Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100470
Eric Binet
Munchausen Syndrome (MS), otherwise known as factitious disorder may have evolved with the development of social media and virtual communities, and in these cases is called Munchausen by Internet (MbI). There has been a significant increase in reports of people, mostly young adults, presenting their own self-diagnosis and claiming on the Internet (or in consultation) to suffer from Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), which is a disorder that is particularly difficult to diagnose. These people, identified as false positives or factitious DID sufferers, are used to interacting in online communities about DID, with influencers on social media claiming to have DID themselves. This article draws on existing work on MS and DID to investigate how this phenomenon is evolving over time, and to consider whether it could be a new form of Internet MS, or simply people misrepresenting their psychological state.
Le syndrome de Munchausen (SM), autrement appelé trouble factice, est une pathologie qui a pu évoluer avec le développement des réseaux sociaux et des communautés virtuelles, et appelé dans ces cas Munchausen by Internet (MbI). Dans les cas de patients présentant leur propre auto-diagnostic, on observe une importante augmentation de témoignages de personnes, souvent des jeunes adultes, déclarant sur internet (ou en consultation) souffrir d'un Trouble Dissociatif de l'Identité (TDI), trouble particulièrement difficile à diagnostiquer. En réalité, identifiées comme des faux positifs ou des TDI imités, ces personnes ont l'habitude d'interagir dans des communautés en ligne sur le TDI, avec des influenceurs sur les réseaux sociaux affirmant eux-mêmes être atteints de TDI. Cet article s'appuie sur les travaux existants sur le SM et le TDI afin d’étudier l’évolution de ce phénomène dans le temps et d'envisager s'il ne pourrait pas s'agir d'une nouvelle forme de SM par internet ou simplement de personnes se trompant sur leur état psychologique.
蒙乔生综合症（Munchausen Syndrome，MS），又称事实性失调症，可能是随着社交媒体和虚拟社区的发展而演变而来的，在这些情况下被称为 "网络蒙乔生"（Munchausen by Internet，MbI）。有越来越多的报道称，一些人（大多是年轻人）在互联网上（或咨询中）进行自我诊断，声称自己患有分离性身份识别障碍（DID），这是一种特别难以诊断的疾病。这些人被认定为假阳性或事实性 DID 患者，他们习惯于在有关 DID 的网络社区中进行互动，社交媒体上有影响力的人声称自己也患有 DID。蒙乔生综合症（MS），又称事实性失调症，是一种可能随着社交网络和虚拟社区的发展而演变的病理现象，在这些情况下被称为 "网络蒙乔生"（MbI）。在患者提出自我诊断的情况下，关于有人（通常是年轻人）在互联网上（或咨询中）声称患有分离性身份识别障碍（DID）的报告显著增加，这种障碍特别难以诊断。在现实中，这些人被认定为假阳性或被模仿的 IDD 患者，他们习惯于在有关 IDD 的网络社区中与社交网络上自称患有 IDD 的影响者进行互动。本文借鉴了现有的关于SM和IDD的研究成果，探讨了这一现象是如何随着时间的推移而演变的，并思考了这是否可能是一种新的网络SM形式，或者仅仅是人们在歪曲自己的心理状态。
{"title":"Claims of Dissociative Identity Disorder on the Internet: A new epidemic of Munchausen Syndrome?","authors":"Eric Binet","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Munchausen Syndrome (MS), otherwise known as factitious disorder may have evolved with the development of social media and virtual communities, and in these cases is called Munchausen by Internet (MbI). There has been a significant increase in reports of people, mostly young adults, presenting their own self-diagnosis and claiming on the Internet (or in consultation) to suffer from Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), which is a disorder that is particularly difficult to diagnose. These people, identified as false positives or factitious DID sufferers, are used to interacting in online communities about DID, with influencers on social media claiming to have DID themselves. This article draws on existing work on MS and DID to investigate how this phenomenon is evolving over time, and to consider whether it could be a new form of Internet MS, or simply people misrepresenting their psychological state.</div></div><div><div>Le syndrome de Munchausen (SM), autrement appelé trouble factice, est une pathologie qui a pu évoluer avec le développement des réseaux sociaux et des communautés virtuelles, et appelé dans ces cas <em>Munchausen by Internet</em> (MbI). Dans les cas de patients présentant leur propre auto-diagnostic, on observe une importante augmentation de témoignages de personnes, souvent des jeunes adultes, déclarant sur internet (ou en consultation) souffrir d'un Trouble Dissociatif de l'Identité (TDI), trouble particulièrement difficile à diagnostiquer. En réalité, identifiées comme des faux positifs ou des TDI imités, ces personnes ont l'habitude d'interagir dans des communautés en ligne sur le TDI, avec des influenceurs sur les réseaux sociaux affirmant eux-mêmes être atteints de TDI. Cet article s'appuie sur les travaux existants sur le SM et le TDI afin d’étudier l’évolution de ce phénomène dans le temps et d'envisager s'il ne pourrait pas s'agir d'une nouvelle forme de SM par internet ou simplement de personnes se trompant sur leur état psychologique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100468
Bruno Halioua , Patrick Bantman , Rachel Rimmer , Eric Ghozlan , Muriel Vaislic , Dan Halioua , Fabienne Amson , Avidan Kogel , Charles Taieb , Richard Prasquier , Jean-Francois Gutthman , Robert Ejnes , Stephanie Dassa , Alexis Astruc , Marc Cohen , Samuel Sarfati , Marc Fohlen-Weill , Odile Namia-Cohen , Aline Deutscher , Jonathan Taieb
Introduction
The 7 October terrorist attack in southern Israel and the increase in anti-Semitic acts have had a significant impact on the mental health of Holocaust survivors (HS), with some experiencing feelings of isolation and loneliness associated with an increased risk of mortality. The main objective of our work was to assess the incidence and intensity of perceived stress among French HS suffering from feelings of isolation and loneliness following the 7 October attack. The secondary objective was to determine the impact on health and to establish a link with the Holocaust period.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted between 30 October and 15 December 2023 among HS living in France who were contacted by mail through HS support organisations. They completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and experiences during the Holocaust, an assessment of perceived stress using the PSS-10 scale, the presence or absence of feelings of isolation and loneliness, and health consequences and reactions to the 7 October attacks. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0, with Mann-Whitney tests, chi-squared and Student's t-tests used to compare HS experiencing loneliness and isolation with those not experiencing loneliness and isolation, with a p-value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results
94 respondents completed the questionnaire, of whom 29 (30.5 %) were men. The HS had a mean PSS-10 score of 17.7 ± 6.0 (min 5 - max 35). Thirty (31.6 %) reported feeling isolated or alone after the 7 October massacre. Those who felt isolated or alone were more likely to feel that they had no support from those around them (73.3 % vs. 19.7 % p < 0.05). The PSS10 scores of HS suffering from isolation and loneliness were significantly higher than those of other HS (21.2 ± 5.2 vs. 16.0 ± 6.2, p ≤ 0.05). After the 7 October massacre, 93.3 % of HS suffering from loneliness and isolation felt that their Holocaust experience had reawakened their vulnerability, especially aggravated health problems (34 %). They tend to think about the Holocaust period more often (96.7 % vs. 80.3 %, p ≤ 0.05) and are significantly more worried about the future of their children and grandchildren as Jews (93.3 % vs. 77.0 %, p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion
This is the first study to assess the importance of stress among HS, particularly those suffering from loneliness and isolation, following the 7 October terrorist attack. It highlights the importance of implementing intervention programmes to support the last eyewitnesses of the Holocaust period.
{"title":"The importance of the feeling of isolation and loneliness among French Holocaust survivors after the 7 October terrorist attack","authors":"Bruno Halioua , Patrick Bantman , Rachel Rimmer , Eric Ghozlan , Muriel Vaislic , Dan Halioua , Fabienne Amson , Avidan Kogel , Charles Taieb , Richard Prasquier , Jean-Francois Gutthman , Robert Ejnes , Stephanie Dassa , Alexis Astruc , Marc Cohen , Samuel Sarfati , Marc Fohlen-Weill , Odile Namia-Cohen , Aline Deutscher , Jonathan Taieb","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The 7 October terrorist attack in southern Israel and the increase in anti-Semitic acts have had a significant impact on the mental health of Holocaust survivors (HS), with some experiencing feelings of isolation and loneliness associated with an increased risk of mortality. The main objective of our work was to assess the incidence and intensity of perceived stress among French HS suffering from feelings of isolation and loneliness following the 7 October attack. The secondary objective was to determine the impact on health and to establish a link with the Holocaust period.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The study was conducted between 30 October and 15 December 2023 among HS living in France who were contacted by mail through HS support organisations. They completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and experiences during the Holocaust, an assessment of perceived stress using the PSS-10 scale, the presence or absence of feelings of isolation and loneliness, and health consequences and reactions to the 7 October attacks. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0, with Mann-Whitney tests, chi-squared and Student's <em>t</em>-tests used to compare HS experiencing loneliness and isolation with those not experiencing loneliness and isolation, with a p-value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>94 respondents completed the questionnaire, of whom 29 (30.5 %) were men. The HS had a mean PSS-10 score of 17.7 ± 6.0 (min 5 - max 35). Thirty (31.6 %) reported feeling isolated or alone after the 7 October massacre. Those who felt isolated or alone were more likely to feel that they had no support from those around them (73.3 % vs. 19.7 % <em>p</em> < 0.05). The PSS10 scores of HS suffering from isolation and loneliness were significantly higher than those of other HS (21.2 ± 5.2 vs. 16.0 ± 6.2, <em>p</em> ≤ 0.05). After the 7 October massacre, 93.3 % of HS suffering from loneliness and isolation felt that their Holocaust experience had reawakened their vulnerability, especially aggravated health problems (34 %). They tend to think about the Holocaust period more often (96.7 % vs. 80.3 %, <em>p</em> ≤ 0.05) and are significantly more worried about the future of their children and grandchildren as Jews (93.3 % vs. 77.0 %, <em>p</em> ≤ 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This is the first study to assess the importance of stress among HS, particularly those suffering from loneliness and isolation, following the 7 October terrorist attack. It highlights the importance of implementing intervention programmes to support the last eyewitnesses of the Holocaust period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100465
Sarah Bøgelund Dokkedahl , Yafit Levin , Zahava Solomon
Background
Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) is the subjective experience of positive psychological change following exposure to trauma. Yet, researchers have discussed whether PTG is a positive outcome or a self-deceptive coping mechanism. The present study investigates PTG-trajectories and their ability to predict psychopathology in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in a longitudinal study of former prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and combat veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War in Israel.
Methods
Data was collected in five waves from 1991 to 2020 (NT5 = 256). To identify latent profiles of change in PTG over time, Group-Based Trajectory Modeling was applied. Logistic regression examined whether study group and PTSD-clusters predict latent trajectories of change. Boostrap MANOVA was applied to examine if the latent trajectories predict veterans’ psychopathological response to Covid-19.
Results
A 2-class solution was the best representation of the data. Being ex-POW significantly predicted the likelihood of developing high PTG over time. The High PTG group had significantly higher Acute Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and general psychopathology in response to Covid-19.
Conclusion
In conclusion, PTG is associated with greater vulnerability for psychopathology in response to later adversities. Hence, the subjective experience of positive change does not appear to signify higher resilience in trauma victims.
{"title":"Posttraumatic growth trajectories and the psychopathological response to Covid-19: A longitudinal study of former prisoners of war and combat veterans","authors":"Sarah Bøgelund Dokkedahl , Yafit Levin , Zahava Solomon","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) is the subjective experience of positive psychological change following exposure to trauma. Yet, researchers have discussed whether PTG is a positive outcome or a self-deceptive coping mechanism. The present study investigates PTG-trajectories and their ability to predict psychopathology in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in a longitudinal study of former prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and combat veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War in Israel.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data was collected in five waves from 1991 to 2020 (N<sub>T5</sub> = 256). To identify latent profiles of change in PTG over time, Group-Based Trajectory Modeling was applied. Logistic regression examined whether study group and PTSD-clusters predict latent trajectories of change. Boostrap MANOVA was applied to examine if the latent trajectories predict veterans’ psychopathological response to Covid-19.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A 2-class solution was the best representation of the data. Being ex-POW significantly predicted the likelihood of developing high PTG over time. The High PTG group had significantly higher Acute Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and general psychopathology in response to Covid-19.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In conclusion, PTG is associated with greater vulnerability for psychopathology in response to later adversities. Hence, the subjective experience of positive change does not appear to signify higher resilience in trauma victims.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100464
Sabir Zaman , Kehkashan Arouj , Sabahat Zareen , Asghar Ali Shah
Objective
The study aimed to examine the correlation between sociodemographic factors, schema modes, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in individual who have experienced trauma.
Method
A total of 137 patients participated in the study, including 104 men, and 33 women. The Urdu- translated Schema Mode Inventory and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS for DSM-5) were used.
Results
The study found significant positive correlation between demographic factors such as age, gender, education, economic status, and type of injury with PTSD symptoms in orthopedic trauma survivors. The results further indicated, that gender (both male and female), level of education, and socio-economic status were significantly positive associated with PTSD symptoms. While, 50.7 % of patients with closed fractures and 62.1 % of those with open fractures showed PTSD symptoms, no clear association was found between PTSD symptoms and the type of trauma experienced. Additionally, female patients showed significantly higher PTSD symptoms than male. The finding also revealed that child mode, and maladaptive punitive parents had significant impact on PTSD development, whereas, maladaptive coping styles and adaptive schemas had no influence on PTSD symptoms.Moreover, patients with grade-I fractures and intentional injuries showed significantly higher maladaptive schema modes.
Conclusion
The study concluded that demographic characteristics, such as gender, education and socioeconomic status play an important role in development of PTSD symptoms in orthopaedic trauma survivors. In addition, maladaptive schema modes significantly contribute to PTSD symptoms, while coping styles and adaptive schema modes have no impact.
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Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100466
Meghri L. Sarkissian, Matthew M. Yalch
Anger and aggression are related forms of externalizing phenomena that are distinct in that anger is a form of emotion, whereas aggression is a behavior. Both anger and aggression (as well as their combination) function as responses to environmental conditions, one of the most common of which is trauma. Recent research has highlighted the association between trauma high in betrayal and externalizing problems, although this research has not been examined with respect to typologies of anger and aggression specifically. In this study, we examined the association between different forms of trauma and typologies of anger and aggression in a sample of women and men recruited online (N = 364) using model-based cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression. Results suggest that trauma with a high degree of betrayal was associated with a typology of implicit anger characterized by intense anger but controlled aggression. Findings suggest the importance of understanding the impact of betrayal on anger and aggression.
{"title":"Association between betrayal trauma and typologies of anger and aggression","authors":"Meghri L. Sarkissian, Matthew M. Yalch","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anger and aggression are related forms of externalizing phenomena that are distinct in that anger is a form of emotion, whereas aggression is a behavior. Both anger and aggression (as well as their combination) function as responses to environmental conditions, one of the most common of which is trauma. Recent research has highlighted the association between trauma high in betrayal and externalizing problems, although this research has not been examined with respect to typologies of anger and aggression specifically. In this study, we examined the association between different forms of trauma and typologies of anger and aggression in a sample of women and men recruited online (<em>N</em> = 364) using model-based cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression. Results suggest that trauma with a high degree of betrayal was associated with a typology of implicit anger characterized by intense anger but controlled aggression. Findings suggest the importance of understanding the impact of betrayal on anger and aggression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100467
Liana Spytska
Objective
The main purpose of this study is to consider the factors influencing the stability of the human mental system in extreme situations.
Methods
The study used structural and functional methods, dialectical methods, synthesis, logical analysis, and generalisation. A survey was also conducted with 70 participants divided into two age groups, using empirical methods such as the “Research of volitional self-regulation” test, the “Diagnostics of emotional barriers in interpersonal communication” methodology, and the “Self-assessment test of mental state”.
Results
It was found that extreme events have a psychogenic impact, which includes both direct threats to human life and indirect threats. Psychological stability is a protective characteristic that enhances a person's ability to adapt to environmental conditions and mitigates the harmful effects of stress. Individuals with higher stress tolerance maintained mental health, social adaptation, and professional efficiency in difficult conditions. The study revealed that the second group (aged 30–40) demonstrated a higher level of psychological stress resistance compared to the first group (aged 18–25).
Conclusion
This paper is practically important, since all theoretical provisions, conclusions, and recommendations can be used by psychologists or other specialists to increase knowledge about the impact of extreme situations on the psychological stress tolerance of a person, and to improve the system of methods of working with people who have fallen into such circumstances.
{"title":"Psychological stability of the individual in extreme situations","authors":"Liana Spytska","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The main purpose of this study is to consider the factors influencing the stability of the human mental system in extreme situations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study used structural and functional methods, dialectical methods, synthesis, logical analysis, and generalisation. A survey was also conducted with 70 participants divided into two age groups, using empirical methods such as the “Research of volitional self-regulation” test, the “Diagnostics of emotional barriers in interpersonal communication” methodology, and the “Self-assessment test of mental state”.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>It was found that extreme events have a psychogenic impact, which includes both direct threats to human life and indirect threats. Psychological stability is a protective characteristic that enhances a person's ability to adapt to environmental conditions and mitigates the harmful effects of stress. Individuals with higher stress tolerance maintained mental health, social adaptation, and professional efficiency in difficult conditions. The study revealed that the second group (aged 30–40) demonstrated a higher level of psychological stress resistance compared to the first group (aged 18–25).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This paper is practically important, since all theoretical provisions, conclusions, and recommendations can be used by psychologists or other specialists to increase knowledge about the impact of extreme situations on the psychological stress tolerance of a person, and to improve the system of methods of working with people who have fallen into such circumstances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100459
Kamal Parhoon , Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani , Marylene Cloitre , Hadi Parhoon , Parnia Shahbazi
Background
The International Trauma Questionnaire-Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ-CA) is a self-report measure for post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), corresponding to the diagnostic criteria in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). While in the meantime the original English version of the ITQ-CA is available in different languages such as traditional and simplified Chinese, German, or Spanish, the Farsi was missing so far.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Farsi International Trauma Questionnaire-Child and Adolescent version (ITQ-CA) in a sample of Iranian children and adolescents objectively exposed to a traumatic event.
Method
A total of 130 participants completed the Farsi form of the ITQ-CA and the Farsi Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS) for comparison. For the psychometric evaluation, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bivariate correlations.
Results
The Farsi version of ITQ-CA self-report form yielded scores with robust reliability (internal consistency ranging from 0.83 to 0.91, and the Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) varied from 0.74 to 0.92 with moderate, good, and excellent results) and adequate convergent validity (correlations with the CATS ranging from 0.49 to 0.77). CFA supported ICD-11 CPTSD symptom structure as a two-factor higher order model with PTSD. We found that the two-factor model fit the data better than the other measurement models (χ2/df = 43.492/37=1.175, RMSEA = 0.038, CFI = 0.994, TLI = 0.989, SRMR = 0.04.(
Conclusion
The Farsi version of the ITQ-CA showed very good and satisfactory psychometric properties. As such, the Farsi ITQ-CA appears to be a valid and reliable self-rating measure to assess PTSD and DSO in Farsi-speaking children and adolescents exposed to traumas.
{"title":"Psychometric properties of the farsi version of the international trauma questionnaire -child and adolescent version (ITQ-CA) in a sample of iranian children and adolescents exposed to trauma","authors":"Kamal Parhoon , Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani , Marylene Cloitre , Hadi Parhoon , Parnia Shahbazi","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The International Trauma Questionnaire-Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ-CA) is a self-report measure for post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), corresponding to the diagnostic criteria in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). While in the meantime the original English version of the ITQ-CA is available in different languages such as traditional and simplified Chinese, German, or Spanish, the Farsi was missing so far.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Farsi International Trauma Questionnaire-Child and Adolescent version (ITQ-CA) in a sample of Iranian children and adolescents objectively exposed to a traumatic event.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>A total of 130 participants completed the Farsi form of the ITQ-CA and the Farsi Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS) for comparison. For the psychometric evaluation, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bivariate correlations.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The Farsi version of ITQ-CA self-report form yielded scores with robust reliability (internal consistency ranging from 0.83 to 0.91, <strong>and the Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) varied from 0.74 to 0.92 with moderate, good, and excellent results</strong>) and adequate convergent validity (correlations with the CATS ranging from 0.49 to 0.77). CFA supported ICD-11 CPTSD symptom structure as a two-factor higher order model with PTSD. <strong>We found that the two-factor model fit the data better than the other measurement models (χ2/df = 43.492/37</strong> <strong>=</strong> <strong>1.175, RMSEA = 0.038, CFI = 0.994, TLI = 0.989, SRMR = 0.04.(</strong></p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The Farsi version of the ITQ-CA showed very good and satisfactory psychometric properties. As such, the Farsi ITQ-CA appears to be a valid and reliable self-rating measure to assess PTSD and DSO in Farsi-speaking children and adolescents exposed to traumas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100462
Gianpaolo Salvatore , Giovanni Stanghellini , René Rosfort , Rodolfo Rossi , Sergio Salvatore
The current conception of complex trauma is based on an implicit materialized, orthopedic conception of the mind. Just as in osteoporosis, chronic damage to the bone can cause it to fracture, so the self can be chronically damaged by repeated damaging events inflicted upon it by the relational environment. In this paper, we first look at the severe problems of this conception, and subsequently argue for a different conception - an intersubjective conception of complex traumain the framework of the semiotic function of affectivity - that may help us overcome problems. We propose to conceive complex trauma as an adaptation imposed on the mind by a relational environment endowed with limited affective complexity, to which the mind responds by reducing its affective complexity to varying degrees and adopting a variably rigid, affectively hyper-simplified “successful” form of interpretation of reality. In this perspective, complex trauma would be a ubiquitous form of adaptation that takes on the appearance of ways of being in the world and in relationships, if not the only possible form of existence, which often manifest as various forms of psychopathology.
{"title":"An intersubjective conception of complex trauma in the framework of the semiotic function of affectivity","authors":"Gianpaolo Salvatore , Giovanni Stanghellini , René Rosfort , Rodolfo Rossi , Sergio Salvatore","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current conception of complex trauma is based on an implicit materialized, orthopedic conception of the mind. Just as in osteoporosis, chronic damage to the bone can cause it to fracture, so the self can be chronically damaged by repeated damaging events inflicted upon it by the relational environment. In this paper, we first look at the severe problems of this conception, and subsequently argue for a different conception - an intersubjective conception of complex traumain the framework of the semiotic function of affectivity - that may help us overcome problems. We propose to conceive complex trauma as an adaptation imposed on the mind by a relational environment endowed with limited affective complexity, to which the mind responds by reducing its affective complexity to varying degrees and adopting a variably rigid, affectively hyper-simplified “successful” form of interpretation of reality. In this perspective, complex trauma would be a ubiquitous form of adaptation that takes on the appearance of ways of being in the world and in relationships, if not the only possible form of existence, which often manifest as various forms of psychopathology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142311220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100463
David Turgoose , Dominic Murphy
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), including childhood abuse and neglect, are consistently linked to poorer mental health and psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. Complex-posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and moral injury are two conditions which can cause significant distress and functional impairment in individuals affected by trauma. However, not much is known about the complex relationships between ACEs, C-PTSD and moral injury. Furthermore, while perceived social support is a commonly cited protective factor for C-PTSD, there is little understanding about how it relates to ACEs in traumatised populations. The aim of this study was to investigate ACEs in a trauma-affected sample of UK military veterans using latent class analysis. Secondly, the study tested for associations between latent classes of ACEs, severity of C-PTSD and moral injury, and levels of perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Data was collected from a UK military veterans mental health charity, from a clinical sample (<em>N</em> = 336) who were receiving treatment for mental health difficulties. Participants completed standardised measures of ACEs, C-PTSD, moral injury, and perceived social support. Data was analysed using a bias-adjusted 3-step approach latent class analysis. Wald statistics were used to test for associations between classes of ACEs and C-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>A two-class model was found to be the best fit for the data, which depicted two classes of ACEs within the sample. The classes showed a distinction between a group of participants who were more likely to endorse experiencing high levels of ACEs, and a separate group who endorsed relatively lower levels of ACEs. As such, the model was interpreted as depicting a <em>low-ACEs</em> (class 1) vs. <em>high-ACEs</em> (class 2) distinction. 56 % of participants fell into class 1 (low ACEs) with 44 % in class 2 (high ACEs). Participants in class 2 (high ACEs) were significantly more likely to score highly for symptoms of C-PTSD and moral injury, and to report lower levels of perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study is the first to report a two-class model of low vs high-ACEs in a clinical sample of UK military veterans. It also describes how membership of the high-ACEs class was significantly associated with higher scores for key mental health and psychosocial variables in C-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support. The findings have important clinical implications in highlighting the possible role of ACEs in understanding the aetiology of psychopathology in military populations affected by trauma. It also adds to the growing literature which demonstrates how many military personnel experience significant levels of pre-existing trauma and adversity before entering service, and how this can contribute to the development of complex mental health outcomes
{"title":"Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Complex-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support: A latent class analysis","authors":"David Turgoose , Dominic Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), including childhood abuse and neglect, are consistently linked to poorer mental health and psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. Complex-posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and moral injury are two conditions which can cause significant distress and functional impairment in individuals affected by trauma. However, not much is known about the complex relationships between ACEs, C-PTSD and moral injury. Furthermore, while perceived social support is a commonly cited protective factor for C-PTSD, there is little understanding about how it relates to ACEs in traumatised populations. The aim of this study was to investigate ACEs in a trauma-affected sample of UK military veterans using latent class analysis. Secondly, the study tested for associations between latent classes of ACEs, severity of C-PTSD and moral injury, and levels of perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>Data was collected from a UK military veterans mental health charity, from a clinical sample (<em>N</em> = 336) who were receiving treatment for mental health difficulties. Participants completed standardised measures of ACEs, C-PTSD, moral injury, and perceived social support. Data was analysed using a bias-adjusted 3-step approach latent class analysis. Wald statistics were used to test for associations between classes of ACEs and C-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>A two-class model was found to be the best fit for the data, which depicted two classes of ACEs within the sample. The classes showed a distinction between a group of participants who were more likely to endorse experiencing high levels of ACEs, and a separate group who endorsed relatively lower levels of ACEs. As such, the model was interpreted as depicting a <em>low-ACEs</em> (class 1) vs. <em>high-ACEs</em> (class 2) distinction. 56 % of participants fell into class 1 (low ACEs) with 44 % in class 2 (high ACEs). Participants in class 2 (high ACEs) were significantly more likely to score highly for symptoms of C-PTSD and moral injury, and to report lower levels of perceived social support.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study is the first to report a two-class model of low vs high-ACEs in a clinical sample of UK military veterans. It also describes how membership of the high-ACEs class was significantly associated with higher scores for key mental health and psychosocial variables in C-PTSD, moral injury and perceived social support. The findings have important clinical implications in highlighting the possible role of ACEs in understanding the aetiology of psychopathology in military populations affected by trauma. It also adds to the growing literature which demonstrates how many military personnel experience significant levels of pre-existing trauma and adversity before entering service, and how this can contribute to the development of complex mental health outcomes ","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468749924000863/pdfft?md5=54168c48c567418a53372acfe33f71b7&pid=1-s2.0-S2468749924000863-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100461
Helin Abursu, Mehmet Fatih Ceylan, Selma Tural Hesapcıoglu
Objective
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is characterized by irritability and anger outbursts, categorized under depressive disorders along with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in DSM-5. This study aims to investigate exposure to peer bullying and trauma in irritable youth with DMDD and compare it with those with MDD and healthy controls.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 313 participants aged 12–17 (DMDD: 103, MDD: 105, healthy controls: 105; mean age 15.0±1.6). The diagnosis was established using the Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) semi-structured interview. The Olweus Bullying Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and sociodemographic forms were utilized.
Results
Both DMDD and MDD groups experienced significantly more physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect, compared to the healthy control group. Among the DMDD group, 34.9% were bullies, 42.7% were victims, and 18.4% were bully-victims.
Conclusion
Adolescents diagnosed with DMDD are at increased risk for experiencing peer bullying and trauma. Emotional dysregulation and intense outbursts of anger predispose these individuals to both perpetrate and fall victim to peer bullying, as well as to become bully-victims. Including irritable adolescents in peer bullying intervention programs may be beneficial. Additionally, considering the elevated risk of anger outbursts and irritability in individuals exposed to trauma, they should be closely monitored.
{"title":"Irritability in youth: Trauma, maltreatment, and bullying in mood disorders","authors":"Helin Abursu, Mehmet Fatih Ceylan, Selma Tural Hesapcıoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is characterized by irritability and anger outbursts, categorized under depressive disorders along with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in DSM-5. This study aims to investigate exposure to peer bullying and trauma in irritable youth with DMDD and compare it with those with MDD and healthy controls.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional study included 313 participants aged 12–17 (DMDD: 103, MDD: 105, healthy controls: 105; mean age 15.0±1.6). The diagnosis was established using the Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) semi-structured interview. The Olweus Bullying Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and sociodemographic forms were utilized.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both DMDD and MDD groups experienced significantly more physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect, compared to the healthy control group. Among the DMDD group, 34.9% were bullies, 42.7% were victims, and 18.4% were bully-victims.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Adolescents diagnosed with DMDD are at increased risk for experiencing peer bullying and trauma. Emotional dysregulation and intense outbursts of anger predispose these individuals to both perpetrate and fall victim to peer bullying, as well as to become bully-victims. Including irritable adolescents in peer bullying intervention programs may be beneficial. Additionally, considering the elevated risk of anger outbursts and irritability in individuals exposed to trauma, they should be closely monitored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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