Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3362215
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3362215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3362215","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10454608","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3362211
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3362211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3362211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10454611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3367247
Lixuan Huang;Ziliang Wei;Bingheng Chen;Sio Hang Pun;Mang I Vai;Yueming Gao
The technological challenge to realize wearable medical devices is to ensure low power consumption and reliable transmission of communication. Magnetic resonance human body communication (MR HBC) provides ideas to improve the transmission effect. Although the coil's resonance properties have been proposed for MR HBC, the modeling and impedance matching for this method are still in the exploratory stage. However, different human impedances affect the coil resonance frequency to varying extents, leading to individual variability in the degree of magnetic coupling. This paper analyzes the influence of human tissues on the coil through finite element method (FEM) simulation modeling. This effect can be eliminated by employing a dual tunable capacitor matching method based on the field-circuit combination. By dynamically adjusting the values of the dual tunable capacitors in real-time, the human body and the coil can be tuned to a resonant state, effectively improving the degree of magnetic coupling. The results reveal that the proposed method enhances the communication gain by 38.91–42.02 dB at the preset frequency for different human tissues. In vivo experiments verify that the method eliminates the effect of different human impedances on the coil, which is of great significance for further improving the performance of MR HBC.
{"title":"Field-Circuit Combination Method for Solving the Detuning Problem of Magnetic Resonance Human Body Communication","authors":"Lixuan Huang;Ziliang Wei;Bingheng Chen;Sio Hang Pun;Mang I Vai;Yueming Gao","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3367247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3367247","url":null,"abstract":"The technological challenge to realize wearable medical devices is to ensure low power consumption and reliable transmission of communication. Magnetic resonance human body communication (MR HBC) provides ideas to improve the transmission effect. Although the coil's resonance properties have been proposed for MR HBC, the modeling and impedance matching for this method are still in the exploratory stage. However, different human impedances affect the coil resonance frequency to varying extents, leading to individual variability in the degree of magnetic coupling. This paper analyzes the influence of human tissues on the coil through finite element method (FEM) simulation modeling. This effect can be eliminated by employing a dual tunable capacitor matching method based on the field-circuit combination. By dynamically adjusting the values of the dual tunable capacitors in real-time, the human body and the coil can be tuned to a resonant state, effectively improving the degree of magnetic coupling. The results reveal that the proposed method enhances the communication gain by 38.91–42.02 dB at the preset frequency for different human tissues. In vivo experiments verify that the method eliminates the effect of different human impedances on the coil, which is of great significance for further improving the performance of MR HBC.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"94-101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3363509
Federica Naccarata;Marco Di Cristofano;Gaetano Marrocco
Internal fluid leaks in the human body can be caused by underlying medical disorders. Leakage may also be relevant to implanted stent grafts for the treatment of abdominal aneurysms. Indeed, blood may leak through the stent into the aneurysm sac with the risk of rupture due to increased internal pressure. As standard screenings cannot be performed frequently enough, this paper proposes wireless monitoring of fluid leaks into human body regions exploiting an implanted antenna partially coated by an engineered material and an auto-tuning IC in the UHF RFID band. The presence of fluid modifies the antenna impedance in a controlled way by the hydrolysis of the coating. An indication of this change can be obtained through radiofrequency interrogation from an external reader even when the antenna is implanted at 6 cm. Simulations and tests with a mock-up demonstrated the ability to distinguish the degradation of the bioresorbable coating. The sensor is responsive to up to 3.5 mm $^{3}$ of dissolved coating, with a sensitivity of more 10 units $/$ mm $^{3}$ . Provided that the size of the coating has been properly engineered, the response of the sensor is robust w.r.t. the unpredictable interaction with the fluid.
{"title":"Continuous Detection of Fluid Leaks Into the Body by Means of Partially Dissolvable Antennas","authors":"Federica Naccarata;Marco Di Cristofano;Gaetano Marrocco","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3363509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3363509","url":null,"abstract":"Internal fluid leaks in the human body can be caused by underlying medical disorders. Leakage may also be relevant to implanted stent grafts for the treatment of abdominal aneurysms. Indeed, blood may leak through the stent into the aneurysm sac with the risk of rupture due to increased internal pressure. As standard screenings cannot be performed frequently enough, this paper proposes wireless monitoring of fluid leaks into human body regions exploiting an implanted antenna partially coated by an engineered material and an auto-tuning IC in the UHF RFID band. The presence of fluid modifies the antenna impedance in a controlled way by the hydrolysis of the coating. An indication of this change can be obtained through radiofrequency interrogation from an external reader even when the antenna is implanted at 6 cm. Simulations and tests with a mock-up demonstrated the ability to distinguish the degradation of the bioresorbable coating. The sensor is responsive to up to 3.5 mm\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of dissolved coating, with a sensitivity of more 10 units\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$/$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000mm\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Provided that the size of the coating has been properly engineered, the response of the sensor is robust w.r.t. the unpredictable interaction with the fluid.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3363906
Daniel W. van der Weide;Dustin Kendig;Mo Shakouri
Using high-speed transient infrared microscopy, we resolve induced heating and subsequent conductive diffusion of pulsed RF energy delivered by bipolar microneedles to tissue-mimicking samples, using high spatial and temporal resolution, non-contact advanced thermal imaging to gain insight into direct heating of tissue proximal to RF electrodes. We use both IR and thermoreflectance in the same microscope and find that for the samples and time scales chosen in this first study, the spatiotemporal resolution of IR microscopy was sufficient to reveal local RF-induced thermal effects.
{"title":"High-Speed Thermal Imaging Can Resolve Short RF Pulse Effects in Tissue Models","authors":"Daniel W. van der Weide;Dustin Kendig;Mo Shakouri","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3363906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3363906","url":null,"abstract":"Using high-speed transient infrared microscopy, we resolve induced heating and subsequent conductive diffusion of pulsed RF energy delivered by bipolar microneedles to tissue-mimicking samples, using high spatial and temporal resolution, non-contact advanced thermal imaging to gain insight into direct heating of tissue proximal to RF electrodes. We use both IR and thermoreflectance in the same microscope and find that for the samples and time scales chosen in this first study, the spatiotemporal resolution of IR microscopy was sufficient to reveal local RF-induced thermal effects.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"201-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3363148
Paul M. Meaney;Viktor Mattsson;Robin Augustine;Helena Brisby
We have developed a new transmission-based, open-ended coaxial probe for assessing vertebrae strength during spinal fusion surgery. The approach exploits the fact that the probes are within the far field of each other implying that the phase varies linearly with respect to propagation distance. Determining the absolute phase is critical for recovering the associated tissue dielectric properties from which bone strength will be determined. Unfortunately, unwanted multi-path signals corrupt the signals at the lower end of the operating frequency range from which our conventional unwrapping strategy depends. Our new approach requires only three measurements within the prime frequency range and can be determined robustly with a minimum of computations. This will be vital to developing a commercial device since the signal levels will be extremely low power requiring longer than usual data acquisition times, which will be mitigated by measuring the data at only a few frequencies. Fast and efficient operation will be critical for clinical success.
{"title":"Microwave Vertebrae Strength Probe Development: Robust and Fast Phase Unwrapping Technique","authors":"Paul M. Meaney;Viktor Mattsson;Robin Augustine;Helena Brisby","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3363148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3363148","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a new transmission-based, open-ended coaxial probe for assessing vertebrae strength during spinal fusion surgery. The approach exploits the fact that the probes are within the far field of each other implying that the phase varies linearly with respect to propagation distance. Determining the absolute phase is critical for recovering the associated tissue dielectric properties from which bone strength will be determined. Unfortunately, unwanted multi-path signals corrupt the signals at the lower end of the operating frequency range from which our conventional unwrapping strategy depends. Our new approach requires only three measurements within the prime frequency range and can be determined robustly with a minimum of computations. This will be vital to developing a commercial device since the signal levels will be extremely low power requiring longer than usual data acquisition times, which will be mitigated by measuring the data at only a few frequencies. Fast and efficient operation will be critical for clinical success.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"78-83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-16DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3363428
Florens Helfferich;Peter M. van den Berg;Rob F. Remis
We present an improved multiplicative Contrast Source Inversion (CSI) approach for Electrical Properties Tomography (EPT). In EPT, the conductivity and permittivity profiles of a body part are reconstructed based on a known circularly polarized part of the magnetic field (the $B_{1}^+$ -field) that has its support inside the body part of interest. The CSI method attempts to reconstruct these profiles in an iterative and alternating manner by first fixing the contrast and updating the contrast source (product of tissue contrast and electric field) and subsequently fixing the contrast source and updating the contrast. In this paper, regularization is included in a multiplicative way similar to the standard multiplicative CSI-EPT method. However, the regularized objective function is different and an update for the contrast is obtained through one-step Jacobi filtering of a least-squares reconstruction that is based on the updated contrast source. Two-dimensional numerical experiments for conductivity and permittivity tissue profiles of a female body model show that, for data with various noise levels, the proposed regularization approach generally provides improved tissue reconstructions compared with standard multiplicative CSI-EPT.
{"title":"Improved Multiplicative Regularization for CSI-EPT","authors":"Florens Helfferich;Peter M. van den Berg;Rob F. Remis","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3363428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3363428","url":null,"abstract":"We present an improved multiplicative Contrast Source Inversion (CSI) approach for Electrical Properties Tomography (EPT). In EPT, the conductivity and permittivity profiles of a body part are reconstructed based on a known circularly polarized part of the magnetic field (the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$B_{1}^+$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-field) that has its support inside the body part of interest. The CSI method attempts to reconstruct these profiles in an iterative and alternating manner by first fixing the contrast and updating the contrast source (product of tissue contrast and electric field) and subsequently fixing the contrast source and updating the contrast. In this paper, regularization is included in a multiplicative way similar to the standard multiplicative CSI-EPT method. However, the regularized objective function is different and an update for the contrast is obtained through one-step Jacobi filtering of a least-squares reconstruction that is based on the updated contrast source. Two-dimensional numerical experiments for conductivity and permittivity tissue profiles of a female body model show that, for data with various noise levels, the proposed regularization approach generally provides improved tissue reconstructions compared with standard multiplicative CSI-EPT.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"84-89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3358991
Elena De Vita;Francesca De Tommasi;Carlo Altomare;Daniela Lo Presti;Giuseppina Pacella;Agostino Iadicicco;Massimiliano Carassiti;Rosario Francesco Grasso;Carlo Massaroni;Stefania Campopiano;Emiliano Schena
Thyroid nodules represent a widespread health concern and surgery is often adopted even if the incidence of frequent post-operative complications is not negligible. In recent years, this framework has fostered the growing spread of thermal ablation treatments, in particular microwave ablation (MWA). To date, despite its relevance, state-of-the-art regarding temperature monitoring in thyroid tissue during MWA is lacking. In this paper, the effects of MWA in thyroid by monitoring temperatures have been explored. By using several fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) temperature sensors, the heat maps in the proximity of the MW antenna have been reconstructed for two different power values set at generator. An increase up to about 4.5 cm 3 in ablation volume and up to 24 °C in maximum temperature variation as power rises from 20 W to 30 W has been observed. In addition, the dependency of the temperature evolution on the involved power has been investigated, observing that, with increasing power, some FBGs recorded a ΔT slope increase until the maximum values, resulting in shorter ablation times, and others recorded a plateau phase until the end of the MWA treatment. Such a propensity could be relevant to adjust the clinical settings according to the desired treatment outcome.
甲状腺结节是人们普遍关注的健康问题，即使术后并发症频发的几率不容忽视，人们还是经常采用手术治疗。近年来，这一框架促进了热消融治疗，特别是微波消融（MWA）的日益普及。迄今为止，尽管微波消融与甲状腺组织息息相关，但有关微波消融过程中甲状腺组织温度监测的最新研究成果还很缺乏。本文通过监测甲状腺的温度，探讨了微波消融对甲状腺的影响。通过使用多个光纤布拉格光栅（FBGs）温度传感器，在发电机设定的两个不同功率值下重建了MWA天线附近的热图。当功率从 20 W 上升到 30 W 时，烧蚀体积增加了约 4.5 cm3，最大温度变化高达 24 °C。此外，我们还研究了温度变化与相关功率的关系，观察到随着功率的增加，一些 FBG 的 ΔT 斜率增加，直至达到最大值，从而缩短了烧蚀时间，而另一些 FBG 的温度变化则处于平稳阶段，直至 MWA 处理结束。这种倾向可能与根据预期治疗结果调整临床设置有关。
{"title":"Thyroid Microwave Ablation Study Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings Thermal Mapping","authors":"Elena De Vita;Francesca De Tommasi;Carlo Altomare;Daniela Lo Presti;Giuseppina Pacella;Agostino Iadicicco;Massimiliano Carassiti;Rosario Francesco Grasso;Carlo Massaroni;Stefania Campopiano;Emiliano Schena","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3358991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3358991","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid nodules represent a widespread health concern and surgery is often adopted even if the incidence of frequent post-operative complications is not negligible. In recent years, this framework has fostered the growing spread of thermal ablation treatments, in particular microwave ablation (MWA). To date, despite its relevance, state-of-the-art regarding temperature monitoring in thyroid tissue during MWA is lacking. In this paper, the effects of MWA in thyroid by monitoring temperatures have been explored. By using several fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) temperature sensors, the heat maps in the proximity of the MW antenna have been reconstructed for two different power values set at generator. An increase up to about 4.5 cm\u0000<sup>3</sup>\u0000 in ablation volume and up to 24 °C in maximum temperature variation as power rises from 20 W to 30 W has been observed. In addition, the dependency of the temperature evolution on the involved power has been investigated, observing that, with increasing power, some FBGs recorded a ΔT slope increase until the maximum values, resulting in shorter ablation times, and others recorded a plateau phase until the end of the MWA treatment. Such a propensity could be relevant to adjust the clinical settings according to the desired treatment outcome.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"26-35"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10429761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3351751
Vivek Kumar Srivastava;Ashwani Sharma
This paper presents a coil rectenna array design to address the lateral misalignment problem in near-field wireless powering of biomedical implants and wearable devices. For this purpose, the proposed design comprises three non-identical orthogonal coil antennas optimized to harvest three orthogonal H-field components efficiently. The rectified energy generated by these antenna units is utilized to supply power to the load by combining the individual rectified output voltages. Out of the two distinct combining techniques, DC and AC combining, DC combining proved advantageous in effectively harnessing the lateral field components. The design parameters of the orthogonal coil rectennas are optimized to enhance the lateral misalignment tolerance area. To realize the proposed rectenna array, a multi-layer PCB technology is employed, resulting in a compact, robust, and cost-effective solution for wireless powering of biomedical implanted and wearable devices. Experimental validation of the analytical results demonstrates that the proposed design has the potential to significantly mitigate the lateral misalignment problem in a 2D plane, achieving a uniformity percentage of $boldsymbol{38.18}$ % for a misalignment tolerance range of $60times 60$ mm $^{2}$ .
本文介绍了一种线圈矩形天线阵列设计，以解决生物医学植入物和可穿戴设备近场无线供电中的横向错位问题。为此，所提出的设计由三个非相同的正交线圈天线组成，经过优化后可有效收集三个正交的 H 场分量。利用这些天线单元产生的整流能量，通过组合各个整流输出电压为负载供电。在直流和交流两种不同的组合技术中，直流组合被证明在有效利用横向场分量方面具有优势。对正交线圈整流天线的设计参数进行了优化，以提高横向偏差容限。为实现所提出的矩形天线阵列，采用了多层印刷电路板技术，从而为生物医学植入式和可穿戴设备的无线供电提供了一种紧凑、坚固且经济高效的解决方案。分析结果的实验验证表明，所提出的设计具有显著缓解二维平面横向偏差问题的潜力，在偏差公差范围为 60/times 60$ mm$^{2}$ 的情况下，均匀性百分比达到了 $/boldsymbol{38.18}$%。
{"title":"A Coil Rectenna Array Design to Harvest All H-Field Components for Lateral Misalignment Tolerant Wireless Powering of Bio-Medical Implant Devices","authors":"Vivek Kumar Srivastava;Ashwani Sharma","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3351751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3351751","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a coil rectenna array design to address the lateral misalignment problem in near-field wireless powering of biomedical implants and wearable devices. For this purpose, the proposed design comprises three non-identical orthogonal coil antennas optimized to harvest three orthogonal H-field components efficiently. The rectified energy generated by these antenna units is utilized to supply power to the load by combining the individual rectified output voltages. Out of the two distinct combining techniques, DC and AC combining, DC combining proved advantageous in effectively harnessing the lateral field components. The design parameters of the orthogonal coil rectennas are optimized to enhance the lateral misalignment tolerance area. To realize the proposed rectenna array, a multi-layer PCB technology is employed, resulting in a compact, robust, and cost-effective solution for wireless powering of biomedical implanted and wearable devices. Experimental validation of the analytical results demonstrates that the proposed design has the potential to significantly mitigate the lateral misalignment problem in a 2D plane, achieving a uniformity percentage of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$boldsymbol{38.18}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000% for a misalignment tolerance range of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$60times 60$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-18DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3349851
Simona Di Meo;Giulia Matrone;Giovanni Magenes;Marco Pasian
Objectives: In this paper, a simple methodology for making skin phantoms is presented. In addition, the first millimeter (mm)-wave images in scenarios including the skin phantoms are shown. Technology or Method: Two mixtures based on the use of simple and inexpensive materials are produced and dielectrically characterized in the [0.5--40] GHz frequency range. Cole-Cole parameters are derived by the least-squares method. An inexpensive polystyrene mold to obtain morphologically compatible skin thicknesses is presented. Finally, these phantoms are used for experimental mm-wave imaging tests in two scenarios, with targets with different size and reflectivity in air and in an oil-based phantom. Results: The dielectric characteristics of the produced skin phantoms are compared with those of human skin, showing excellent agreement over the entire spectrum. Realistic and uniform thicknesses from 1 to 2.5 mm were obtained. The experimental images show the possibility of detecting targets with different reflectivity below the skin at mm- waves. Conclusions: two phantoms based on safe and low-cost materials emulating dielectric characteristics (up to 40 GHz) and morphological characteristics of the skin were proposed. One of these phantoms has been used for a number of mm-wave imaging system tests in different scenarios, and the potential of mm-waves to detect non-superficial targets even in the presence of skin is demonstrated. Clinical or Biological Impact: the results presented in this paper provide a replicable methodology for skin phantom realization and show the potential feasibility of mm-wave imaging for early detection of breast cancer.
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