103, MDD: 105, healthy controls: 105; mean age 15.0±1.6). The diagnosis was established using the Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) semi-structured interview. The Olweus Bullying Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and sociodemographic forms were utilized.
Results
Both DMDD and MDD groups experienced significantly more physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect, compared to the healthy control group. Among the DMDD group, 34.9% were bullies, 42.7% were victims, and 18.4% were bully-victims.
Conclusion
Adolescents diagnosed with DMDD are at increased risk for experiencing peer bullying and trauma. Emotional dysregulation and intense outbursts of anger predispose these individuals to both perpetrate and fall victim to peer bullying, as well as to become bully-victims. Including irritable adolescents in peer bullying intervention programs may be beneficial. Additionally, considering the elevated risk of anger outbursts and irritability in individuals exposed to trauma, they should be closely monitored.
{"title":"Irritability in youth: Trauma, maltreatment, and bullying in mood disorders","authors":"Helin Abursu, Mehmet Fatih Ceylan, Selma Tural Hesapcıoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is characterized by irritability and anger outbursts, categorized under depressive disorders along with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in DSM-5. This study aims to investigate exposure to peer bullying and trauma in irritable youth with DMDD and compare it with those with MDD and healthy controls.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional study included 313 participants aged 12–17 (DMDD: 103, MDD: 105, healthy controls: 105; mean age 15.0±1.6). The diagnosis was established using the Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) semi-structured interview. The Olweus Bullying Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and sociodemographic forms were utilized.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both DMDD and MDD groups experienced significantly more physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect, compared to the healthy control group. Among the DMDD group, 34.9% were bullies, 42.7% were victims, and 18.4% were bully-victims.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Adolescents diagnosed with DMDD are at increased risk for experiencing peer bullying and trauma. Emotional dysregulation and intense outbursts of anger predispose these individuals to both perpetrate and fall victim to peer bullying, as well as to become bully-victims. Including irritable adolescents in peer bullying intervention programs may be beneficial. Additionally, considering the elevated risk of anger outbursts and irritability in individuals exposed to trauma, they should be closely monitored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100460
Amie C. Myrick , Hygge J. Schielke , Bethany L. Brand
Few professionals in the mental health field receive systematic training in treating trauma-related symptoms and disorders, including dissociative disorders (DD). Experts in the field of treating DDs recommend building stabilization skills early in treatment to improve emotion regulation and safety, yet research on DD therapists’ actual practices suggest that they are engaging in these practices less than recommended. DD patients may benefit from therapists learning more about emotion regulation and trauma symptom management towards stabilizing difficult experiences and risky, unhealthy, or unsafe behaviors. The current study considered whether an international group of therapists who participated alongside their DD patients in a 2-year Internet-based psychoeducational program demonstrated changes in knowledge related to symptom management and stabilization techniques. Therapists answered five free-form text questions related to DD symptom management and stabilization at baseline, mid-point, and end of the study. Results showed that significant changes in therapist knowledge were evident between baseline and mid-point, as well as between the baseline and the end of the study, with effect sizes ranging from small to large. Compared to when they began the study, therapists were better able to understand their DD patients’ reasons for self-injury, recognize warning signs of unsafe behaviors, identify coping skills, and identify skills to manage overwhelming feelings and intrusive traumatic content. Implications and opportunities for future research are discussed.
{"title":"Changes in therapists’ knowledge of symptom management and stabilization following program co-participation with dissociative patients","authors":"Amie C. Myrick , Hygge J. Schielke , Bethany L. Brand","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Few professionals in the mental health field receive systematic training in treating trauma-related symptoms and disorders, including dissociative disorders (DD). Experts in the field of treating DDs recommend building stabilization skills early in treatment to improve emotion regulation and safety, yet research on DD therapists’ actual practices suggest that they are engaging in these practices less than recommended. DD patients may benefit from therapists learning more about emotion regulation and trauma symptom management towards stabilizing difficult experiences and risky, unhealthy, or unsafe behaviors. The current study considered whether an international group of therapists who participated alongside their DD patients in a 2-year Internet-based psychoeducational program demonstrated changes in knowledge related to symptom management and stabilization techniques. Therapists answered five free-form text questions related to DD symptom management and stabilization at baseline, mid-point, and end of the study. Results showed that significant changes in therapist knowledge were evident between baseline and mid-point, as well as between the baseline and the end of the study, with effect sizes ranging from small to large. Compared to when they began the study, therapists were better able to understand their DD patients’ reasons for self-injury, recognize warning signs of unsafe behaviors, identify coping skills, and identify skills to manage overwhelming feelings and intrusive traumatic content. Implications and opportunities for future research are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100458
Michel Mètonou Mehinto , Guy-Gérard Aza-Gnandji , Abibou Soule
Background and objective
The commune of Kérou in northern Benin, due to its geographical location, is a victim of the negative externalities of terrorist activity. As a result, it is the scene of intense jihadist activity, with the corollary of total insecurity causing psychological suffering among its populations. Focusing on people's psychotraumatic experiences, this research aims to understand and describe the psychopathological manifestations of people's suffering in the face of jihadist attacks, and the community support strategies implemented by the people themselves in the absence of formal psychological care for victims.
Methods
Using a sample of 177 individuals (direct and indirect victims of jihadist attacks, military personnel, mental health specialists and policy-makers), selected by the sampling techniques “snowball”, “accidental choice” and “choice by convenience”, data were collected by means of a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The qualitative information gathered was subjected to thematic content analysis. Quantitative data, once processed, was subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis. The psychoanalytical theory of trauma was used to shed light on the psychological suffering of the victims.
Results
After triangulation and analysis of the data, it emerges that acts of terrorism have a profound impact on the daily lives of victimized populations. Social dynamics are undermined, with community resilience mechanisms dysfunctional. The psychopathological fallout from these terrorist attacks is so virulent that many people suffer from anxiety or depression. They present serious psychopathological decompensation and post-traumatic stress. Against this backdrop of severe psychopathological suffering, psychological care for the victims is non-existent.
Conclusion
The results of this research have drawn the attention of political and administrative authorities, national and international organizations to the urgent need to set up a psychological care team to support the victims of the terrorist attacks in the commune of Kérou. They can also serve as a basis for any psychologist working to develop a psychotrauma intervention to help the victims. These results also help to raise awareness among communities and families of the need to strengthen community support and resilience mechanisms to ensure victims' psychological and social well-being.
{"title":"Esquisse d'une analyse psychopathologique de la souffrance des populations du nord Bénin confrontées au terrorisme","authors":"Michel Mètonou Mehinto , Guy-Gérard Aza-Gnandji , Abibou Soule","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objective</h3><p>The commune of Kérou in northern Benin, due to its geographical location, is a victim of the negative externalities of terrorist activity. As a result, it is the scene of intense jihadist activity, with the corollary of total insecurity causing psychological suffering among its populations. Focusing on people's psychotraumatic experiences, this research aims to understand and describe the psychopathological manifestations of people's suffering in the face of jihadist attacks, and the community support strategies implemented by the people themselves in the absence of formal psychological care for victims.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using a sample of 177 individuals (direct and indirect victims of jihadist attacks, military personnel, mental health specialists and policy-makers), selected by the sampling techniques “snowball”, “accidental choice” and “choice by convenience”, data were collected by means of a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The qualitative information gathered was subjected to thematic content analysis. Quantitative data, once processed, was subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis. The psychoanalytical theory of trauma was used to shed light on the psychological suffering of the victims.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>After triangulation and analysis of the data, it emerges that acts of terrorism have a profound impact on the daily lives of victimized populations. Social dynamics are undermined, with community resilience mechanisms dysfunctional. The psychopathological fallout from these terrorist attacks is so virulent that many people suffer from anxiety or depression. They present serious psychopathological decompensation and post-traumatic stress. Against this backdrop of severe psychopathological suffering, psychological care for the victims is non-existent.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results of this research have drawn the attention of political and administrative authorities, national and international organizations to the urgent need to set up a psychological care team to support the victims of the terrorist attacks in the commune of Kérou. They can also serve as a basis for any psychologist working to develop a psychotrauma intervention to help the victims. These results also help to raise awareness among communities and families of the need to strengthen community support and resilience mechanisms to ensure victims' psychological and social well-being.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100451
Bettina K. Doering , Judith Gonschor , Lauren J. Breen , Maarten C. Eisma
Background
Public stigma for grief may reduce the social support provided to bereaved persons and increase bereavement-related distress. The general public reports more stigmatizing responses towards bereaved persons with prolonged grief disorder (PGD) than towards persons experiencing non-clinical grief. No studies to date have investigated whether personal characteristics of the general public relate to public stigma towards PGD. The present study examined whether participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and personal bereavement experiences are associated with stigmatizing responses towards PGD.
Method
We combined data of three previously published vignette experiments to conduct a secondary analysis. All studies presented members of the general public (N = 452) with a description of a male bereaved person with PGD symptoms and a PGD diagnosis. Participants rated three indicators of public stigma - negative attributes (competence, warmth), emotional reactions (fear, anger), and preferred social distance. First, we examined whether gender, age, and educational level related to public stigma towards PGD. Second, we examined the association of participants’ personal bereavement experiences with public stigma.
Results
Regression analyses demonstrated that participants’ socio-demographic characteristics explained a significant amount of variance for warmth (ΔR² = .03; p < .05) and anger (ΔR² = .05; p < .01): Male participants rated the person in the vignette as less warm (β = -.13, p < .05). Being older related to lower ratings of warmth (β = -.12, p < .05) and higher ratings of anger (β = .18, p < .01). Participants’ educational level was not associated with stigma. Participants’ bereavement experiences explained a significant amount of variance for preferred social distance (ΔR² = .11; p <. 05): Participants reporting higher personal grief severity preferred less social distance from a person with PGD (β = -.29, p < .05). A higher number of experienced losses, the recency of the bereavement, and the cause of death (natural vs. unnatural) did not relate to public stigma.
Conclusions
Male and older persons are more likely to demonstrate public stigma towards PGD. Experiencing severe grief oneself is associated with less preferred social distance from a person with PGD. Anti-stigma interventions may advance the public's knowledge about grief and PGD and address specific target groups (men and older persons).
{"title":"Correlates of public stigma towards prolonged grief disorder","authors":"Bettina K. Doering , Judith Gonschor , Lauren J. Breen , Maarten C. Eisma","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Public stigma for grief may reduce the social support provided to bereaved persons and increase bereavement-related distress. The general public reports more stigmatizing responses towards bereaved persons with prolonged grief disorder (PGD) than towards persons experiencing non-clinical grief. No studies to date have investigated whether personal characteristics of the general public relate to public stigma towards PGD. The present study examined whether participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and personal bereavement experiences are associated with stigmatizing responses towards PGD.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>We combined data of three previously published vignette experiments to conduct a secondary analysis. All studies presented members of the general public (<em>N</em> = 452) with a description of a male bereaved person with PGD symptoms and a PGD diagnosis. Participants rated three indicators of public stigma - negative attributes (competence, warmth), emotional reactions (fear, anger), and preferred social distance. First, we examined whether gender, age, and educational level related to public stigma towards PGD. Second, we examined the association of participants’ personal bereavement experiences with public stigma.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Regression analyses demonstrated that participants’ socio-demographic characteristics explained a significant amount of variance for warmth (Δ<em>R²</em> = .03; <em>p</em> < .05) and anger (Δ<em>R²</em> = .05; <em>p</em> < .01): Male participants rated the person in the vignette as less warm (β = -.13, <em>p</em> < .05). Being older related to lower ratings of warmth (β = -.12, <em>p</em> < .05) and higher ratings of anger (β = .18, <em>p</em> < .01). Participants’ educational level was not associated with stigma. Participants’ bereavement experiences explained a significant amount of variance for preferred social distance (Δ<em>R²</em> = .11; <em>p</em> <. 05): Participants reporting higher personal grief severity preferred less social distance from a person with PGD (β = -.29, <em>p</em> < .05). A higher number of experienced losses, the recency of the bereavement, and the cause of death (natural vs. unnatural) did not relate to public stigma.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Male and older persons are more likely to demonstrate public stigma towards PGD. Experiencing severe grief oneself is associated with less preferred social distance from a person with PGD. Anti-stigma interventions may advance the public's knowledge about grief and PGD and address specific target groups (men and older persons).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468749924000747/pdfft?md5=9a5bc8490dc62070bdcf1e0478baeb0f&pid=1-s2.0-S2468749924000747-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142148538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100453
Laure Rougegrez
The maritime environment is impacted by the frequent occurrence of events with psychotraumatic potential. Within the framework of medical assistance at sea and the coordination of maritime and land-based rescue services, the medical-psychological emergency unit (CUMP) may be called upon to intervene in situations of collective disasters involving seafarers, requiring consideration of the characteristics of this environment, whether in terms of the functioning of a crew, risk factors, or psychotraumatic manifestations in seafarers. In this context, the CUMP intervention must be adjusted to these specificities, both in terms of individual and group care, but also in terms of crisis management on a ship, with the necessary articulation with the ship's command.
{"title":"Characteristics of Medical and Psychological Emergency Units (CUMP) intervention in maritime environmnent","authors":"Laure Rougegrez","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The maritime environment is impacted by the frequent occurrence of events with psychotraumatic potential. Within the framework of medical assistance at sea and the coordination of maritime and land-based rescue services, the medical-psychological emergency unit (CUMP) may be called upon to intervene in situations of collective disasters involving seafarers, requiring consideration of the characteristics of this environment, whether in terms of the functioning of a crew, risk factors, or psychotraumatic manifestations in seafarers. In this context, the CUMP intervention must be adjusted to these specificities, both in terms of individual and group care, but also in terms of crisis management on a ship, with the necessary articulation with the ship's command.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142158155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minimal exploration exists on mind wandering and self-silencing in adolescent girls with sexual trauma and dissociation.
Objective
To investigate the lived experiences of female adolescent sexual trauma survivors with dissociation, focusing on overcoming mind-wandering and self-silencing through Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy.
Participants and settings
This study, conducted in Sikkim, India, addresses a research gap in a culturally distinct context. Three adolescent girls diagnosed with PTSD and dissociation by a psychiatrist were selected through purposive sampling.
Method
This study uses Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore participants' individual stories and perspectives. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences and narratives of three participants.
Results
The IPA analysis revealed three super-ordinate themes: coping mechanisms, support and relationships, and, therapeutic approaches and the healing journey. In coping mechanisms participants reported (1) mind-wandering, self-blame, and daydreaming, (2) self-silencing, and (3) sublimation through academic achievement. The support and relationships theme included (1) lack of support from family, (2) attachment issues with mothers, (3) gender-based double standards, (4) Lack of infrastructure and health care human resources, with some participants turning to (5) faith-healing for mental health issues. The therapeutic approaches and healing journey theme demonstrated the effectiveness of Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy in alleviating mind-wandering and self-silencing.
Conclusions
This study underscores the resilience of survivors of post-sexual trauma, advocating for culturally sensitive healing and evidence-based practices. Addressing mind-wandering and self-silencing through Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy strengthens support systems, pioneering ways to mitigate the impact of sexual abuse.
{"title":"Pioneering approaches: Navigating mind wandering and self-silencing in dissociated adolescent female sexual trauma survivors - An interpretative phenomenological analysis","authors":"Devendra Kumar Singh Varshney , Manju Agrawal , Rakesh Kumar Tripathi , Satish Rasaily","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Minimal exploration exists on mind wandering and self-silencing in adolescent girls with sexual trauma and dissociation.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate the lived experiences of female adolescent sexual trauma survivors with dissociation, focusing on overcoming mind-wandering and self-silencing through Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy.</p></div><div><h3>Participants and settings</h3><p>This study, conducted in Sikkim, India, addresses a research gap in a culturally distinct context. Three adolescent girls diagnosed with PTSD and dissociation by a psychiatrist were selected through purposive sampling.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This study uses Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore participants' individual stories and perspectives. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences and narratives of three participants.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The IPA analysis revealed three super-ordinate themes: coping mechanisms, support and relationships, and, therapeutic approaches and the healing journey. In coping mechanisms participants reported (1) mind-wandering, self-blame, and daydreaming, (2) self-silencing, and (3) sublimation through academic achievement. The support and relationships theme included (1) lack of support from family, (2) attachment issues with mothers, (3) gender-based double standards, (4) Lack of infrastructure and health care human resources, with some participants turning to (5) faith-healing for mental health issues. The therapeutic approaches and healing journey theme demonstrated the effectiveness of Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy in alleviating mind-wandering and self-silencing.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study underscores the resilience of survivors of post-sexual trauma, advocating for culturally sensitive healing and evidence-based practices. Addressing mind-wandering and self-silencing through Pranayama, mindfulness meditation, music, and art therapy strengthens support systems, pioneering ways to mitigate the impact of sexual abuse.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100450
D. Ashwini, P. Kiruthika (Dr.)
The current research paper deals with reference to the novels Earth and Ashes and The Patience Stone by Atiq Rahimi, which examines the trauma and suffering experienced by Afghans during and after the war. Despite being fiction, the characters in both novels experience both physical and mental suffering, which accurately captures life in a war zone. Every character wants to leave the conflicting situation because war makes the characters numb. All the major and supporting characters struggle with finding their identities. This paper aims to shed some light on the causes of war and its effects on people. There is a strong feeling of psychological distress evident in the novel as the characters struggle to cope with the loss of their loved ones after their deaths. The burden of oppression by marital, social, and religious norms is very well portrayed. The characters are in search for the true home both inside and outside as they lost their lives in their homeland. Their external search is for a better place to live a typical human life on Earth that is free of war and conflict, while their internal search is for their true selves and identities. The selected novels illustrate how war actually causes trauma for people who are forced to flee their homes and become refugees.
{"title":"Longing for home: Analyzing the trauma in Atiq Rahimi's Earth and Ashes and The Patience Stone","authors":"D. Ashwini, P. Kiruthika (Dr.)","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current research paper deals with reference to the novels <em>Earth and Ashes</em> and <em>The Patience Stone</em> by Atiq Rahimi, which examines the trauma and suffering experienced by Afghans during and after the war. Despite being fiction, the characters in both novels experience both physical and mental suffering, which accurately captures life in a war zone. Every character wants to leave the conflicting situation because war makes the characters numb. All the major and supporting characters struggle with finding their identities. This paper aims to shed some light on the causes of war and its effects on people. There is a strong feeling of psychological distress evident in the novel as the characters struggle to cope with the loss of their loved ones after their deaths. The burden of oppression by marital, social, and religious norms is very well portrayed. The characters are in search for the true home both inside and outside as they lost their lives in their homeland. Their external search is for a better place to live a typical human life on Earth that is free of war and conflict, while their internal search is for their true selves and identities. The selected novels illustrate how war actually causes trauma for people who are forced to flee their homes and become refugees.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100449
Andrew Laurin , Jean-Benoît Hardouin , Morgane Pere , Maëlle Fauvre , Hugo Bottemanne , Raphaëlle Richieri , Alain Brunet , Maud Rötharmel , Wissam El-Hage , Samuel Bulteau , Thibault Deschamps , Anne Sauvaget
Introduction
: Tonic immobility (TI) in humans is characterized by muscle inhibition, hypertonia and analgesia that may occur during a traumatic event. TI is associated with an increased risk of severe and treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, there is no French validated scale for TI.
Methods
: We studied the face validity (qualitative study) and psychometric properties concerning a French version of the 10-item Tonic Immobility Scale (FR-TIS) in adult with PTSD.
Results
: Concerning face validity, six participants confirmed that the FR-TIS was simple, clear, and comprehensible, but has some limitations concerning the recall according to age of trauma, peritraumatic dissociation intensity, avoidance behaviors, the type and the context of the trauma. For psychometric properties, 120 patients completed a computerized version of the FR-TIS. FR-TIS showed good psychometric properties in a three-dimensional form with 8 items (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.056) including 4 items for TI (Cronbach's α = 0.76), 2 items for fear (Cronbach's α = 0.63), 2 items for dissociation (Cronbach's α = 0.68).
Conclusion
: The FR-TIS is a potentially useful and easy-to-use tool in clinical practice, to help improving screening and assessment of TI
{"title":"French validation of the tonic immobility scale in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder","authors":"Andrew Laurin , Jean-Benoît Hardouin , Morgane Pere , Maëlle Fauvre , Hugo Bottemanne , Raphaëlle Richieri , Alain Brunet , Maud Rötharmel , Wissam El-Hage , Samuel Bulteau , Thibault Deschamps , Anne Sauvaget","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>: Tonic immobility (TI) in humans is characterized by muscle inhibition, hypertonia and analgesia that may occur during a traumatic event. TI is associated with an increased risk of severe and treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, there is no French validated scale for TI.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>: We studied the face validity (qualitative study) and psychometric properties concerning a French version of the 10-item Tonic Immobility Scale (FR-TIS) in adult with PTSD.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>: Concerning face validity, six participants confirmed that the FR-TIS was simple, clear, and comprehensible, but has some limitations concerning the recall according to age of trauma, peritraumatic dissociation intensity, avoidance behaviors, the type and the context of the trauma. For psychometric properties, 120 patients completed a computerized version of the FR-TIS. FR-TIS showed good psychometric properties in a three-dimensional form with 8 items (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.056) including 4 items for TI (Cronbach's α = 0.76), 2 items for fear (Cronbach's α = 0.63), 2 items for dissociation (Cronbach's α = 0.68).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>: The FR-TIS is a potentially useful and easy-to-use tool in clinical practice, to help improving screening and assessment of TI</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"8 4","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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