In this paper, a super wideband (SWB) radio frequency imaging approach is developed and evaluated for detecting early stages of deep-seated lung and in-situ skin tumors. A life-sized human torso phantom is constructed of tissue mimicking materials and their dielectric properties are thoroughly investigated over the covered frequency range of 3.1−40 GHz. An array of custom-designed antenna elements is employed in an imaging setup to assess the detection capabilities of the SWB imaging approach for both lung and skin tumors. Images reconstructed using the acquired backscattering information and confocal beamforming algorithms demonstrate a successful detection with accurate tumor size and location estimation. Compared to present ultra-wideband (UWB) approach, the proposed SWB approach can enhance the spatial resolution of the reconstructed images by up to 84.4%. This work establishes the foundation for further exploration of SWB imaging in clinical trials, offering the potential to transform early cancer detection and treatment monitoring.
{"title":"Experimental Detection of Early-Stage Lung and Skin Tumors Based on Super Wideband Imaging","authors":"Wasan Alamro;Boon-Chong Seet;Lulu Wang;Prabakar Parthiban","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3395923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3395923","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a super wideband (SWB) radio frequency imaging approach is developed and evaluated for detecting early stages of deep-seated lung and in-situ skin tumors. A life-sized human torso phantom is constructed of tissue mimicking materials and their dielectric properties are thoroughly investigated over the covered frequency range of 3.1−40 GHz. An array of custom-designed antenna elements is employed in an imaging setup to assess the detection capabilities of the SWB imaging approach for both lung and skin tumors. Images reconstructed using the acquired backscattering information and confocal beamforming algorithms demonstrate a successful detection with accurate tumor size and location estimation. Compared to present ultra-wideband (UWB) approach, the proposed SWB approach can enhance the spatial resolution of the reconstructed images by up to 84.4%. This work establishes the foundation for further exploration of SWB imaging in clinical trials, offering the potential to transform early cancer detection and treatment monitoring.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"182-189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3395572
Shimaa Alshhawy;Adel Barakat;Ramesh K. Pokharel
Supplying wireless power to biomedical implants presents numerous challenges, including the compactness, efficiency, and biomedical safety of the receiver (RX). In this work, we propose several solutions to overcome these challenges. Firstly, we designed a metamaterial-inspired transmitter (TX) based on a multi-ring resonator (MRR). This transmitter achieves low magnetic loss and is used as a director to supply power to the RX, featuring an integrated uncomplicated matching circuit rectifier. Secondly, to realize the rectifier, we leverage the high coupling achieved through the proposed MRR metamaterial. The rectifier is integrated on the backside of the RX substrate without requiring additional area for further compactness. Additionally, we introduce a metamaterial-based isolator designed to reduce magnetic field leakage on the back side of the system. Importantly, this isolator has been proven to have no adverse effects on the original wireless power transfer (WPT) system's performance. A prototype was successfully fabricated, and both RF-dc simulation and measurements indicate a peak efficiency of 43% and 39%, respectively, at 50 MHz for a 9 mm embedded RX in chicken breast tissue. The TX size is 20 mm × 20 mm, while the integrated RX/rectifier has dimensions of 7 mm × 7 mm.
为生物医学植入物提供无线供电面临诸多挑战，包括接收器（RX）的紧凑性、效率和生物医学安全性。在这项工作中，我们提出了几种解决方案来克服这些挑战。首先，我们设计了一种基于多环谐振器（MRR）的超材料启发发射器（TX）。该发射器实现了低磁损耗，并用作向 RX 供电的导向器，其特点是集成了不复杂的匹配电路整流器。其次，为了实现整流器，我们利用了所提出的 MRR 超材料实现的高耦合。整流器集成在 RX 衬底的背面，无需额外面积，从而进一步实现了紧凑性。此外，我们还引入了一种基于超材料的隔离器，旨在减少系统背面的磁场泄漏。重要的是，这种隔离器已被证明不会对原始无线功率传输（WPT）系统的性能产生不利影响。原型已成功制作，射频-直流模拟和测量结果表明，在 50 MHz 频率下，鸡胸组织中 9 mm 嵌入式 RX 的峰值效率分别为 43% 和 39%。发射机尺寸为 20 mm × 20 mm，而集成 RX/ 整流器的尺寸为 7 mm × 7 mm。
{"title":"Efficient and Low Leakage WPT System With Integrated Uncomplicated Matching Circuit Rectifier Using Metamaterial Director and Isolator for Biomedical Application","authors":"Shimaa Alshhawy;Adel Barakat;Ramesh K. Pokharel","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3395572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3395572","url":null,"abstract":"Supplying wireless power to biomedical implants presents numerous challenges, including the compactness, efficiency, and biomedical safety of the receiver (RX). In this work, we propose several solutions to overcome these challenges. Firstly, we designed a metamaterial-inspired transmitter (TX) based on a multi-ring resonator (MRR). This transmitter achieves low magnetic loss and is used as a director to supply power to the RX, featuring an integrated uncomplicated matching circuit rectifier. Secondly, to realize the rectifier, we leverage the high coupling achieved through the proposed MRR metamaterial. The rectifier is integrated on the backside of the RX substrate without requiring additional area for further compactness. Additionally, we introduce a metamaterial-based isolator designed to reduce magnetic field leakage on the back side of the system. Importantly, this isolator has been proven to have no adverse effects on the original wireless power transfer (WPT) system's performance. A prototype was successfully fabricated, and both RF-dc simulation and measurements indicate a peak efficiency of 43% and 39%, respectively, at 50 MHz for a 9 mm embedded RX in chicken breast tissue. The TX size is 20 mm × 20 mm, while the integrated RX/rectifier has dimensions of 7 mm × 7 mm.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"144-154"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3369960
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology 2023 Reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3369960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3369960","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"90-91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10460354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140042896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3368688
Dimitrios G. Arnaoutoglou;Dimitrios Dedemadis;Antigone-Aikaterini Kyriakou;Sotirios Katsimentes;Athanasios Grekidis;Dimitrios Menychtas;Nikolaos Aggelousis;Georgios Ch. Sirakoulis;George A. Kyriacou
Falls can be one of the most damaging events that elders may experience in their lives, especially when they live alone. The impact of a fall can vary from minor bruises, to life altering fractures and even become fatal. The purpose of this study is to establish a novel non-contact radar method of detecting an elderly fall when occurred in home staying. The novelty of the proposed detection technique is the exploitation of a 1D effective acceleration derived from Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT). This technique was tested utilizing a 2.45 GHz Continuous Wave (CW) Radar implemented with a Software Defined Radio (SDR) and low-cost, off-the-shelf components. Herein, we present test results that classify incidents as either falls or non-falls in line-of-sight cases. Firstly, the results are compared with the corresponding values measured with a commercial marker-based optoelectronic motion capture multi-camera system (VICON) showing high similarity. Furthermore, real-time scenarios were conducted to estimate the accuracy and the number of false alarms of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm is proved capable of exploiting the Power Burst Curve (PBC) as a preliminary factor to yield an efficient fall incident classifier based on the effective acceleration, while minimizing the required processing resources.
{"title":"Acceleration-Based Low-Cost CW Radar System for Real-Time Elderly Fall Detection","authors":"Dimitrios G. Arnaoutoglou;Dimitrios Dedemadis;Antigone-Aikaterini Kyriakou;Sotirios Katsimentes;Athanasios Grekidis;Dimitrios Menychtas;Nikolaos Aggelousis;Georgios Ch. Sirakoulis;George A. Kyriacou","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3368688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3368688","url":null,"abstract":"Falls can be one of the most damaging events that elders may experience in their lives, especially when they live alone. The impact of a fall can vary from minor bruises, to life altering fractures and even become fatal. The purpose of this study is to establish a novel non-contact radar method of detecting an elderly fall when occurred in home staying. The novelty of the proposed detection technique is the exploitation of a 1D effective acceleration derived from Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT). This technique was tested utilizing a 2.45 GHz Continuous Wave (CW) Radar implemented with a Software Defined Radio (SDR) and low-cost, off-the-shelf components. Herein, we present test results that classify incidents as either falls or non-falls in line-of-sight cases. Firstly, the results are compared with the corresponding values measured with a commercial marker-based optoelectronic motion capture multi-camera system (VICON) showing high similarity. Furthermore, real-time scenarios were conducted to estimate the accuracy and the number of false alarms of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm is proved capable of exploiting the Power Burst Curve (PBC) as a preliminary factor to yield an efficient fall incident classifier based on the effective acceleration, while minimizing the required processing resources.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"102-112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10459050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3362215
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3362215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3362215","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10454608","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3362211
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3362211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3362211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10454611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3367247
Lixuan Huang;Ziliang Wei;Bingheng Chen;Sio Hang Pun;Mang I Vai;Yueming Gao
The technological challenge to realize wearable medical devices is to ensure low power consumption and reliable transmission of communication. Magnetic resonance human body communication (MR HBC) provides ideas to improve the transmission effect. Although the coil's resonance properties have been proposed for MR HBC, the modeling and impedance matching for this method are still in the exploratory stage. However, different human impedances affect the coil resonance frequency to varying extents, leading to individual variability in the degree of magnetic coupling. This paper analyzes the influence of human tissues on the coil through finite element method (FEM) simulation modeling. This effect can be eliminated by employing a dual tunable capacitor matching method based on the field-circuit combination. By dynamically adjusting the values of the dual tunable capacitors in real-time, the human body and the coil can be tuned to a resonant state, effectively improving the degree of magnetic coupling. The results reveal that the proposed method enhances the communication gain by 38.91–42.02 dB at the preset frequency for different human tissues. In vivo experiments verify that the method eliminates the effect of different human impedances on the coil, which is of great significance for further improving the performance of MR HBC.
{"title":"Field-Circuit Combination Method for Solving the Detuning Problem of Magnetic Resonance Human Body Communication","authors":"Lixuan Huang;Ziliang Wei;Bingheng Chen;Sio Hang Pun;Mang I Vai;Yueming Gao","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3367247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3367247","url":null,"abstract":"The technological challenge to realize wearable medical devices is to ensure low power consumption and reliable transmission of communication. Magnetic resonance human body communication (MR HBC) provides ideas to improve the transmission effect. Although the coil's resonance properties have been proposed for MR HBC, the modeling and impedance matching for this method are still in the exploratory stage. However, different human impedances affect the coil resonance frequency to varying extents, leading to individual variability in the degree of magnetic coupling. This paper analyzes the influence of human tissues on the coil through finite element method (FEM) simulation modeling. This effect can be eliminated by employing a dual tunable capacitor matching method based on the field-circuit combination. By dynamically adjusting the values of the dual tunable capacitors in real-time, the human body and the coil can be tuned to a resonant state, effectively improving the degree of magnetic coupling. The results reveal that the proposed method enhances the communication gain by 38.91–42.02 dB at the preset frequency for different human tissues. In vivo experiments verify that the method eliminates the effect of different human impedances on the coil, which is of great significance for further improving the performance of MR HBC.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"94-101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3363509
Federica Naccarata;Marco Di Cristofano;Gaetano Marrocco
Internal fluid leaks in the human body can be caused by underlying medical disorders. Leakage may also be relevant to implanted stent grafts for the treatment of abdominal aneurysms. Indeed, blood may leak through the stent into the aneurysm sac with the risk of rupture due to increased internal pressure. As standard screenings cannot be performed frequently enough, this paper proposes wireless monitoring of fluid leaks into human body regions exploiting an implanted antenna partially coated by an engineered material and an auto-tuning IC in the UHF RFID band. The presence of fluid modifies the antenna impedance in a controlled way by the hydrolysis of the coating. An indication of this change can be obtained through radiofrequency interrogation from an external reader even when the antenna is implanted at 6 cm. Simulations and tests with a mock-up demonstrated the ability to distinguish the degradation of the bioresorbable coating. The sensor is responsive to up to 3.5 mm $^{3}$ of dissolved coating, with a sensitivity of more 10 units $/$ mm $^{3}$ . Provided that the size of the coating has been properly engineered, the response of the sensor is robust w.r.t. the unpredictable interaction with the fluid.
{"title":"Continuous Detection of Fluid Leaks Into the Body by Means of Partially Dissolvable Antennas","authors":"Federica Naccarata;Marco Di Cristofano;Gaetano Marrocco","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3363509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3363509","url":null,"abstract":"Internal fluid leaks in the human body can be caused by underlying medical disorders. Leakage may also be relevant to implanted stent grafts for the treatment of abdominal aneurysms. Indeed, blood may leak through the stent into the aneurysm sac with the risk of rupture due to increased internal pressure. As standard screenings cannot be performed frequently enough, this paper proposes wireless monitoring of fluid leaks into human body regions exploiting an implanted antenna partially coated by an engineered material and an auto-tuning IC in the UHF RFID band. The presence of fluid modifies the antenna impedance in a controlled way by the hydrolysis of the coating. An indication of this change can be obtained through radiofrequency interrogation from an external reader even when the antenna is implanted at 6 cm. Simulations and tests with a mock-up demonstrated the ability to distinguish the degradation of the bioresorbable coating. The sensor is responsive to up to 3.5 mm\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of dissolved coating, with a sensitivity of more 10 units\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$/$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000mm\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Provided that the size of the coating has been properly engineered, the response of the sensor is robust w.r.t. the unpredictable interaction with the fluid.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3363906
Daniel W. van der Weide;Dustin Kendig;Mo Shakouri
Using high-speed transient infrared microscopy, we resolve induced heating and subsequent conductive diffusion of pulsed RF energy delivered by bipolar microneedles to tissue-mimicking samples, using high spatial and temporal resolution, non-contact advanced thermal imaging to gain insight into direct heating of tissue proximal to RF electrodes. We use both IR and thermoreflectance in the same microscope and find that for the samples and time scales chosen in this first study, the spatiotemporal resolution of IR microscopy was sufficient to reveal local RF-induced thermal effects.
{"title":"High-Speed Thermal Imaging Can Resolve Short RF Pulse Effects in Tissue Models","authors":"Daniel W. van der Weide;Dustin Kendig;Mo Shakouri","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3363906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3363906","url":null,"abstract":"Using high-speed transient infrared microscopy, we resolve induced heating and subsequent conductive diffusion of pulsed RF energy delivered by bipolar microneedles to tissue-mimicking samples, using high spatial and temporal resolution, non-contact advanced thermal imaging to gain insight into direct heating of tissue proximal to RF electrodes. We use both IR and thermoreflectance in the same microscope and find that for the samples and time scales chosen in this first study, the spatiotemporal resolution of IR microscopy was sufficient to reveal local RF-induced thermal effects.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"201-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3363148
Paul M. Meaney;Viktor Mattsson;Robin Augustine;Helena Brisby
We have developed a new transmission-based, open-ended coaxial probe for assessing vertebrae strength during spinal fusion surgery. The approach exploits the fact that the probes are within the far field of each other implying that the phase varies linearly with respect to propagation distance. Determining the absolute phase is critical for recovering the associated tissue dielectric properties from which bone strength will be determined. Unfortunately, unwanted multi-path signals corrupt the signals at the lower end of the operating frequency range from which our conventional unwrapping strategy depends. Our new approach requires only three measurements within the prime frequency range and can be determined robustly with a minimum of computations. This will be vital to developing a commercial device since the signal levels will be extremely low power requiring longer than usual data acquisition times, which will be mitigated by measuring the data at only a few frequencies. Fast and efficient operation will be critical for clinical success.
{"title":"Microwave Vertebrae Strength Probe Development: Robust and Fast Phase Unwrapping Technique","authors":"Paul M. Meaney;Viktor Mattsson;Robin Augustine;Helena Brisby","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3363148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3363148","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a new transmission-based, open-ended coaxial probe for assessing vertebrae strength during spinal fusion surgery. The approach exploits the fact that the probes are within the far field of each other implying that the phase varies linearly with respect to propagation distance. Determining the absolute phase is critical for recovering the associated tissue dielectric properties from which bone strength will be determined. Unfortunately, unwanted multi-path signals corrupt the signals at the lower end of the operating frequency range from which our conventional unwrapping strategy depends. Our new approach requires only three measurements within the prime frequency range and can be determined robustly with a minimum of computations. This will be vital to developing a commercial device since the signal levels will be extremely low power requiring longer than usual data acquisition times, which will be mitigated by measuring the data at only a few frequencies. Fast and efficient operation will be critical for clinical success.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"78-83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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