European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation最新文献

{"title":"Adverse childhood experiences emerging from binge-eating patients’ reports on acceptance and undervaluation: A qualitative investigation","authors":"João Luiz Coelho Ferro ,&nbsp;Giovanna Moreira Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Jônatas de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been consistently associated with emotional dysregulation and maladaptive coping strategies, including disordered eating. While international research has explored these links extensively, Brazilian studies remain scarce, particularly those employing qualitative methods capable of capturing lived experiences.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study sought to explore how perceived acceptance and undervaluation during childhood are associated with body image concerns and eating behaviors in adulthood among patients with eating disorders (EDs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six Brazilian patients currently undergoing treatment for EDs participated in semi-structured online interviews. Thematic analysis was applied inductively to identify recurrent patterns and shared meanings in participants’ narratives.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Six themes were identified: (1) disapproval and inappropriateness, (2) Disregard and self-worth, (3) Neglect, exclusion, and adversity, (4) Unwanted bodies and stigma, (5) ED behaviors: control and avoidance, and (6) Psychosocial burden of EDs. Across the six participants, emotional abuse was reported four times, emotional neglect three times, physical neglect twice, and school bullying three times. Participants emphasized how non-acceptance and undervaluation, often experienced within families and peer groups, shaped their relationships with food and body image. Dieting emerged as a mechanism tied not only to health concerns but also to social validation, reinforcing cycles of shame, self-objectification, and maladaptive regulation of emotions.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The findings reveal that disordered eating cannot be understood as a mere cluster of symptoms but as deeply rooted strategies for managing overwhelming emotions and reconstructing self-worth in the aftermath of early adversity. Experiences of body shaming, neglect, and rejection appear to intensify internalized stigma and sustain dysfunctional schemas, while dieting behaviors function as attempts to regain control or achieve social acceptance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This qualitative inquiry provides novel insights into the intersection of adverse childhood experiences, body image, and disordered eating in Brazil. Despite the small sample size, the results underscore the importance of integrating patients’ life histories into therapeutic approaches and targeting acceptance, valuation, and compassion in treatment. Future studies with larger and more diverse samples are warranted to refine these findings and expand their clinical applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100620"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep brain reorienting group intervention (DBR-GI) as a tool for transforming embodied countertransference reactions and potential vicarious traumatization in trauma therapists","authors":"Anna Gerge","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To (i) describe a deep brain reorienting group intervention (DBR-GI), and (ii) explore whether the deep brain reorienting (DBR) method as a group intervention ameliorates countertransference reactions and distress in psychotherapists who provide trauma therapies. Distress that potentially otherwise could lead to vicarious traumatization.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All participants in this small, naturalistic study (<em>n</em> = 32) were experienced trauma psychotherapists in ongoing group supervision. They were offered an opportunity to process their reactions to relational difficulties and/or distress related to their clinical work with DBR-GI during consultation hours and all signed informed consent. The participants’ self-assessed experiences of discomfort before and after DBR processing were measured with the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS). They also provided verbal and written statements regarding their experiences after the DBR-GI intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SUDS ratings/values related to participants’ experiences of discomfort before and after the DBR-GI moment were significantly changed, <em>p</em> &lt; 0000 (binomial calculation). The subjective ratings were aligned with the participants’ summarized verbal and written statements, where worry and unease changed towards a (re)gained felt sense of embodied freedom, presence, agency and clarity, including reduced transference reactions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Preliminary results are promising. Potentially, DBR-GI seems to diminish trauma-generated countertransference and related reactions, also when used as a group intervention. New knowledge concerning which groups of clinicians who benefit from the intervention needs to be further enhanced and implemented in consultation/supervision. Whether or not DBR-GI is a helpful method during supervision of more inexperienced colleagues and if the group adaptation of DBR offers a possibility in work with clients should be investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100615"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The trauma and dissociative symptoms interview (TADS-I): Results of a pilot study","authors":"Suzette Antoinette Boon-Langelaan ,&nbsp;Matteo Cavalletti ,&nbsp;Maria Paola Boldrini ,&nbsp;Marjolein Runhaar","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted to obtain a first impression of the reliability and validity of the Trauma and Dissociation Symptoms Interview (TADS-I, Boon, 2023; Boon &amp; Matthess, 2016).</div><div><strong>Method</strong>: The TADS-I is a new clinician-administered semi-structured interview to assess dissociative and other trauma-related symptoms and DSM-5 and ICD-11 dissociative disorders (DD).</div><div>Fifty-three participants, all outpatients, were interviewed with TADS-I, 37 by the first author and 16 by a second interviewer (fourth author, a psychologist trained in administering the TADS-I). Self-report questionnaires (DES, SDQ-20, and TEC) were given to patients to complete at home prior to TADS-I administration.</div><div>Inter-rater reliability for the absence or presence of a DD and the type of DD was assessed for a subsample of 21 interviews independently rated by the two interviewers.</div><div><strong>Results</strong>: Inter-rater reliability In this subsample of 21 participants there was a 95 % agreement on the absence or presence of a dissociative disorder. Four met the criteria for DID (100 % agreement), three for depersonalization/ derealization disorder (100 % agreement), and one for OSDD. Raters differed with respect to one participant who was given PTSD dissociative subtype by one and OSDD by the other. There was also 100 % agreement on the absence of a DD (DID) in 6 participants (or their therapists) who believed they had DID.</div><div>In the TADS-I section on trauma-related symptoms we found sclear association (<em>p</em>&lt;.05) for the DD group among trauma-related symptoms, symptoms indicating a division of the personality, and alterations of consciousness.</div><div><strong>Conclusions</strong>: In this pilot study, TADS-I was able to reliably differentiate DD patients from patients without a DD. DD patients differed significantly from non-DD in severity on all symptom profiles, also on the severity of trauma-related symptoms and alterations of consciousness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frozen in trauma, anchored in survival: A study of dissociative states in post-sexual assault survivors","authors":"Rajat Mitra ,&nbsp;Pankaj Singh ,&nbsp;Nidhi Mitra","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research considers the psychological fragmentation of sexual assault survivors from the framework of structural dissociation (Van der Hart et al., 2006) by exploring the way trauma manifest in the survivors post sexual assault. This study engaged 31 sexual assault survivors (aged 18–30) across six Indian states, employing trauma informed practices to conduct in-depth semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis, revealing survivors' post-sexual assault experiences, with a focus on dissociation. The findings identified two dissociative states in the survivors—felt state (14 subthemes) and being state (10 subthemes). The Felt state consists of the survivors’ efforts to restore order and normality by using adaptive coping mechanisms; and the Being state as a process of frozen traumatic memories, somatically stored distress, and chronic perceptions of irreversible harm. The findings, based on qualitative analytical approach, show how cultural stories—such as the female chastity, culture, and honour (izzat) determine the reaction to trauma in Indian women. Clinically, the findings support phase-based interventions that initially establish stabilization through felt state coping strategies before targeting being state trauma. The research indicates the need for culturally sensitive trauma models that target both the psychological mediation of dissociation and oppressive social schemas. Further, the future research may examine the neurobiological underpinnings of dissociation subthemes and the development of culturally determined assessment tools. In combining survivor testimonies with theoretical frameworks, the study contributes to research on trauma in regions of the world where gender, caste, and mythical narratives intersect sexual violence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The difference that Sándor Ferenczi made in the theory and treatment of trauma of human origin *","authors":"Clara Mucci ,&nbsp;Raffaella Adamo","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At the time of Freud, Ferenczi was among the first to consider the consequences of interpersonal trauma and therefore to give full value to human connectedness (Mucci, 2014, 2020). With the concept of “fragmentation” he also described, ahead of his time, some of the most destructive consequences of trauma of human origin, leading also to a split of personality, which we today understand as the basis of severe psychopathology. On the contrary, Freud viewed repression as the basis of neuropathology (Mucci, 2021). We also owe to Ferenczi his revision of the concept of “identification with the aggressor,” with the internalization of the guilt and the aggressiveness of the persecutor, which also explains some of the destructive dynamics of severe psychopathology. Even the Oedipus complex and the theory of the death drive can be revised in light of Ferenczi’s views. In therapy with the traumatized, “embodied witnessing” (Mucci, 2018, 2022) is recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among firefighters exposed to terrorism in Burkina Faso","authors":"Boubacar BAGUE ,&nbsp;Zeinabou CISSE ,&nbsp;Mahamane Mobarak SALIFOU ABDOU ,&nbsp;Désiré NANEMA ,&nbsp;Oumar SOURABIE ,&nbsp;Konsam Cédric Christel SAWADOGO ,&nbsp;Nadège OUEDRAOGO ,&nbsp;Nazinigouba OUEDRAOGO","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In the context of persistent insecurity linked to terrorism, firefighters in Burkina Faso are exposed to recurrent traumatic events. However, data on their mental health, particularly with regard to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), remain limited. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of PTSD and associated factors among firefighters in Burkina Faso</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted from 9 February 2023 to 3 April 2023 among 217 firefighters. The screening tool used was the PCLS scale (threshold score ≥44). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with PTSD (significance level: p ≤ 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The overall prevalence of PTSD was 17.05 % according to the PCLS. The most frequently reported events were terrorist attacks (36.40 %) and serious accidents (27.64 %). Female gender, family support, exposure to a terrorist attack, transport accidents and sexual assault were significantly associated with PTSD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>PTSD affects a significant proportion of Ouagadougou's firefighters. Specific prevention, screening and treatment measures need to be implemented to strengthen their psychological resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100613"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief intensive EMDR therapy with rotating therapists: Experiences of adults with mild intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning, PTSD, and severe behavioural problems","authors":"Anne Versluis ,&nbsp;Nienke Peters-Scheffer ,&nbsp;Carlo Schuengel ,&nbsp;Liesbeth Mevissen ,&nbsp;Ad de Jongh ,&nbsp;Robert Didden","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study explored the experiences of individuals with mild intellectual disability (MID: IQ 50–70) or borderline intellectual functioning (BIF: IQ 70–85), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and severe behavioural problems, with brief Intensive EMDR therapy delivered by a team of rotating therapists.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Preliminary research indicates that Intensive EMDR therapy with a team of rotating therapists is effective in treating PTSD in individuals with MID-BIF. To optimise treatment outcomes, it is important to understand how they experience this treatment format.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with three adults with MID-BIF and severe behavioural problems, before and after therapy. Interviews with three professional caregivers (before and after therapy), three EMDR therapists (after therapy), and field notes were used to contextualise the experiences of the participants.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) revealed that participants started Intensive EMDR therapy with rotating therapists holding high expectations. One participant discontinued early, two completed treatment, and all reported positive experiences with both the intensive format and therapist rotation model. The intensity was seen to support continuity and engagement, particularly compared to weekly therapy sessions. Minimal involvement of the (professional) support systems was also observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Participants with MID-BIF and severe behavioural problems generally reported positive experiences with brief Intensive EMDR therapy delivered by a team of rotating therapists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100610"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rewriting trauma: A systematic review of treatment effects of imagery rescripting for PTSD and complex PTSD","authors":"Federica Visco-Comandini ,&nbsp;Carolina Papa ,&nbsp;Allison Uvelli ,&nbsp;Francesco Mancini ,&nbsp;Erica Pugliese","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) has emerged as a promising, evidence-based intervention to process traumatic experiences. No prior review has systematically examined its application for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (C-PTSD). Furthermore, there still is not a clear understanding of mechanisms of change involved in ImRs, which are crucial for trauma-focused treatments. This review addresses this gap by summarizing the effectiveness and change processes of ImRs in PTSD and C-PTSD.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. Eligible studies were published in English or Italian, included clinical populations aged 18 or older, and used experimental or quasi-experimental designs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria. Across randomized, clinical, and multiple-baseline studies, ImRs was associated with consistent reductions in trauma-related symptoms, showing treatment effects consistent with its targeting of core transdiagnostic processes—modifying aversive memory representations in PTSD and fostering integration and emotional safety in C-PTSD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This review offers a focused synthesis of the evidence of ImRs for trauma-related disorders, highlighting its potential as a brief, powerful clinical intervention operating through distinct mechanisms of change across varying symptom profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100609"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating psychophysiological technologies for stress management: Challenges and solutions in the Ukrainian healthcare system","authors":"Sergii Boltivets ,&nbsp;Anatolii V. Furman ,&nbsp;Oksana Furman ,&nbsp;Valentyna Korolchuk ,&nbsp;Mykola Korolchuk","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Rising stress and mental health disorders in Ukraine underscore the need for effective psychophysiological interventions in healthcare.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to examine in detail the potential for integrating psychophysiological interventions into the mental health care system for patients.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The methodology involved a comprehensive analysis of the available scientific literature and a review of experimental data, enabling the identification of key approaches to utilising biofeedback, meditation, and relaxation techniques in the development of a new conceptual model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study concluded that psychophysiological technologies exert a positive influence on physiological indicators, such as blood cortisol levels and heart rate, as well as on psychological aspects, including anxiety levels and overall emotional state. The integration of these methods into daily routines – such as practising mindfulness meditation in the morning or before bedtime, using mobile applications for biofeedback during breaks at work or study, and employing relaxation techniques in stressful situations – can support long-term stress resilience and help prevent mental and physical disorders. A detailed examination of these technologies will facilitate the development of programmes and protocols tailored to the needs of different population groups. The introduction of biofeedback training in primary care centres would equip patients with tools to regulate physiological responses to stress. The organisation of group mindfulness meditation sessions in educational institutions and workplaces would foster emotional self-regulation skills among both young people and adults.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Mobile apps that combine relaxing techniques with interactive feedback would make them more accessible. These technologies used with pharmacological treatment could reduce pharmaceutical dosages, side effects, and treatment efficacy. Interdisciplinary teams of psychologists, physiologists, and doctors would treat psychosomatic diseases comprehensively. These actions would improve public mental health and align the healthcare system with worldwide norms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100603"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-traumatic stress and environmental hazard in a bradyseism volcanic area. Psychometric properties of the Pre-traumatic stress reactions Checklist (PreCL) and concurrent underline mechanisms of pre-traumatic stress","authors":"Alessia Caffieri ,&nbsp;Raffaella Esposito,&nbsp;Giorgia Margherita","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pre-traumatic stress is characterized by intrusiveness, avoidance, hyper-arousal and alterations of behaviors and cognitions related to future traumatic events that may actually occur. The main tool to self-assess pre-traumatic stress is the <em>Pre-traumatic stress reactions Checklist (PreCL).</em> To date, no study has assessed the psychometric properties of <em>PreCL</em>. In addition, no study has studied the pre-traumatic stress in population under the threat of natural catastrophes and the concurrent underlined mechanisms of these reactions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of PreCL, and the underlying mechanisms of pre-traumatic stress reactions in a group of participants living in the Campi Flegrei (Italy), a densely populated area which is cyclically affected by bradyseism and at high risk of volcanic eruptions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Recruitment involved 432 participants. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (EFA/CFA) was used to assess and re-define the factorial structure of PreCL. Structural equation model was used to test the mediation effect of intensity and frequency of worry about bradyseism on the relationship between the intolerance of uncertainty’s dimensions and the pre-traumatic stress factors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From the EFA/CFA, a two-independent factor structure emerged: <em>Pre-traumatic reactive responses</em> (PreCL-R) and <em>Pre-traumatic alterations of mood and cognitions</em> (PreCL-A). The frequency of worry about bradyseism fully mediated the relationship between the prospective intolerance of uncertainty and PreCL-R, while the intensity of worry partially mediates between inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty and PreCL-R. No mediation effect was found for PreCL-A.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides a stable structure of PreCL supporting its use in future research, and insights into the relationship between pre-traumatic reactions, current worry, and intolerance of uncertainty —findings that are relevant for both research and clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 4","pages":"Article 100604"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}