European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation最新文献

{"title":"A qualitative exploration of client perspectives on a trauma stabilisation group intervention","authors":"Nicoletta Kristina Melina Bakolas ,&nbsp;Sanita Hochhauser","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Stabilisation groups are widely used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder; however, insight into their perceived value and impact on clients remains limited. This qualitative service evaluation explored how clients experience and interpret a trauma stabilisation group intervention offered by an inner-city community service, and what meanings they attribute to its content and format.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted over video call with people allocated to the intervention. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis within a social constructionist framework.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nine individuals participated in the evaluation. Three themes were identified: (1) <em>understanding and accepting myself: content and community</em>, highlighing perceived gains from the group content and interpersonal process, (2) <em>engagement with the format: trauma sharing and practicalities,</em> reflecting ambivalence and tensions around disclosure and practical factors impacting engagement, and (3) <em>completing the group: pride and moving on</em>, expressing pride and hopefulness alongside uncertainties for the future. Absences in participants’ narratives were also explored to interpret findings in light of potential methodological and systemic influences.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Participants shared perceived gains related to group content and interpersonal processes, describing improved coping and self-compassion. However, their experience can be impacted by the group set up, disclosures, and the positioning of stabilisation in recovery pathways. The findings also illustrated how established trauma recovery frameworks operated within this service context. Future work could include larger-scale cross-service evaluations, integration of qualitative and quantitative outcomes, and targeted efforts to explore the voices of those who experience systemic barriers to engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100644"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary traumatic stress among mental health professionals working with war refugees in Pakistan: A qualitative exploration of lived experiences","authors":"Momina Khalid Butt ,&nbsp;Rizwana Amin ,&nbsp;Neringa Grigutytė ,&nbsp;Jonas Eimontas","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Mental health professionals (MHPs) working with war-affected refugees are highly susceptible to Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) an occupational hazard that mirrors post-traumatic reactions due to prolonged empathic engagement with trauma survivors. In Pakistan’s humanitarian context, this vulnerability is heightened by inadequate supervision, limited trauma-informed training, and persistent sociocultural stigma surrounding mental illness. This study explored the lived experiences of Pakistani MHPs exhibiting high levels of STS while providing psychological care to war-affected refugees.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A qualitative design grounded in reflexive thematic analysis was employed. Six clinicians actively engaged in refugee mental-health services participated in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed inductively and reflexively to capture the emotional, moral, and systemic dimensions of STS within the Pakistani clinical and cultural context.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Six overarching themes were identified: (1) immersion in humanitarian duty; (2) emotional saturation and empathic strain; (3) blurred boundaries between self and client; (4) professional isolation within unsupportive systems; (5) coping strategies and sources of resilience; and (6) transformation through suffering. Participants described moral over-responsibility, emotional exhaustion, and organizational neglect, yet also reported meaning-making, spiritual coping, and professional growth as pathways to resilience.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>STS among MHPs in Pakistan reflects a multifaceted interplay between emotional, cultural, and institutional factors. The findings underscore the need for culturally attuned supervision<strong>,</strong> trauma-informed training<strong>,</strong> and systemic organizational support to protect clinician well-being and sustain ethical, effective humanitarian mental-health practice. This study contributes to a broader cross-cultural understanding of STS by situating clinicians’ experiences within their moral, cultural, and institutional contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100626"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The echo of trauma: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on adult attachment and intimacy","authors":"Vanesa Pastor-Cerezo ,&nbsp;Alejandro Iborra Cuéllar","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Child sexual abuse (CSA) can profoundly alter attachment development and the capacity for adult intimacy. This qualitative study used Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore the experiences of nine adult survivors of CSA in Spain (5 women, 4 men; M_age = 39), focusing on how they interpret their patterns of attachment and intimacy through in-depth interviews. The findings reveal the predominance of insecure attachment patterns (fear of abandonment/rejection, dependence, avoidance, inadequacy) originating in early adverse experiences exacerbated by CSA. Intimacy appears wounded, marked by fear of vulnerability, mistrust, difficulties with closeness (especially physical/sexual, with mental blocks and negative reinterpretation), and barriers to emotional openness, evidencing a cycle of psychological vulnerability and relational difficulty derived from the interconnection between attachment and intimacy. However, clear processes of resilience (self-awareness, therapy, setting boundaries, seeking healthy relationships) and a sense of personal growth emerge. The results confirm and phenomenologically illustrate the connection between CSA, insecure attachment, and difficulties in the crisis of Intimacy vs. Isolation, highlighting the somatic impact of trauma and the restorative role of secure bonds. Resilience emerges as a moderating force, suggesting avenues for intervention and support.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100652"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of PTSD: A review and meta-guideline","authors":"David J. Eberle,&nbsp;Thalia-Zoi Kontogeorgou","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>International clinical practice guidelines provide recommendations for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, their methodological approaches, classifications, and recommendations vary significantly. This review aimed to compare and systematically rank psychological interventions for PTSD treatment in adults across guidelines to offer clearer guidance for treatment selection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A structured literature and online search identified international guidelines addressing PTSD treatment in adults. Recommendations were extracted and recategorized into three levels: first-line treatment, second-line treatment, and limited evidence to recommend for or against. A point-based system was applied to calculate mean scores and establish a ranking.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ten clinical practice guidelines met the inclusion criteria. Eight psychological interventions were evaluated: Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy (BEP), Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Cognitive Therapy (CT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET), Present-Centered Therapy (PCT), Prolonged Exposure (PE), and Stress Inoculation Training (SIT). PE and CPT ranked highest, followed by CT, EMDR, NET, PCT, SIT, and BEP.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The review revealed notable inconsistencies in how guidelines classify and recommend psychological interventions for PTSD treatment in adults. The proposed ranking offers a structured international comparison to support clinical decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100650"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chevauchement sémiologique entre troubles dissociatifs et troubles du spectre de la schizophrénie: Revue systématique","authors":"Romain Fleury,&nbsp;Assia Ben Ammar,&nbsp;Pierre Antoine Gillouin,&nbsp;Alice Einloft Brunnet","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dissociative disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders share some semiological similarities, particularly in terms of positive symptomatology. This proximity frequently contributes to diagnostic errors and inappropriate treatments. A better understanding of the semiological overlap and relationships between these two nosographic entities would help to improve assessment and management for the people concerned.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this systematic review is to define and characterize the semiological overlap between dissociative disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and to provide elements for clarifying the differential diagnosis between these diagnostic categories.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The PRISMA method was applied, based on a search of three databases: APA PsycInfo, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The selection was then subjected to a quality assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>639 articles were extracted from these databases, 14 were selected, and 2 additional articles were selected from a second, more recent search, giving a total of 16 articles selected.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>With a mean quality of 89.34%, the results confirm the existence of a significant symptomatic overlap between DD and SSD, particularly between positive psychotic symptoms, dissociation and exposure to traumatic events. This systematic review supports the hypothesis of a dissociative subtype within SSD, and underpins the value of transdiagnostic perspectives in research and clinical work with patients affected by these disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100631"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between interoceptive awareness and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis","authors":"Minke M. van de Kamp ,&nbsp;Joana Machorrinho","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interoceptive awareness (IA) is increasingly recognized as relevant in trauma-related psychopathology, yet empirical findings on its relationship with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms remain inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence on associations between IA subdomains and PTSD symptom clusters. We included peer-reviewed studies with adult participants, published in six languages, using validated measures for PTSD and IA. Databases searched: Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for cross-sectional studies. Correlational data were pooled using a random-effects model with Hartung-Knapp adjustment and REML estimator for τ². Eight studies were included in the review, and seven in the meta-analyses (k = 1,239). Using validated measures of PTSD (based on DSM-5 symptom clusters) and IA (nine subdomains from the MAIA and SBC), we performed 35 separate meta-analyses to examine their interrelations, of which ten yielded significant pooled correlations. The strongest observed association was a positive correlation between hyperarousal and Body Dissociation (<em>r</em> = 0.51). Other significant findings included small positive correlations between Noticing and re-experiencing (<em>r</em> = 0.18), avoidance (<em>r</em> = 0.15), and hyperarousal (<em>r</em> = 0.17), and negative correlations between Trusting and re-experiencing (<em>r</em> = –0.11) and hyperarousal (<em>r</em> = –0.18). Findings tentatively suggest IA in PTSD is not uniformly impaired but imbalanced across subdomains, potentially reinforcing trauma-related distress. Limitations include small number of included studies, high risk of bias in most studies, limited subgroup analyses, and incomplete data availability. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of PTSD and IA. PROSPERO, CRD42025641337.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100638"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol of a French assessor-blinded randomized trial comparing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) in young children with post-traumatic stress disorder","authors":"Nina Moner,&nbsp;Philippine Villard,&nbsp;Florence Askenazy,&nbsp;Andrea Soubelet","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Young children with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) require interventions tailored to their unique trauma reactions and their cognitive, social, and emotional development. While both EMDR therapy and TF-CBT are highly recommended for PTSD treatment and seem developmentally appropriate for early childhood, neither is yet evidence-based for children under 6 years with PTSD, and EMDR has not been evaluated in this population through a randomized group comparison.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe the design of a French assessor-blinded randomized trial comparing EMDR and TF-CBT efficacy in young children (aged 3 to 6 years) with PTSD, which notably considers both the child's level of cognitive development and parental symptomatology in addition to the child's symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This study includes children aged 3 to 6 years and 11 months with a diagnosis of PTSD and no other specific pathological condition. After recruitment, the study takes place in three stages: 1/ assessment of the child’s various cognitive functions and symptomatology, and the parents’ distress and PTSD; 2/ either EMDR or TF-CBT treatment is administered over 6 to 12 sessions; 3/ reassessment of the symptomatology (at end of treatment and three months later).</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This paper describes the study design of the first assessor-blinded randomized trial comparing EMDR therapy and TF-CBT in French children aged 3 to 6 years. The findings of this study, once completed, may offer support for the efficacy of EMDR and TF-CBT, potentially paving the way for future recommendations in the treatment of PTSD in young children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100648"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prévenir la victimisation secondaire et l’augmentation de la crise après un événement potentiellement traumatique: étude de l’événement du carnaval de Strépy-Bracquegnies","authors":"Françoise Legros ,&nbsp;Delphine Pennewaert ,&nbsp;Camila Carvallo","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100642","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;L’article traite de l’impact des interventions d’un service d’aide aux victimes à la suite d’un événement traumatique. La problématique est premièrement abordée du point de vue préventif, peu développé, et focalisé sur les interventions de deuxième ligne. L’objectif de la recherche est d’identifier, au départ de l’expérience des intervenants, en quoi les interventions post-immédiates permettent de prévenir la souffrance des victimes et l’augmentation de la crise, suite à un événement potentiellement traumatique. Les auteures ont mené une étude de cas auprès d’intervenants d’un service d’aide aux victimes qui sont intervenus à la suite de l’événement du carnaval de Strépy-Bracquegnies en Belgique, survenu en mars 2022 et ayant fait de nombreuses victimes. Les données ont été collectées via une méthodologie qualitative, en deux temps: 3 rencontres collectives en 2023 et un focus group en 2024. La situation clinique spécifique d’une victime de cet événement est également détaillée afin d’ appréhender les effets de l'intervention du service d'aide aux victimes. Les résultats montrent que la flexibilité et l’adaptation aux besoins et au contexte, ainsi que l’existence d’une structure soutenante tant au niveau institutionnel qu’au niveau de l’équipe, sont constitutifs d’une prévention effective de la souffrance des victimes et de l’augmentation crise. De plus, est apparue la nécessité pour des services de soins psychosociaux de changer de paradigme; de l’individuel vers le collectif. Les auteurs concluent que la prise en charge post-immédiate efficace des victimes d’événement traumatique passe par l’équilibre entre une réponse organisée et ajustée continuellement tant aux besoins des victimes que des intervenants. Ces résultats suggèrent l’importance de penser l’organisation et les moyens octroyés aux services d’aide aux victimes sous un prisme évolutif et ajusté à la nécessité de consacrer du temps à la structuration et l’ajustement des interventions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The article discusses the impact of interventions by a victim support service following a traumatic event. The issue is addressed from a preventive perspective, which is not widely developed and focuses on second-line interventions. The aim of the research is to identify, based on the experience of professionals, how immediate interventions can prevent victims from suffering and prevent the crisis from escalating following a potentially traumatic event. The authors conducted a case study with practitioners from a victim support service who responded to the Strépy-Bracquegnies carnival event in Belgium in March 2022, which claimed many victims. Data was collected using a qualitative methodology in two stages: three group meetings in 2023 and a focus group in 2024. The focus is secondly placed on exploring the specific situation of a victim of this event who has benefited from the intervention of the victim assistance service in order to understand its effects. The results sh","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100642"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expressions of impaired mentalization and theory of mind within the therapeutic context perspectives of childhood sexual abuse survivors and their therapis","authors":"Orit Klapisch ,&nbsp;Keren Gueta ,&nbsp;Inbal Shlomi","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Impacts of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are profound and long-lasting, often resulting in impairments to survivors’ mentalization and/or Theory of Mind (ToM) abilities. The current study aimed to enhance our understanding of these phenomena and explored potential for recovery via effective therapeutic interventions. The research sample consisted of 18 patients and 19 therapists residing or working in two types of facilities: live-in prisoner rehabilitation centers facilities for female parolees (PRA); and a psychiatric unit hospital ward specializing in sexual abuse survivors (PU). Data were based on semi-structured interviews analyzed using the qualitative thematic analysis approach. Findings demonstrate that survivors are vulnerable to fractured thought processes that reflect their early traumatic experience, impacting their present-day perspectives of themselves, others, and the world, and resultantly projected within the therapeutic relationship. Awareness and identification of these expressions within the therapeutic relationship can help promote mentalization-based healing for survivors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100634"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms in women with a history of sexual trauma: A network approach","authors":"Pablo D. Valencia ,&nbsp;Anabel de la Rosa-Gómez","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common outcome of sexual violence. Network analysis offers a novel approach to examine symptom interactions, though prior research in sexual trauma survivors has shown instability of centrality metrics.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study examined the DSM-5 PTSD symptom network in women with sexual trauma histories, focusing on symptom communities, central symptoms, and strong edges.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>313 women (ages 18–58, <em>M</em> = 31.34), mainly survivors of child sexual abuse, completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). A Gaussian Graphical Model with GLASSO regularization estimated the network; community detection and node centrality were assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The DSM-5 structure lacked clear support, with some Cluster D symptoms aligning with Cluster E. Strong associations emerged between the avoidance symptoms and between hypervigilance and exaggerated startle. Negative emotional state and exaggerated startle were the most central and predictable symptoms; memory impairment was the least.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>PTSD symptom structure in sexually traumatized women may not align with DSM-5 clusters. Central symptoms like negative emotion and exaggerated startle may be key intervention targets. Longitudinal research is needed to clarify symptom dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100630"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}