Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3531693
Carina M. Butterworth;Pedram Mojabi;Elise C. Fear
Microwave breast imaging is a promising approach that requires additional information such as the position, shape, and volume of the breast in the system for rigorous validation. The objectives of this proof-of-concept study were to develop a workflow to calculate the shape and volume of a breast positioned in contact with two imaging plates and to apply this workflow to assess the consistency of breast placement at sequential scans. The use of externally placed laser scanners facilitates capturing the shape and volume of the breast when positioned in the microwave system. A workflow was developed to estimate regions lacking observable measurements from the laser scanners, specifically implementing meshing, filtering, and surface estimation. The consistency of the breast shape and volume at sequential scans was quantified with the Dice coefficient, modified Hausdorff distance (MHD), and Fréchet distance. The study achieved an average Dice coefficient of 0.74 and MHD better than 10 mm, with the average below 4 mm. The Fréchet distances were higher than the MHD but demonstrated consistency with the phantom. Overall, this work demonstrates consistent placement of the breast at sequential scans and provides a framework for further investigation into the microwave signals and images.
{"title":"Quantifying Consistency of Microwave Breast Imaging: Laser Scanning for Assessing Breast Volume and Shape","authors":"Carina M. Butterworth;Pedram Mojabi;Elise C. Fear","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3531693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3531693","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave breast imaging is a promising approach that requires additional information such as the position, shape, and volume of the breast in the system for rigorous validation. The objectives of this proof-of-concept study were to develop a workflow to calculate the shape and volume of a breast positioned in contact with two imaging plates and to apply this workflow to assess the consistency of breast placement at sequential scans. The use of externally placed laser scanners facilitates capturing the shape and volume of the breast when positioned in the microwave system. A workflow was developed to estimate regions lacking observable measurements from the laser scanners, specifically implementing meshing, filtering, and surface estimation. The consistency of the breast shape and volume at sequential scans was quantified with the Dice coefficient, modified Hausdorff distance (MHD), and Fréchet distance. The study achieved an average Dice coefficient of 0.74 and MHD better than 10 mm, with the average below 4 mm. The Fréchet distances were higher than the MHD but demonstrated consistency with the phantom. Overall, this work demonstrates consistent placement of the breast at sequential scans and provides a framework for further investigation into the microwave signals and images.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"335-343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3525405
Jooeun Lee;Zoya Popović
In this paper, we present a 1.4 GHz on-chip correlation-Dicke hybrid radiometer designed for internal body thermometry. The GaAs Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) measures 3.8 mm by 2.3 mm and includes two 90° hybrid couplers, a single-stage Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) in each path, and a switch. The radiometer input is connected to a planar compact near-field circular slot-patch antenna placed on the skin and designed to receive noise power from subcutaneous tissues. To enhance robustness against input impedance mismatch, two single-stage LNAs are positioned between the two hybrid couplers. The circuit demonstrates a gain of 13.4 dB, isolation of 16 dB, and a noise figure of 1.31 dB. Following the switch, an off-the-shelf band-pass filter, an on-chip 3-stage LNA, and a detector are connected to provide a dc output proportional to the received thermal noise from the near-field antenna. Performance is evaluated through both phantom and in-vivo measurements. The 2-layer phantom measurement shows an average error of 0.35 °C, while in-vivo measurements show an average 0.72 °C error, demonstrating the device's ability to track internal temperature accurately. Additionally, repeatability tests are conducted on multiple human cheeks multiple times and on multiple days.
本文设计了一种1.4 GHz片上相关-迪克混合辐射计，用于人体体温测量。GaAs单片微波集成电路（MMIC）尺寸为3.8 mm × 2.3 mm，包括两个90°混合耦合器，每个通路中的单级低噪声放大器（LNA）和一个开关。辐射计输入连接到放置在皮肤上的平面紧凑型近场圆形狭缝贴片天线，该天线设计用于接收来自皮下组织的噪声功率。为了增强对输入阻抗失配的鲁棒性，在两个混合耦合器之间放置了两个单级LNAs。该电路的增益为13.4 dB，隔离度为16 dB，噪声系数为1.31 dB。在开关之后，连接一个现成的带通滤波器、片上3级LNA和检测器，以提供与近场天线接收的热噪声成比例的直流输出。通过模拟和体内测量来评估性能。两层模体测量显示平均误差为0.35°C，而体内测量显示平均误差为0.72°C，证明了该设备准确跟踪内部温度的能力。此外，可重复性测试在多个人的脸颊上进行多次和多天。
{"title":"A GaAs MMIC Correlation-Dicke Radiometer With Compact Antenna for Internal Body Thermometry","authors":"Jooeun Lee;Zoya Popović","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3525405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3525405","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a 1.4 GHz on-chip correlation-Dicke hybrid radiometer designed for internal body thermometry. The GaAs Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) measures 3.8 mm by 2.3 mm and includes two 90° hybrid couplers, a single-stage Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) in each path, and a switch. The radiometer input is connected to a planar compact near-field circular slot-patch antenna placed on the skin and designed to receive noise power from subcutaneous tissues. To enhance robustness against input impedance mismatch, two single-stage LNAs are positioned between the two hybrid couplers. The circuit demonstrates a gain of 13.4 dB, isolation of 16 dB, and a noise figure of 1.31 dB. Following the switch, an off-the-shelf band-pass filter, an on-chip 3-stage LNA, and a detector are connected to provide a dc output proportional to the received thermal noise from the near-field antenna. Performance is evaluated through both phantom and in-vivo measurements. The 2-layer phantom measurement shows an average error of 0.35 °C, while in-vivo measurements show an average 0.72 °C error, demonstrating the device's ability to track internal temperature accurately. Additionally, repeatability tests are conducted on multiple human cheeks multiple times and on multiple days.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"103-109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3529656
Zhen-Yuan Zhang;Golap K. Dey;Nooshin V. Shahmirzadi;Natalia K. Nikolova
A broadband wide-angle absorbing structure for the non-reflective termination of tissue is proposed for enclosures needed in microwave tissue imaging. A prototype consisting of 10 × 10 unit cells is fabricated and experimentally tested using breast-tissue phantoms. Through simulations and measurements, it is demonstrated that the proposed absorbing structure achieves a reflection coefficient better than −20 dB for TE polarization and better than −12 dB for TM polarization for incidence angles from 0° to 80° and within the frequency band from 3 GHz to 8 GHz. The design principles are delineated, enabling the development of other absorbing structures suitable for any tissue of interest. A calibration method and procedure are also developed and employed with the reported measurements, which allow for de-embedding the effect of the lossy tissue medium and extracting the intrinsic reflection coefficient of the absorber. The proposed structure demonstrates superior absorption compared to prior designs and provides a much-needed solution for the construction of non-reflective enclosures for microwave biomedical imaging applications.
{"title":"Broadband Wide-Angle Absorber for Microwave Imaging of Tissue","authors":"Zhen-Yuan Zhang;Golap K. Dey;Nooshin V. Shahmirzadi;Natalia K. Nikolova","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3529656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3529656","url":null,"abstract":"A broadband wide-angle absorbing structure for the non-reflective termination of tissue is proposed for enclosures needed in microwave tissue imaging. A prototype consisting of 10 × 10 unit cells is fabricated and experimentally tested using breast-tissue phantoms. Through simulations and measurements, it is demonstrated that the proposed absorbing structure achieves a reflection coefficient better than −20 dB for TE polarization and better than −12 dB for TM polarization for incidence angles from 0° to 80° and within the frequency band from 3 GHz to 8 GHz. The design principles are delineated, enabling the development of other absorbing structures suitable for any tissue of interest. A calibration method and procedure are also developed and employed with the reported measurements, which allow for de-embedding the effect of the lossy tissue medium and extracting the intrinsic reflection coefficient of the absorber. The proposed structure demonstrates superior absorption compared to prior designs and provides a much-needed solution for the construction of non-reflective enclosures for microwave biomedical imaging applications.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3524679
Francesco Lestini;Alessandro DiCarlofelice;Piero Tognolatti;Gaetano Marrocco;Cecilia Occhiuzzi
This paper presents the thermal validation of a Radio-Thermal Monitoring Sheet (R-TMS) designed for monitoring microwave hyperthermia treatments. The R-TMS consists of a grid of 77 passive Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) temperature sensors, which are wirelessly interrogated by an external reader integrated within the hyperthermia system, sharing the same antenna. The system was designed to ensure minimal interference with the therapeutic electromagnetic field while providing real-time feedback on skin temperature during the therapy. Laboratory assessments demonstrated the system's robustness against high-power electromagnetic fields, showing no significant self-heating or signal degradation. Pre-clinical tests confirmed that the R-TMS does not compromise treatment effectiveness or patient safety, with temperature monitoring results closely matching those obtained from conventional thermocouple-based methods. The proposed system offers a promising low-cost, wireless alternative for enhancing the safety and efficacy of superficial hyperthermia treatments.
{"title":"Experimental Assessment of a Smart Skin for Temperature Monitoring During Superficial Microwave Hyperthermia","authors":"Francesco Lestini;Alessandro DiCarlofelice;Piero Tognolatti;Gaetano Marrocco;Cecilia Occhiuzzi","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3524679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3524679","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the thermal validation of a Radio-Thermal Monitoring Sheet (R-TMS) designed for monitoring microwave hyperthermia treatments. The R-TMS consists of a grid of 77 passive Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) temperature sensors, which are wirelessly interrogated by an external reader integrated within the hyperthermia system, sharing the same antenna. The system was designed to ensure minimal interference with the therapeutic electromagnetic field while providing real-time feedback on skin temperature during the therapy. Laboratory assessments demonstrated the system's robustness against high-power electromagnetic fields, showing no significant self-heating or signal degradation. Pre-clinical tests confirmed that the R-TMS does not compromise treatment effectiveness or patient safety, with temperature monitoring results closely matching those obtained from conventional thermocouple-based methods. The proposed system offers a promising low-cost, wireless alternative for enhancing the safety and efficacy of superficial hyperthermia treatments.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"326-334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital representation of tissues allows the examination of tissue morphology in new ways enabling patient stratification for effective treatments. Current slide-scanning techniques capture the visible details of the tissue as whole-slide images and digitally record them in the form of spatial and color relationships. Specialized experimental techniques like dielectric spectroscopy can also be used to investigate a tissue's response to an applied electric field. This study used the dielectric spectroscopy method to collect the complex permittivity of healthy and abnormal biopsy tissues excised during Gastroenterology procedures. A single pole Cole-Cole model is fitted to the measurements dataset to extract the Cole-Cole parameters which are used as features in the machine learning binary classification model. The model's performance demonstrates the feasibility of using microwave-based spectroscopy measurements to create a digital dielectric fingerprint for tissues under investigation.
{"title":"A Novel Dielectric Fingerprinting Tool for Histopathology Assessment Leveraging AI and RF: A Feasibility Study Using Gastrointestinal Tissues","authors":"Sunil Gaddam;Poulami Samaddar;Keerthy Gopalakrishnan;Mansunderbir Singh;Priyanka Anvekar;Suganti Shivaram;Shuvashis Dey;Sayan Roy;Dipankar Mitra;Shivaram P. Arunachalam","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3523861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3523861","url":null,"abstract":"Digital representation of tissues allows the examination of tissue morphology in new ways enabling patient stratification for effective treatments. Current slide-scanning techniques capture the visible details of the tissue as whole-slide images and digitally record them in the form of spatial and color relationships. Specialized experimental techniques like dielectric spectroscopy can also be used to investigate a tissue's response to an applied electric field. This study used the dielectric spectroscopy method to collect the complex permittivity of healthy and abnormal biopsy tissues excised during Gastroenterology procedures. A single pole Cole-Cole model is fitted to the measurements dataset to extract the Cole-Cole parameters which are used as features in the machine learning binary classification model. The model's performance demonstrates the feasibility of using microwave-based spectroscopy measurements to create a digital dielectric fingerprint for tissues under investigation.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"318-325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3509589
Paul-François Gapais;Michel Luong;Alexis Amadon
In modern magnetic resonance imaging scanners, the signal reception is carried out by a phased array of 32 resonators or more. The electromagnetic coupling between channels becomes stronger as the density of resonators, or RF coils, increases. The inter-channel coupling has generally been considered an adverse effect that should be mitigated to provide the highest signal-to-noise ratio and the lowest g-factor. Both are related to the resolution or quality of the images. The numerical simulations of this study show that this mitigation is unnecessary as long as only the contribution of thermal noise is considered.
{"title":"Revisiting the Impact of Inter-Channel Coupling and Thermal Noise Correlation on MRI Receive-Array Performance: A Simulation Study","authors":"Paul-François Gapais;Michel Luong;Alexis Amadon","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3509589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3509589","url":null,"abstract":"In modern magnetic resonance imaging scanners, the signal reception is carried out by a phased array of 32 resonators or more. The electromagnetic coupling between channels becomes stronger as the density of resonators, or RF coils, increases. The inter-channel coupling has generally been considered an adverse effect that should be mitigated to provide the highest signal-to-noise ratio and the lowest g-factor. Both are related to the resolution or quality of the images. The numerical simulations of this study show that this mitigation is unnecessary as long as only the contribution of thermal noise is considered.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"310-317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3509216
Brage Bøe Svendsen;Mariana Dalarsson
This paper investigates the RF electrophoretic response of ellipsoidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Since the existing works generally consider the electrophoretic heating of spherical AuNPs, this work provides an important step towards understanding the behavior of ellipsoidal AuNPs. We first develop an analytical framework for modeling of electrophoretic response of ellipsoidal AuNPs. Thereafter, due to the lack of experimental studies of non-spherical electrophoretic RF heating of AuNPs, we validate our theory by comparison to the existing experimental results of spherical AuNPs as a special case, and estimate a few additional parameters not considered before. Then, parameter studies are performed on surface charge, friction constant, frequency, and ionic background, with respect to AuNP size and shape. Finally, we present new results for the electromagnetic absorption and heat rates of ellipsoidal AuNPs in human tissue. Our results from the tissue testing indicate a strong difference between aqueous media and realistic human tissues due to the major difference in the host medium viscosity. We demonstrate the electrophoresis' strong dependency on the host medium's viscosity, where we note that cancer tissue viscosity is more than a thousand times higher than that of water. We thereby confirm negative results for RF AuNP heating, indicated by our own previous study and two other previous studies. Our results provide important insights into the feasibility of RF AuNP heating in a medical context
{"title":"Electrophoretic Absorption of Ellipsoidal Gold Nanoparticles—A Parameter Study","authors":"Brage Bøe Svendsen;Mariana Dalarsson","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3509216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3509216","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the RF electrophoretic response of ellipsoidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Since the existing works generally consider the electrophoretic heating of spherical AuNPs, this work provides an important step towards understanding the behavior of ellipsoidal AuNPs. We first develop an analytical framework for modeling of electrophoretic response of ellipsoidal AuNPs. Thereafter, due to the lack of experimental studies of non-spherical electrophoretic RF heating of AuNPs, we validate our theory by comparison to the existing experimental results of spherical AuNPs as a special case, and estimate a few additional parameters not considered before. Then, parameter studies are performed on surface charge, friction constant, frequency, and ionic background, with respect to AuNP size and shape. Finally, we present new results for the electromagnetic absorption and heat rates of ellipsoidal AuNPs in human tissue. Our results from the tissue testing indicate a strong difference between aqueous media and realistic human tissues due to the major difference in the host medium viscosity. We demonstrate the electrophoresis' strong dependency on the host medium's viscosity, where we note that cancer tissue viscosity is more than a thousand times higher than that of water. We thereby confirm negative results for RF AuNP heating, indicated by our own previous study and two other previous studies. Our results provide important insights into the feasibility of RF AuNP heating in a medical context","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"302-309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3512633
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Vol. 8","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3512633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3512633","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"401-414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10781463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3501385
Muhammad Qamar;Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz;Lawrence Carslake;Tian-Hong Loh;Mohamed A. Thaha;Akram Alomainy
This study proposes a novel high-performance, two-element camera-integrated antenna array for the [401-406] MHz medical device radio communications service (MedRadio) band. The array is designed for integration inside a capsule to establish a stable, high data-rate multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication link for wireless endoscopy. The compact antenna ($pi times$ 1.125 ×1.49 mm$^{3}$) uses stacked meandered resonators, nestled within an annular ring-shaped planar substrate, offering over 7 MHz bandwidth and 41 dB isolation. It achieves a 78 Mbps data rate over 1.6 m in muscle tissue with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg at 20 mW power. Measurements show an ECC below 0.001, diversity gain over 9.99 dB, and a channel capacity of 10 bps/Hz at 20 dB SNR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dual-camera-integrated MIMO antenna system for the [401-406] MHz MedRadio band tested in an implantable device.
{"title":"Ultra-Compact Camera-Integrated Deep-Implanted Two-Port MIMO Antenna for High-Data-Rate Wireless Capsule Endoscopy","authors":"Muhammad Qamar;Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz;Lawrence Carslake;Tian-Hong Loh;Mohamed A. Thaha;Akram Alomainy","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3501385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3501385","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a novel high-performance, two-element camera-integrated antenna array for the [401-406] MHz medical device radio communications service (MedRadio) band. The array is designed for integration inside a capsule to establish a stable, high data-rate multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication link for wireless endoscopy. The compact antenna (<inline-formula><tex-math>$pi times$</tex-math></inline-formula> 1.125 ×1.49 mm<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) uses stacked meandered resonators, nestled within an annular ring-shaped planar substrate, offering over 7 MHz bandwidth and 41 dB isolation. It achieves a 78 Mbps data rate over 1.6 m in muscle tissue with a specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg at 20 mW power. Measurements show an ECC below 0.001, diversity gain over 9.99 dB, and a channel capacity of 10 bps/Hz at 20 dB SNR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dual-camera-integrated MIMO antenna system for the [401-406] MHz MedRadio band tested in an implantable device.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"293-301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3507823
Mehdi Nosrati;Narges Shaabani
The classic split-ring resonator (SRR) is structured in this paper to optimize the frequency-shifting sensitivity of SRR-based RF/microwave sensors. The SRR is designed on the top layer of a substrate and another mirrored SRR is duplicated in the ground plane of the substrate. The two SRRs are electrically connected to each other to realize closed-loop structures inside the substrate, which results in the engineered structured split-ring resonator (SSRR). It is shown that the frequency-variation sensitivity in this approach of RF/microwave sensor is significantly increased by using the proposed SSRR by more than 200% in relation to conventional counterparts. The experimental results confirm a sensitivity enhancement by a ratio of 2.2:1 with regard to a sensor with among the highest sensitivities ever reported for high-permittivity lossy-material characterization. Furthermore, the sensor is experimentally examined in a biomedical scenario to monitor antibody, demonstrating a sensitivity enhancement by a ratio of 5:1 compared to a recent SRR-based sensor counterpart.
{"title":"Structured Split-Ring Resonator for Sensing Applications: Dielectric-Material Characterization and Label-Free Detection of Biomolecules","authors":"Mehdi Nosrati;Narges Shaabani","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3507823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3507823","url":null,"abstract":"The classic split-ring resonator (SRR) is structured in this paper to optimize the frequency-shifting sensitivity of SRR-based RF/microwave sensors. The SRR is designed on the top layer of a substrate and another mirrored SRR is duplicated in the ground plane of the substrate. The two SRRs are electrically connected to each other to realize closed-loop structures inside the substrate, which results in the engineered structured split-ring resonator (SSRR). It is shown that the frequency-variation sensitivity in this approach of RF/microwave sensor is significantly increased by using the proposed SSRR by more than 200% in relation to conventional counterparts. The experimental results confirm a sensitivity enhancement by a ratio of 2.2:1 with regard to a sensor with among the highest sensitivities ever reported for high-permittivity lossy-material characterization. Furthermore, the sensor is experimentally examined in a biomedical scenario to monitor antibody, demonstrating a sensitivity enhancement by a ratio of 5:1 compared to a recent SRR-based sensor counterpart.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"285-292"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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