Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3638178
{"title":"2025 Index IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3638178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3638178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"525-542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11270968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145612145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3632492
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3632492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3632492","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11263960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3632488
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3632488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3632488","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11263961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a low-cost planar microwave sensor able to monitor the wrist pulse wave (WPW) when it is in contact with the anterior part of the wrist, near the radial artery. The device is a highly sensitive two-port capacitive sensor based on a cantilever that moves as a consequence of the blood flow in the radial artery. Due to this motion, the transmission coefficient varies at the rhythm imposed by the heartbeat rate. Thus, by considering either the phase or the magnitude of the transmission coefficient at a specific (operating) frequency, the WPW can be sensed. The device is implemented in a bracelet-type structure to slightly press the sensor on the wrist, as required for a faithful measurement. The associated required electronics of this sensor are very simple and low cost (especially when the device operates in magnitude) and, contrary to radar-type sensors, the device can monitor the WPW regardless of the position or potential movement of the patient under test. As compared to optical methods, the proposed system is not affected by factors such as ambient light conditions or skin tone. The prototype device is able to detect subtle variations in pulse waveforms, a crucial aspect for assessing cardiovascular health.
{"title":"Monitoring Wrist Pulse Wave With a Cantilever-Type Microwave Capacitive Sensor","authors":"Amirhossein Karami-Horestani;Ferran Paredes;Karl Adolphs-Saura;Ferran Martín","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3600350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3600350","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a low-cost planar microwave sensor able to monitor the wrist pulse wave (WPW) when it is in contact with the anterior part of the wrist, near the radial artery. The device is a highly sensitive two-port capacitive sensor based on a cantilever that moves as a consequence of the blood flow in the radial artery. Due to this motion, the transmission coefficient varies at the rhythm imposed by the heartbeat rate. Thus, by considering either the phase or the magnitude of the transmission coefficient at a specific (operating) frequency, the WPW can be sensed. The device is implemented in a bracelet-type structure to slightly press the sensor on the wrist, as required for a faithful measurement. The associated required electronics of this sensor are very simple and low cost (especially when the device operates in magnitude) and, contrary to radar-type sensors, the device can monitor the WPW regardless of the position or potential movement of the patient under test. As compared to optical methods, the proposed system is not affected by factors such as ambient light conditions or skin tone. The prototype device is able to detect subtle variations in pulse waveforms, a crucial aspect for assessing cardiovascular health.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"517-524"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-29DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3599743
Thejas Vishnu Ramesh;Joseph V. Rispoli
Objectives: Conductors used for fabrication of coils on fabric substrates suffer from inherent losses because of the combination of the metallic core with other non-conductive materials, thus limiting the SNR achieved. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the application of copper traces on a fabric substrate to reduce conductor losses experienced in wearable coils. Methods: A single channel coil was developed from a copper sheet using a cutting plotter. The coil was loaded onto a spherical phantom to evaluate the SNR when compared with standard rigid and flexible PCB based coils. A nine-channel wearable array was developed for structural and kinematic imaging of the shoulder at 3T. The SNR from the phantom and in vivo images was compared with a commercial flexible coil. Results: The single channel coil provided 2.1 times the SNR of the rigid PCB coil and 1.2 times the SNR of the flexible PCB coil. Image acquisition using the shoulder array can be accelerated twice or thrice in the left-right or superior-inferior directions. The shoulder array provided a 12.1% increase in SNR than the commercial array from phantom imaging. The wearable shoulder array provided an 10.5% increase in average SNR when compared to the commercial coil across 2D and 3D in vivo images. Clinical Impact: The application of copper traces directly on fabric provides a new outlook toward the development of wearable coils by eliminating inherent conductor losses to improve the image quality for musculoskeletal MRI.
{"title":"Wearable Coil Using Copper Traces on Fabric for MRI at 3T","authors":"Thejas Vishnu Ramesh;Joseph V. Rispoli","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3599743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3599743","url":null,"abstract":"<bold>Objectives:</b> Conductors used for fabrication of coils on fabric substrates suffer from inherent losses because of the combination of the metallic core with other non-conductive materials, thus limiting the SNR achieved. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the application of copper traces on a fabric substrate to reduce conductor losses experienced in wearable coils. <bold>Methods:</b> A single channel coil was developed from a copper sheet using a cutting plotter. The coil was loaded onto a spherical phantom to evaluate the SNR when compared with standard rigid and flexible PCB based coils. A nine-channel wearable array was developed for structural and kinematic imaging of the shoulder at 3T. The SNR from the phantom and in vivo images was compared with a commercial flexible coil. <bold>Results:</b> The single channel coil provided 2.1 times the SNR of the rigid PCB coil and 1.2 times the SNR of the flexible PCB coil. Image acquisition using the shoulder array can be accelerated twice or thrice in the left-right or superior-inferior directions. The shoulder array provided a 12.1% increase in SNR than the commercial array from phantom imaging. The wearable shoulder array provided an 10.5% increase in average SNR when compared to the commercial coil across 2D and 3D in vivo images. <bold>Clinical Impact:</b> The application of copper traces directly on fabric provides a new outlook toward the development of wearable coils by eliminating inherent conductor losses to improve the image quality for musculoskeletal MRI.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"508-516"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3598879
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3598879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3598879","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3598883
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3598883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3598883","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11134522","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3596876
Laura Guerrero Orozco;Lars Peterson;Andreas Fhager
Muscle injuries, particularly in the muscles composing the hamstring, pose significant challenges in sports medicine. Our aim is to use microwaves for the diagnosis of such injuries with a compact and low-cost system. A primary challenge with compact systems is the measurement time, caused by the time needed to switch between transmission channels. In this study, we explore the potential for reducing the number of transmission channels in a semi-circular antenna array and its impact on reconstruction accuracy. We hypothesized that antennas closer to each other are more important for accurate reconstruction due to their higher coherency, signal strength and lower noise levels compared to distant antennas. Thus, the farthest antennas may be excluded from measurements and reconstructions. Using both simulations and measurements, we systematically decreased the number of transmission channels to observe the effects on the reconstructed image. Our findings demonstrate that it is feasible to reduce the number of transmission channels by omitting the farthest antennas from 56 down to 36 channels while limiting the reduction in Signal to clutter ratio (SCR) to less than 12%.
{"title":"Microwave Imaging With a Reduced Number of Transmission Channels in a Semi-Circular Antenna Array","authors":"Laura Guerrero Orozco;Lars Peterson;Andreas Fhager","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3596876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3596876","url":null,"abstract":"Muscle injuries, particularly in the muscles composing the hamstring, pose significant challenges in sports medicine. Our aim is to use microwaves for the diagnosis of such injuries with a compact and low-cost system. A primary challenge with compact systems is the measurement time, caused by the time needed to switch between transmission channels. In this study, we explore the potential for reducing the number of transmission channels in a semi-circular antenna array and its impact on reconstruction accuracy. We hypothesized that antennas closer to each other are more important for accurate reconstruction due to their higher coherency, signal strength and lower noise levels compared to distant antennas. Thus, the farthest antennas may be excluded from measurements and reconstructions. Using both simulations and measurements, we systematically decreased the number of transmission channels to observe the effects on the reconstructed image. Our findings demonstrate that it is feasible to reduce the number of transmission channels by omitting the farthest antennas from 56 down to 36 channels while limiting the reduction in Signal to clutter ratio (SCR) to less than 12%.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"500-507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11130191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3591576
Yuchen Gu;Drew Z. Hay;Daniel W. van der Weide
We develop a skin tissue phantom based on gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) to enable direct, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting for microwave application in medicine. Owing to its biocompatibility and tunable physical properties, GelMA serves as an ideal bio-ink for creating scaffolds that closely mimic the native extracellular matrix of biological tissues such as skin. We formulate GelMA bioinks, describe the bioprinting process, and characterize the dielectric and mechanical properties of the resultant tissue phantom. We then preliminarily investigate the effect of perfusion on phantom dielectric properties, demonstrating the effect of blood flow on microwave interactions. This facilitates research efforts in electromagnetics-tissue interaction and the development of microwave and radiofrequency (RF) related medical applications, including medical imaging, hyperthermia treatment, and wearable sensors. It also addresses the challenges of acquiring such phantoms in large quantities, overcoming ethical concerns associated with biological tissues, and points to customizable and patient-specific sensing and treatment strategies.
{"title":"3D Bio-printed, Perfusion-Ready Skin Phantoms at Microwave Frequencies","authors":"Yuchen Gu;Drew Z. Hay;Daniel W. van der Weide","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3591576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3591576","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a skin tissue phantom based on gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) to enable direct, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting for microwave application in medicine. Owing to its biocompatibility and tunable physical properties, GelMA serves as an ideal bio-ink for creating scaffolds that closely mimic the native extracellular matrix of biological tissues such as skin. We formulate GelMA bioinks, describe the bioprinting process, and characterize the dielectric and mechanical properties of the resultant tissue phantom. We then preliminarily investigate the effect of perfusion on phantom dielectric properties, demonstrating the effect of blood flow on microwave interactions. This facilitates research efforts in electromagnetics-tissue interaction and the development of microwave and radiofrequency (RF) related medical applications, including medical imaging, hyperthermia treatment, and wearable sensors. It also addresses the challenges of acquiring such phantoms in large quantities, overcoming ethical concerns associated with biological tissues, and points to customizable and patient-specific sensing and treatment strategies.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"491-499"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-10DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3583048
Zhiwei Song;Jiale Wei
This paper presents an ultra-wide bandwidth circularly polarized implantable antenna for wireless biological telemetry systems. The effective axial ratio bandwidth of this antenna covers the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical frequency band and the 1.9 GHz mid-field band. Its size is 0.028λ0×0.057λ0×0.004λ0 (whereλ0 represents the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency in free space). Miniaturization is achieved by adding rectangular slots to the radiation patch to form a symmetrical rectangular meandering structure, and introducing shorting probes. By etching an orthogonal rectangular slot on the ground plane and optimizing the position of the shorting probes, this antenna ultimately obtained effective axial ratio bandwidths of 0.31 GHz at 1.9 GHz and 0.53 GHz at 2.45 GHz, along with gains of −27.3 dBi at 1.9 GHz and −23.1 dBi at 2.45 GHz. The simulation verified the specific absorption rate and link margin, and the designed antenna conformed to the IEEE safety standard (IEEE C95.1-1999) and the requirements for reliable communication. Finally, the influence of the antenna integrated in the implantable device is tested in the skin, arms, head, and minced pork. The study confirmed that this antenna can maintain stable performance at different implantation environments.
{"title":"Design of an Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Circularly Polarized Implantable Antenna for Wireless Biological Telemetry Systems","authors":"Zhiwei Song;Jiale Wei","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3583048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3583048","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an ultra-wide bandwidth circularly polarized implantable antenna for wireless biological telemetry systems. The effective axial ratio bandwidth of this antenna covers the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical frequency band and the 1.9 GHz mid-field band. Its size is 0.028<italic>λ</i><sub>0</sub>×0.057<italic>λ</i><sub>0</sub>×0.004<italic>λ</i><sub>0</sub> (where<italic>λ</i><sub>0</sub> represents the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency in free space). Miniaturization is achieved by adding rectangular slots to the radiation patch to form a symmetrical rectangular meandering structure, and introducing shorting probes. By etching an orthogonal rectangular slot on the ground plane and optimizing the position of the shorting probes, this antenna ultimately obtained effective axial ratio bandwidths of 0.31 GHz at 1.9 GHz and 0.53 GHz at 2.45 GHz, along with gains of −27.3 dBi at 1.9 GHz and −23.1 dBi at 2.45 GHz. The simulation verified the specific absorption rate and link margin, and the designed antenna conformed to the IEEE safety standard (IEEE C95.1-1999) and the requirements for reliable communication. Finally, the influence of the antenna integrated in the implantable device is tested in the skin, arms, head, and minced pork. The study confirmed that this antenna can maintain stable performance at different implantation environments.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"478-490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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