DC microgrid with multiple slack terminals has higher system reliability in case of slack terminal outage and communication failure. However, system bus voltage deviation from the nominal value and power sharing error are the main drawbacks of the droop-based distributed control. A three-level Energy Management System (EMS) is proposed in this paper to ensure both fast response and accurate control of the multiple-slack-terminal DC microgrid. All Energy Storages (ESs) are scheduled to operate in voltage regulation mode in level I control. The bus voltage regulation and power sharing among ESs are realized based on local bus voltage autonomously. In level II, bus voltage restoration and power sharing compensation are implemented to eliminate voltage deviation and power sharing error accordingly. Level III control takes the constraints of ESs' power capacity and energy capacity into consideration. Load shedding and generation curtailment are to be activated based on the real-time system net power and ESs' State of Charge (SoC). Case studies based on MATLAB simulation were carried out to verify the effectiveness of proposed methods.
{"title":"Energy management system (EMS) for real-time operation of DC microgrids with multiple slack terminals","authors":"Peng Wang, Jianfang Xiao, Leonardy Setyawan, Choo Hoong","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028829","url":null,"abstract":"DC microgrid with multiple slack terminals has higher system reliability in case of slack terminal outage and communication failure. However, system bus voltage deviation from the nominal value and power sharing error are the main drawbacks of the droop-based distributed control. A three-level Energy Management System (EMS) is proposed in this paper to ensure both fast response and accurate control of the multiple-slack-terminal DC microgrid. All Energy Storages (ESs) are scheduled to operate in voltage regulation mode in level I control. The bus voltage regulation and power sharing among ESs are realized based on local bus voltage autonomously. In level II, bus voltage restoration and power sharing compensation are implemented to eliminate voltage deviation and power sharing error accordingly. Level III control takes the constraints of ESs' power capacity and energy capacity into consideration. Load shedding and generation curtailment are to be activated based on the real-time system net power and ESs' State of Charge (SoC). Case studies based on MATLAB simulation were carried out to verify the effectiveness of proposed methods.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123662045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028963
Mohammed M. Farag, M. Azab, B. Mokhtar
Security is a major challenge preventing wide deployment of the smart grid technology. Typically, the classical power grid is protected with a set of isolated security tools applied to individual grid components and layers ignoring their cross-layer interaction. Such an approach does not address the smart grid security requirements because usually intricate attacks are cross-layer exploiting multiple vulnerabilities at various grid layers and domains. We advance a conceptual layering model of the smart grid and a high-level overview of a security framework, termed CyNetPhy, towards enabling cross-layer security of the smart grid. CyNetPhy tightly integrates and coordinates between three interrelated, and highly cooperative real-time security systems crossing section various layers of the grid cyber and physical domains to simultaneously address the grid's operational and security requirements. In this article, we present in detail the physical security layer (PSL) in CyNetPhy. We describe an attack scenario raising the emerging hardware Trojan threat in process control systems (PCSes) and its novel PSL resolution leveraging the model predictive control principles. Initial simulation results illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the PSL.
{"title":"Cross-layer security framework for smart grid: Physical security layer","authors":"Mohammed M. Farag, M. Azab, B. Mokhtar","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028963","url":null,"abstract":"Security is a major challenge preventing wide deployment of the smart grid technology. Typically, the classical power grid is protected with a set of isolated security tools applied to individual grid components and layers ignoring their cross-layer interaction. Such an approach does not address the smart grid security requirements because usually intricate attacks are cross-layer exploiting multiple vulnerabilities at various grid layers and domains. We advance a conceptual layering model of the smart grid and a high-level overview of a security framework, termed CyNetPhy, towards enabling cross-layer security of the smart grid. CyNetPhy tightly integrates and coordinates between three interrelated, and highly cooperative real-time security systems crossing section various layers of the grid cyber and physical domains to simultaneously address the grid's operational and security requirements. In this article, we present in detail the physical security layer (PSL) in CyNetPhy. We describe an attack scenario raising the emerging hardware Trojan threat in process control systems (PCSes) and its novel PSL resolution leveraging the model predictive control principles. Initial simulation results illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the PSL.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128632549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028934
E. Al-Ammar
One of the challenges faced by the smart grid technologies is to encourage the power utilities in order to ensure their power generations are efficient with reduced amount of pollutants emission. An efficient utilization of energy resources can be possible by tri-generation. As compared to conventional power generation, one of the goals of tri-generation is the efficient utilization of available fossil fuel and thereby reducing the pollutants emitted from the thermal plants. The use of tri-generation output along with solar power can increase the possibility of such goal while dispatching a certain amount of power demand. Such a hybrid power generation method is very effective in countries like Saudi Arabia since it is abundant with fossil fuels as well as solar energy resources. A comparative study of tri-generation with conventional generation of electric and thermal power is carried out in this paper. Moreover, an optimum power dispatch with tri-generation along with solar power is analyzed. The environmental benefits obtained while utilizing energy resources through tri-generation is also discussed in this paper. Reduction in pollutants emissions from power plants decreases the undesirable environmental effects and damages; hence tri-generation facilitates environmental friendly power production.
{"title":"Tri-generation and solar power for an efficient and environmental friendly power generation","authors":"E. Al-Ammar","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028934","url":null,"abstract":"One of the challenges faced by the smart grid technologies is to encourage the power utilities in order to ensure their power generations are efficient with reduced amount of pollutants emission. An efficient utilization of energy resources can be possible by tri-generation. As compared to conventional power generation, one of the goals of tri-generation is the efficient utilization of available fossil fuel and thereby reducing the pollutants emitted from the thermal plants. The use of tri-generation output along with solar power can increase the possibility of such goal while dispatching a certain amount of power demand. Such a hybrid power generation method is very effective in countries like Saudi Arabia since it is abundant with fossil fuels as well as solar energy resources. A comparative study of tri-generation with conventional generation of electric and thermal power is carried out in this paper. Moreover, an optimum power dispatch with tri-generation along with solar power is analyzed. The environmental benefits obtained while utilizing energy resources through tri-generation is also discussed in this paper. Reduction in pollutants emissions from power plants decreases the undesirable environmental effects and damages; hence tri-generation facilitates environmental friendly power production.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130598386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028866
Ana K. Cabrera, Hasan Ul Banna, Cosmin Koch-Ciobotarus, S. Ghosh
The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electrical system can be achieved on all voltage levels using both large power plants and individual/local small distributed renewable generation units. The present paper focuses on a low voltage consumer: a house with a dedicated photovoltaic system which supplies energy to an air conditioning unit. However the problem is the variability of this energy during the day. The solution proposed, in this paper, is the development of a home energy management system (HEMS), in which the air conditioning unit is controlled according to the solar irradiation during the day and the desirable inside temperature of the house between the hours of 9:00 to 18:00. The algorithm considers the thermodynamic model of the house and the photovoltaic panels' model to maximize the use of solar energy during the day. This optimization is implemented in CPLEX and the complete algorithm and a graphical user's interface (GUI) is developed in JAVA. At the end, the test simulations shows that the inside temperature during the day is closed to the desirable temperature in which the air conditioning unit is on according the algorithm developed especially on those moments with high irradiation. In the study, a comparison between the normal control of an air conditioning unit and the HEMS is developed.
{"title":"Optimization of an air conditioning unit according to renewable energy availability and user's comfort","authors":"Ana K. Cabrera, Hasan Ul Banna, Cosmin Koch-Ciobotarus, S. Ghosh","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028866","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electrical system can be achieved on all voltage levels using both large power plants and individual/local small distributed renewable generation units. The present paper focuses on a low voltage consumer: a house with a dedicated photovoltaic system which supplies energy to an air conditioning unit. However the problem is the variability of this energy during the day. The solution proposed, in this paper, is the development of a home energy management system (HEMS), in which the air conditioning unit is controlled according to the solar irradiation during the day and the desirable inside temperature of the house between the hours of 9:00 to 18:00. The algorithm considers the thermodynamic model of the house and the photovoltaic panels' model to maximize the use of solar energy during the day. This optimization is implemented in CPLEX and the complete algorithm and a graphical user's interface (GUI) is developed in JAVA. At the end, the test simulations shows that the inside temperature during the day is closed to the desirable temperature in which the air conditioning unit is on according the algorithm developed especially on those moments with high irradiation. In the study, a comparison between the normal control of an air conditioning unit and the HEMS is developed.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131064813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028879
Eva-Maria Baerthlein, M. Hartung, A. Panosyan
This paper discusses changing requirements for tap changer controllers in distribution grids with high penetration of renewable generation. Furthermore, a new tap changer controller approach based on a power flow dependent voltage set point curve using hysteresis is introduced. This novel concept is simulated and compared to conventional as well as alternative tap changer controller algorithms by power system simulation.
{"title":"Variable voltage set point control of tap changers in distribution grids","authors":"Eva-Maria Baerthlein, M. Hartung, A. Panosyan","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028879","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses changing requirements for tap changer controllers in distribution grids with high penetration of renewable generation. Furthermore, a new tap changer controller approach based on a power flow dependent voltage set point curve using hysteresis is introduced. This novel concept is simulated and compared to conventional as well as alternative tap changer controller algorithms by power system simulation.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130425962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028912
S. Skarvelis-Kazakos, P. Papadopoulos, I. Unda
An approach is presented for controlling multiple energy carriers, such as AC and DC electricity, heat, Natural Gas, hydrogen, using the control technique of multi-agent systems. The main elements of a hierarchical control system are given and their integration with the concept of energy hubs is explained. The interactions between the different agents are described. Electric vehicles are considered as mobile resources within the overall system. Finally, the benefits of this approach are laid out.
{"title":"Agent-based control of multiple energy carriers and energy hubs","authors":"S. Skarvelis-Kazakos, P. Papadopoulos, I. Unda","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028912","url":null,"abstract":"An approach is presented for controlling multiple energy carriers, such as AC and DC electricity, heat, Natural Gas, hydrogen, using the control technique of multi-agent systems. The main elements of a hierarchical control system are given and their integration with the concept of energy hubs is explained. The interactions between the different agents are described. Electric vehicles are considered as mobile resources within the overall system. Finally, the benefits of this approach are laid out.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129747722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028803
D. He, Di Shi, Ratnesh K. Sharma
The centralized hierarchical control strategy has recently drawn much attention from researchers in the microgrid area. Primary control deals with power sharing among distributed generators (DGs). Secondary control is responsible for restoring the voltage and frequency back to their nominal values. However, there are two factors that presently limit the implementation of existing hierarchical control in a microgrid. First, the accuracy of reactive power sharing is low due to the difference in each DG's terminal voltage. Second, centralized high-bandwidth communication infrastructure is required, which is expensive and fragile, especially with high penetration of DGs. This paper presents a distributed cooperative control framework, which not only regulate the voltage at the critical bus, but also realize accurate reactive power sharing among DGs, using sparse communication with significantly lower bandwidth requirement. The proposed method is adaptive to network topology changes which supports the plug-and-play feature of microgrid. Performance of the proposed control is demonstrated through simulation results on a 4-bus microgrid testbed.
{"title":"Consensus-based distributed cooperative control for microgrid voltage regulation and reactive power sharing","authors":"D. He, Di Shi, Ratnesh K. Sharma","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028803","url":null,"abstract":"The centralized hierarchical control strategy has recently drawn much attention from researchers in the microgrid area. Primary control deals with power sharing among distributed generators (DGs). Secondary control is responsible for restoring the voltage and frequency back to their nominal values. However, there are two factors that presently limit the implementation of existing hierarchical control in a microgrid. First, the accuracy of reactive power sharing is low due to the difference in each DG's terminal voltage. Second, centralized high-bandwidth communication infrastructure is required, which is expensive and fragile, especially with high penetration of DGs. This paper presents a distributed cooperative control framework, which not only regulate the voltage at the critical bus, but also realize accurate reactive power sharing among DGs, using sparse communication with significantly lower bandwidth requirement. The proposed method is adaptive to network topology changes which supports the plug-and-play feature of microgrid. Performance of the proposed control is demonstrated through simulation results on a 4-bus microgrid testbed.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129825156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028802
Di Shi, Yusheng Luo, Ratnesh K. Sharma
Microgrid (MG) islanding is considered as an effective measure to minimize power outage and therefore to maximize usage of renewable energy resources. One of the most challenging technical difficulties associated with islanding is out-of-phase reclosing caused by asynchronism of MG with the electric power system (EPS). In this paper, a novel control methodology is proposed to synchronize MG with the main power grid so that smooth transition from islanded mode to grid-tied mode can be guaranteed. Synchronization is achieved by eliminating the voltage phase angle difference across the circuit breaker/recloser at the point of common coupling (PCC). The proposed control employs synchrophasor measurements transmitted via Internet Protocol (IP) communications. A MG hardware testbed with multiple distributed generators and loads is built to validate the performance of the proposed method.
{"title":"Active synchronization control for microgrid reconnection after islanding","authors":"Di Shi, Yusheng Luo, Ratnesh K. Sharma","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028802","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrid (MG) islanding is considered as an effective measure to minimize power outage and therefore to maximize usage of renewable energy resources. One of the most challenging technical difficulties associated with islanding is out-of-phase reclosing caused by asynchronism of MG with the electric power system (EPS). In this paper, a novel control methodology is proposed to synchronize MG with the main power grid so that smooth transition from islanded mode to grid-tied mode can be guaranteed. Synchronization is achieved by eliminating the voltage phase angle difference across the circuit breaker/recloser at the point of common coupling (PCC). The proposed control employs synchrophasor measurements transmitted via Internet Protocol (IP) communications. A MG hardware testbed with multiple distributed generators and loads is built to validate the performance of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124901892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028807
M. L. Wittrock, H. Jóhannsson, A. Nielsen
This paper introduces the concept of prosumption control where intelligent loads and distributed generation are aggregated and controlled to improve power system security. It is expected that intelligent load and generation units can respond to control / market signals and thus present an opportunity of available resources for changing the operating point (OP) of a system to one that is more secure. A prosumption pattern is then a signal to prosumers to shift their demand in time. This makes it possible to temporarily change the distribution of the power demand. A prosumption pattern is balanced, such that frequency can be maintained by other smart grid technologies. To find a prosumption pattern which can improve security, it is necessary to determine sensitivities of stability indicators such that beneficial load permutations can be identified. After introducing prosumption control and patterns, stability indicators for aperiodic small signal angular stability (ASSA) are examined, while the concept of prosumption is described. The methodology presented is shown to be able to assess the margin to instability and to predict how this margin can be affected if a load is changed in the grid. The resulting sensitivities are described and their suitability to be used to search for a prosumption pattern is evaluated.
{"title":"Wide area prosumption control and sensitivities of aperiodic small signal stability indicators","authors":"M. L. Wittrock, H. Jóhannsson, A. Nielsen","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028807","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces the concept of prosumption control where intelligent loads and distributed generation are aggregated and controlled to improve power system security. It is expected that intelligent load and generation units can respond to control / market signals and thus present an opportunity of available resources for changing the operating point (OP) of a system to one that is more secure. A prosumption pattern is then a signal to prosumers to shift their demand in time. This makes it possible to temporarily change the distribution of the power demand. A prosumption pattern is balanced, such that frequency can be maintained by other smart grid technologies. To find a prosumption pattern which can improve security, it is necessary to determine sensitivities of stability indicators such that beneficial load permutations can be identified. After introducing prosumption control and patterns, stability indicators for aperiodic small signal angular stability (ASSA) are examined, while the concept of prosumption is described. The methodology presented is shown to be able to assess the margin to instability and to predict how this margin can be affected if a load is changed in the grid. The resulting sensitivities are described and their suitability to be used to search for a prosumption pattern is evaluated.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125344324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028974
B. Biegel, P. Andersen, J. Stoustrup, K. Rasmussen, L. H. Hansen, S. Ostberg, P. Cajar, H. Knudsen
In this paper we introduce four issues that can occur in a distribution grid as an effect of an increase in the electrical load. These four issues are: Poor voltage quality and power congestion in either normal or reserve situation. We focus on power congestion in reserve situation and show how a flexibility product delivered by production or consumption devices is able to solve this type of congestion and consequently allow grid reinforcements to be postponed. Following, we present a method that is able to compare the value of postponed grid reinforcement with the required amount and duration of the flexibility product. Finally, this method is used to conduct an analysis of a Danish 10 kV grid. The analysis shows that on average, solving the first congestion issues that will occur as the load increases has a cost around M€ 0.15. The method further shows that these issues alternatively can be solved by a flexibility product with an amount and a duration in the order of 100-200 kW and 1-4 hours, respectively, and an expected value of one activation per year.
{"title":"The value of flexibility in the distribution grid","authors":"B. Biegel, P. Andersen, J. Stoustrup, K. Rasmussen, L. H. Hansen, S. Ostberg, P. Cajar, H. Knudsen","doi":"10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEUROPE.2014.7028974","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we introduce four issues that can occur in a distribution grid as an effect of an increase in the electrical load. These four issues are: Poor voltage quality and power congestion in either normal or reserve situation. We focus on power congestion in reserve situation and show how a flexibility product delivered by production or consumption devices is able to solve this type of congestion and consequently allow grid reinforcements to be postponed. Following, we present a method that is able to compare the value of postponed grid reinforcement with the required amount and duration of the flexibility product. Finally, this method is used to conduct an analysis of a Danish 10 kV grid. The analysis shows that on average, solving the first congestion issues that will occur as the load increases has a cost around M€ 0.15. The method further shows that these issues alternatively can be solved by a flexibility product with an amount and a duration in the order of 100-200 kW and 1-4 hours, respectively, and an expected value of one activation per year.","PeriodicalId":299515,"journal":{"name":"IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126514456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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