Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3501385
Muhammad Qamar;Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz;Lawrence Carslake;Tian-Hong Loh;Mohamed A. Thaha;Akram Alomainy
This study proposes a novel high-performance, two-element camera-integrated antenna array for the [401-406] MHz medical device radio communications service (MedRadio) band. The array is designed for integration inside a capsule to establish a stable, high data-rate multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication link for wireless endoscopy. The compact antenna ($pi times$ 1.125 ×1.49 mm$^{3}$) uses stacked meandered resonators, nestled within an annular ring-shaped planar substrate, offering over 7 MHz bandwidth and 41 dB isolation. It achieves a 78 Mbps data rate over 1.6 m in muscle tissue with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg at 20 mW power. Measurements show an ECC below 0.001, diversity gain over 9.99 dB, and a channel capacity of 10 bps/Hz at 20 dB SNR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dual-camera-integrated MIMO antenna system for the [401-406] MHz MedRadio band tested in an implantable device.
{"title":"Ultra-Compact Camera-Integrated Deep-Implanted Two-Port MIMO Antenna for High-Data-Rate Wireless Capsule Endoscopy","authors":"Muhammad Qamar;Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz;Lawrence Carslake;Tian-Hong Loh;Mohamed A. Thaha;Akram Alomainy","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3501385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3501385","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a novel high-performance, two-element camera-integrated antenna array for the [401-406] MHz medical device radio communications service (MedRadio) band. The array is designed for integration inside a capsule to establish a stable, high data-rate multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication link for wireless endoscopy. The compact antenna (<inline-formula><tex-math>$pi times$</tex-math></inline-formula> 1.125 ×1.49 mm<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) uses stacked meandered resonators, nestled within an annular ring-shaped planar substrate, offering over 7 MHz bandwidth and 41 dB isolation. It achieves a 78 Mbps data rate over 1.6 m in muscle tissue with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg at 20 mW power. Measurements show an ECC below 0.001, diversity gain over 9.99 dB, and a channel capacity of 10 bps/Hz at 20 dB SNR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dual-camera-integrated MIMO antenna system for the [401-406] MHz MedRadio band tested in an implantable device.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"293-301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3507823
Mehdi Nosrati;Narges Shaabani
The classic split-ring resonator (SRR) is structured in this paper to optimize the frequency-shifting sensitivity of SRR-based RF/microwave sensors. The SRR is designed on the top layer of a substrate and another mirrored SRR is duplicated in the ground plane of the substrate. The two SRRs are electrically connected to each other to realize closed-loop structures inside the substrate, which results in the engineered structured split-ring resonator (SSRR). It is shown that the frequency-variation sensitivity in this approach of RF/microwave sensor is significantly increased by using the proposed SSRR by more than 200% in relation to conventional counterparts. The experimental results confirm a sensitivity enhancement by a ratio of 2.2:1 with regard to a sensor with among the highest sensitivities ever reported for high-permittivity lossy-material characterization. Furthermore, the sensor is experimentally examined in a biomedical scenario to monitor antibody, demonstrating a sensitivity enhancement by a ratio of 5:1 compared to a recent SRR-based sensor counterpart.
{"title":"Structured Split-Ring Resonator for Sensing Applications: Dielectric-Material Characterization and Label-Free Detection of Biomolecules","authors":"Mehdi Nosrati;Narges Shaabani","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3507823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3507823","url":null,"abstract":"The classic split-ring resonator (SRR) is structured in this paper to optimize the frequency-shifting sensitivity of SRR-based RF/microwave sensors. The SRR is designed on the top layer of a substrate and another mirrored SRR is duplicated in the ground plane of the substrate. The two SRRs are electrically connected to each other to realize closed-loop structures inside the substrate, which results in the engineered structured split-ring resonator (SSRR). It is shown that the frequency-variation sensitivity in this approach of RF/microwave sensor is significantly increased by using the proposed SSRR by more than 200% in relation to conventional counterparts. The experimental results confirm a sensitivity enhancement by a ratio of 2.2:1 with regard to a sensor with among the highest sensitivities ever reported for high-permittivity lossy-material characterization. Furthermore, the sensor is experimentally examined in a biomedical scenario to monitor antibody, demonstrating a sensitivity enhancement by a ratio of 5:1 compared to a recent SRR-based sensor counterpart.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"285-292"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3507005
Xinyu Li;Jingyuan Zhang;Zixuan Cai;Xiong Wei Wu;Qiaocong Peng;Qian Ma;Jian Wei You;Tie Jun Cui
Contactless human vital-sign sensing using electromagnetic (EM) waves has made significant progress over the past few years and been practically applicable to a variety of fields such as smart home and healthcare. However, the further development of this technology is hindered by factors such as large volumes of data, long observation periods, and data variability. To deal with this challenge, a dynamic human EM model composed of customized time-varying EM materials is proposed to simulate the periodic characteristics of human cardiopulmonary motions and obtain physiological signals caused by the movements. The EM problem is subsequently addressed by employing the Time-Domain Finite Integration Technique (TDFIT), so that the EM scattering properties associated with human cardiopulmonary movements can be accurately analyzed. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed human EM model, we process the simulated human physiological signals for respiration and heartbeat rate estimation, with the error less than 4% and 8%, respectively. Furthermore, measured experiments are conducted to collected actual human vital-sign signals for comparison. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results demonstrates that the proposed human EM model is capable of accurately simulating the periodic cardiopulmonary motions and thus providing simulated physiological measurements for preliminary validation of vital sign sensing algorithms.
{"title":"Dynamic Electromagnetic Model to Detect Human Vital Signs Based on Time-Domain Finite Integration Theorem","authors":"Xinyu Li;Jingyuan Zhang;Zixuan Cai;Xiong Wei Wu;Qiaocong Peng;Qian Ma;Jian Wei You;Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3507005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3507005","url":null,"abstract":"Contactless human vital-sign sensing using electromagnetic (EM) waves has made significant progress over the past few years and been practically applicable to a variety of fields such as smart home and healthcare. However, the further development of this technology is hindered by factors such as large volumes of data, long observation periods, and data variability. To deal with this challenge, a dynamic human EM model composed of customized time-varying EM materials is proposed to simulate the periodic characteristics of human cardiopulmonary motions and obtain physiological signals caused by the movements. The EM problem is subsequently addressed by employing the Time-Domain Finite Integration Technique (TDFIT), so that the EM scattering properties associated with human cardiopulmonary movements can be accurately analyzed. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed human EM model, we process the simulated human physiological signals for respiration and heartbeat rate estimation, with the error less than 4% and 8%, respectively. Furthermore, measured experiments are conducted to collected actual human vital-sign signals for comparison. Good agreement between the measured and simulated results demonstrates that the proposed human EM model is capable of accurately simulating the periodic cardiopulmonary motions and thus providing simulated physiological measurements for preliminary validation of vital sign sensing algorithms.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"240-250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3493623
Carissa J. Roper;Susan C. Hagness;Chu Ma
In this study we simulate and evaluate a transverse electromagnetic cell (TEM) for dosimetry applications in the UHF band with design modifications to allow real-time monitoring of tissue expansion due to microwave pulse absorption. We introduce an aperture for high-speed microscope-based imaging inside the waveguide and use simulations to assess the aperture' s impact on power absorption homogeneity and dosage level in tissue samples positioned at the site of the aperture. We consider both transparent, non-conductive borosilicate and semi-transparent, conductive indium tin oxide-coated glass plates covering the aperture. Our simulation results indicate a borosilicate covering provides optimal power absorption homogeneity when the tissue sample is smaller in diameter than the aperture. Analysis of the simulation results enabled us to construct an optimized TEM cell with a borosilicate-glass-covered aperture and experimentally verify that it maximizes dosage in the tissue sample. This modified TEM cell is expected to be an essential component in an experimental platform for observing and recording the macroscopic, dynamic thermoelastic expansion of tissue induced by pulsed microwave exposure.
{"title":"TEM Cell With a High-Transparency Aperture for Homogeneous Microwave Absorption and Real-Time Viewing of Thermoelastic Expansion of Tissue","authors":"Carissa J. Roper;Susan C. Hagness;Chu Ma","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3493623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3493623","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we simulate and evaluate a transverse electromagnetic cell (TEM) for dosimetry applications in the UHF band with design modifications to allow real-time monitoring of tissue expansion due to microwave pulse absorption. We introduce an aperture for high-speed microscope-based imaging inside the waveguide and use simulations to assess the aperture' s impact on power absorption homogeneity and dosage level in tissue samples positioned at the site of the aperture. We consider both transparent, non-conductive borosilicate and semi-transparent, conductive indium tin oxide-coated glass plates covering the aperture. Our simulation results indicate a borosilicate covering provides optimal power absorption homogeneity when the tissue sample is smaller in diameter than the aperture. Analysis of the simulation results enabled us to construct an optimized TEM cell with a borosilicate-glass-covered aperture and experimentally verify that it maximizes dosage in the tissue sample. This modified TEM cell is expected to be an essential component in an experimental platform for observing and recording the macroscopic, dynamic thermoelastic expansion of tissue induced by pulsed microwave exposure.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"278-284"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3496595
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3496595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3496595","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10765925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3496599
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3496599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3496599","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10765930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3493622
Shaik Rizwan;Kanaparthi V Phani Kumar;Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy
In this work, a miniature intra-ocular antenna (2.8 × 2.8 × 0.254 mm$^{3}$) with enhanced bandwidth (1.2 GHz) is proposed for wireless data transmission in retinal prosthesis (RPs). The proposed intra-ocular (IO) antenna is based on a self-tuned meandered structure operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. A mimicking eye phantom model is developed using a non-ionic chemical compound with dielectric properties equivalent to the human eye to facilitate various measurements in a realistic environment. The proposed IO antenna is placed inside the eye phantom (vitreous humor) model to evaluate its performance for efficient wireless data telemetry application. The measurements of S-parameters were observed to exhibit a substantial correlation with the simulated results. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed IO antenna at 2.4 GHz is 1.2 GHz. The efficacy of the proposed IO antenna is validated through specific absorption rate (SAR) and link budget analysis. In addition, the wireless data transmission with the proposed IO antenna was experimentally validated using a standalone data transmission system.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of a Highly Compact Intraocular Antenna With Enhanced Bandwidth for Wireless Data Telemetry in Retinal Prosthesis","authors":"Shaik Rizwan;Kanaparthi V Phani Kumar;Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3493622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3493622","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a miniature intra-ocular antenna (2.8 × 2.8 × 0.254 mm<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) with enhanced bandwidth (1.2 GHz) is proposed for wireless data transmission in retinal prosthesis (RPs). The proposed intra-ocular (IO) antenna is based on a self-tuned meandered structure operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. A mimicking eye phantom model is developed using a non-ionic chemical compound with dielectric properties equivalent to the human eye to facilitate various measurements in a realistic environment. The proposed IO antenna is placed inside the eye phantom (vitreous humor) model to evaluate its performance for efficient wireless data telemetry application. The measurements of S-parameters were observed to exhibit a substantial correlation with the simulated results. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed IO antenna at 2.4 GHz is 1.2 GHz. The efficacy of the proposed IO antenna is validated through specific absorption rate (SAR) and link budget analysis. In addition, the wireless data transmission with the proposed IO antenna was experimentally validated using a standalone data transmission system.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"270-277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3485250
Fei Xue;Lei Guo;Alina Bialkowski;Amin M. Abbosh
Deep learning has been a game-changer in enhancing the speed and accuracy of medical microwave imaging in detecting abnormal lesions. Nonetheless, the challenge lies in establishing a universal objective metric to assess the reliability of these methods. Current evaluation practices often rely on a single geometric metric, which presents inherent constraints. Consequently, the evaluations of results generated by deep learning methods may not always reflect clinicians’ insights and judgments. To overcome this, a local assessment metric incorporating the following three geometric dimensions is proposed: the overlap between the detected anomaly and the actual lesion, the proximity of their boundaries, and the proportionality of the lesion sizes determined by the algorithm versus the actual lesion. This approach to evaluation ensures that the resulting metric's score is in line with professional medical diagnostics. The presented results on head imaging using five deep learning algorithms confirm the significant advantages of the proposed metric, validating its effectiveness in providing objective evaluation of various algorithms in medical electromagnetic imaging. This objective metric is poised to guide future algorithm development to ensure a reliable assessment of their capability in abnormality detection and diagnosis.
{"title":"Integrated Boundary-Overlap-Size Metric for Local Assessment of Deep Learning Methods in Medical Microwave Imaging","authors":"Fei Xue;Lei Guo;Alina Bialkowski;Amin M. Abbosh","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3485250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3485250","url":null,"abstract":"Deep learning has been a game-changer in enhancing the speed and accuracy of medical microwave imaging in detecting abnormal lesions. Nonetheless, the challenge lies in establishing a universal objective metric to assess the reliability of these methods. Current evaluation practices often rely on a single geometric metric, which presents inherent constraints. Consequently, the evaluations of results generated by deep learning methods may not always reflect clinicians’ insights and judgments. To overcome this, a local assessment metric incorporating the following three geometric dimensions is proposed: the overlap between the detected anomaly and the actual lesion, the proximity of their boundaries, and the proportionality of the lesion sizes determined by the algorithm versus the actual lesion. This approach to evaluation ensures that the resulting metric's score is in line with professional medical diagnostics. The presented results on head imaging using five deep learning algorithms confirm the significant advantages of the proposed metric, validating its effectiveness in providing objective evaluation of various algorithms in medical electromagnetic imaging. This objective metric is poised to guide future algorithm development to ensure a reliable assessment of their capability in abnormality detection and diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"229-239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3477596
Ahnaf Tahmid;Tanzim Rahman;S. M. Ali Emam;Syeda Maliha Reza;Md Ismail Hosen;Reefat Inum;Ahsan Habib
Basal-bolus insulin therapy is associated with frequent injections, dosing errors, and hypoglycemia risks. Integrating continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with insulin pumps offers several advantages. However, current CGM systems lack accuracy and have high costs. To overcome these challenges, a CGM system requires sensor with enhanced sensitivity and low cost. In this study, we develop a planar microwave resonator-based sensor for sensitive glucose detection in human serum and whole blood. We track the variation in the transmission coefficient ($s_{21}$) to deduce changes in glucose concentration. Utilizing combinations of complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) and complementary electric-LC (CELC) structures, the sensor achieves remarkable sensitivity, notably 37.3 mdB/(mg/dL) for glucose in human serum and 1.557 mdB/(mg/dL) for glucose in whole blood. We also evaluate other performance metrics, linearity ($R^{2} = 0.985$ for serum and $R^{2} = 0.963$ for whole blood), and limit of detection (LOD) of 477.75 μg/dL for serum and 53.84 mg/dL for whole blood. While we initially use an FR-4 rigid substrate in our proof-of-concept demonstration, we also investigate the feasibility of employing a flexible polyimide substrate. Our flexible glucose sensor shows an order of magnitude better performance than our rigid sensor.
{"title":"Low-Cost and Easy-to-Fabricate Microwave Sensor for Sensitive Glucose Monitoring: A Step Towards Continuous Glucose Monitoring","authors":"Ahnaf Tahmid;Tanzim Rahman;S. M. Ali Emam;Syeda Maliha Reza;Md Ismail Hosen;Reefat Inum;Ahsan Habib","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3477596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3477596","url":null,"abstract":"Basal-bolus insulin therapy is associated with frequent injections, dosing errors, and hypoglycemia risks. Integrating continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with insulin pumps offers several advantages. However, current CGM systems lack accuracy and have high costs. To overcome these challenges, a CGM system requires sensor with enhanced sensitivity and low cost. In this study, we develop a planar microwave resonator-based sensor for sensitive glucose detection in human serum and whole blood. We track the variation in the transmission coefficient (<inline-formula><tex-math>$s_{21}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) to deduce changes in glucose concentration. Utilizing combinations of complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) and complementary electric-LC (CELC) structures, the sensor achieves remarkable sensitivity, notably 37.3 mdB/(mg/dL) for glucose in human serum and 1.557 mdB/(mg/dL) for glucose in whole blood. We also evaluate other performance metrics, linearity (<inline-formula><tex-math>$R^{2} = 0.985$</tex-math></inline-formula> for serum and <inline-formula><tex-math>$R^{2} = 0.963$</tex-math></inline-formula> for whole blood), and limit of detection (LOD) of 477.75 μg/dL for serum and 53.84 mg/dL for whole blood. While we initially use an FR-4 rigid substrate in our proof-of-concept demonstration, we also investigate the feasibility of employing a flexible polyimide substrate. Our flexible glucose sensor shows an order of magnitude better performance than our rigid sensor.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"221-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3476964
Alejandra Garrido-Atienza;Marta Guardiola;Luz Maria Neira;Jordi Romeu;Andreas Fhager
This paper presents a novel computational method for addressing the challenge of uncontrolled antenna movement in microwave imaging systems for colonoscopy. The proposed method tracks the movement of the antenna array by analyzing phase shifts in S-parameters across multiple channels. By exploiting the symmetry of the probe and correlating phase changes with displacement, this technique reduces false positives due to probe movements artifacts in real-time. Simulated and experimental results in a colon phantom model show that this method can correct displacements of up to 6 mm, reducing the artifacts in reconstructed images notably.
{"title":"Movement Tracking and False Positive Reduction Method for Microwave Colonoscopy Systems","authors":"Alejandra Garrido-Atienza;Marta Guardiola;Luz Maria Neira;Jordi Romeu;Andreas Fhager","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3476964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3476964","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel computational method for addressing the challenge of uncontrolled antenna movement in microwave imaging systems for colonoscopy. The proposed method tracks the movement of the antenna array by analyzing phase shifts in S-parameters across multiple channels. By exploiting the symmetry of the probe and correlating phase changes with displacement, this technique reduces false positives due to probe movements artifacts in real-time. Simulated and experimental results in a colon phantom model show that this method can correct displacements of up to 6 mm, reducing the artifacts in reconstructed images notably.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"214-220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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