Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3476444
Robert M. Jones;Randall W. Reynolds;Alison K. Thurston;Robyn A. Barbato
Fungal tissues are an underexplored medium for data and electrical signal transmission. Fungal tissues are a biodegradable material that can be cultivated in mass quantities; potentially making them sustainable materials for biological sensors or as a communication medium. Because the interactions of fungal tissues with communications signals are not thoroughly explored, a baseline assessment of the signal transmission capabilities of mat forming filamentous fungus, Curvularia lunata (C. lunata) was performed. In this paper, the band-pass characteristics of C. lunata were assessed through a frequency sweep from 1 Hz–5 MHz. The potential data transmission rates through a raw bit error rate analysis using a pseudorandom bit sequence between 1–1,000 kbps were evaluated. The passband for the tissue was between 1–500 kHz, characterizing it as a low-pass filter. Bit streams below 10 kbps had an error rate of <10%>500 kbps. The results suggest that this fungal tissue could serve as a low-speed data transmission medium specifically for low-pass signals related to general human health such as ECG, EEG, EMG signals as well as temperature and glucose monitoring. While more research is necessary to understand the morphological and species-specific impacts on signal propagation between different fungi, tissues from the fungus C. lunata and those with similar properties could potentially serve as a component in low-frequency biosensors and signal transmission.
{"title":"Fungal Tissue as a Medium for Electrical Signal Transmission: A Baseline Assessment With Melanized Fungus Curvularia Lunata","authors":"Robert M. Jones;Randall W. Reynolds;Alison K. Thurston;Robyn A. Barbato","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3476444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3476444","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal tissues are an underexplored medium for data and electrical signal transmission. Fungal tissues are a biodegradable material that can be cultivated in mass quantities; potentially making them sustainable materials for biological sensors or as a communication medium. Because the interactions of fungal tissues with communications signals are not thoroughly explored, a baseline assessment of the signal transmission capabilities of mat forming filamentous fungus, <italic>Curvularia lunata</i> (<italic>C. lunata</i>) was performed. In this paper, the band-pass characteristics of <italic>C. lunata</i> were assessed through a frequency sweep from 1 Hz–5 MHz. The potential data transmission rates through a raw bit error rate analysis using a pseudorandom bit sequence between 1–1,000 kbps were evaluated. The passband for the tissue was between 1–500 kHz, characterizing it as a low-pass filter. Bit streams below 10 kbps had an error rate of <10%>500 kbps. The results suggest that this fungal tissue could serve as a low-speed data transmission medium specifically for low-pass signals related to general human health such as ECG, EEG, EMG signals as well as temperature and glucose monitoring. While more research is necessary to understand the morphological and species-specific impacts on signal propagation between different fungi, tissues from the fungus <italic>C. lunata</i> and those with similar properties could potentially serve as a component in low-frequency biosensors and signal transmission.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"206-213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10720524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: in recent biomedical applications for regenerative and tissue engineering, the use of electric and magnetic fields is increasingly exploited. Among the wide application range, an innovative treatment for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is urgent. The European project RISEUP proposes a novel device development, that will provide highly intense microsecond pulsed electric fields (μsPEFs) to stimulate stem cells differentiation towards neuronal phenotypes, through an electroporation-driven process, and regenerate the lesioned tissue. Within RISEUP the use of advanced computational models is crucial to predict the cellular functional response through microdosimetry studies. Technology or Method: a multiphysic neuro-functionalized computational model has been built, using a realistic induced Neuronal Stem Cell (iNSC) model (a iNSC digital twin), to predict the effect of μsPEFs stimulation on both neuronal response and pore formation dynamics. Results: considering a 100-μsPEF and an intensity of 30 kV/m, the pore density can reach up to 1014 m−2 over the plasma membrane, with a consequent hyperpolarization and a phase shift of the neuronal firing. Whereas, where the pore density remains at its default value 109 m−2, the neuronal response is slightly affected in spikes frequency and shape, but still maintaining its firing functions. Conclusions: this study provides an innovative multiphysics implementation on a realist 2D iNSC model, that has demonstrated the 100-μsPEF influence on the neurodynamic response. Clinical or Biological Impact: the results obtained give powerful insights for further in vitro and in vivo experiments, that will validate the use of the device proposed within RISEUP for SCI regeneration.
{"title":"Advanced Microdosimetric and Neurofunctionalized Multiphysics on Stem Cells Models Under Microsecond Pulse Stimulation","authors":"Sara Fontana;Laura Caramazza;Micol Colella;Noemi Dolciotti;Alessandra Paffi;Victoria Moreno Manzano;Claudia Consales;Francesca Apollonio;Micaela Liberti","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3468024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3468024","url":null,"abstract":"<bold>Objectives:</b> in recent biomedical applications for regenerative and tissue engineering, the use of electric and magnetic fields is increasingly exploited. Among the wide application range, an innovative treatment for Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is urgent. The European project RISEUP proposes a novel device development, that will provide highly intense microsecond pulsed electric fields (μsPEFs) to stimulate stem cells differentiation towards neuronal phenotypes, through an electroporation-driven process, and regenerate the lesioned tissue. Within RISEUP the use of advanced computational models is crucial to predict the cellular functional response through microdosimetry studies. <bold>Technology or Method:</b> a multiphysic neuro-functionalized computational model has been built, using a realistic induced Neuronal Stem Cell (iNSC) model (a iNSC digital twin), to predict the effect of μsPEFs stimulation on both neuronal response and pore formation dynamics. <bold>Results:</b> considering a 100-μsPEF and an intensity of 30 kV/m, the pore density can reach up to 10<sup>14</sup> m<sup>−2</sup> over the plasma membrane, with a consequent hyperpolarization and a phase shift of the neuronal firing. Whereas, where the pore density remains at its default value 10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>−2</sup>, the neuronal response is slightly affected in spikes frequency and shape, but still maintaining its firing functions. <bold>Conclusions</b>: this study provides an innovative multiphysics implementation on a realist 2D iNSC model, that has demonstrated the 100-μsPEF influence on the neurodynamic response. <bold>Clinical or Biological Impact:</b> the results obtained give powerful insights for further <italic>in vitro</i> and <italic>in vivo</i> experiments, that will validate the use of the device proposed within RISEUP for SCI regeneration.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"173-182"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3465354
William Mathieu;Milica Popović;Reza Farivar
The performance of a conformal occipital receive-only radio-frequency (RF) array is demonstrated at 3T. The ultimate aim of this larger coil is to improve whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) regardless of a person's head size and shape. The occipital array contains 18-channels built on a 3D-printed 3-mm thick thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) plate, which acts as a flexible substrate. To show the performance improvements of our design a comparative study was performed where three differently shaped phantoms were used when imaging by our occipital array then by a standard rigid 64-channel head product coil (posterior 40-channel section only). Signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and noise correlation performance were evaluated. Compared to the product coil, the flexible occipital array improved mean SNR by 2.8×. Noise correlation was comparable to the product coil. These results lead us to conclude that our design represents a viable approach to improve SNR for differently shaped heads and supports the feasibility of a larger 128-channel size-adaptable whole-head array currently in development.
{"title":"Size-Adaptive Occipital 18-Channel Receive-Only RF Coil for 3T MRI","authors":"William Mathieu;Milica Popović;Reza Farivar","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3465354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3465354","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of a conformal occipital receive-only radio-frequency (RF) array is demonstrated at 3T. The ultimate aim of this larger coil is to improve whole-brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) regardless of a person's head size and shape. The occipital array contains 18-channels built on a 3D-printed 3-mm thick thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) plate, which acts as a flexible substrate. To show the performance improvements of our design a comparative study was performed where three differently shaped phantoms were used when imaging by our occipital array then by a standard rigid 64-channel head product coil (posterior 40-channel section only). Signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and noise correlation performance were evaluated. Compared to the product coil, the flexible occipital array improved mean SNR by 2.8×. Noise correlation was comparable to the product coil. These results lead us to conclude that our design represents a viable approach to improve SNR for differently shaped heads and supports the feasibility of a larger 128-channel size-adaptable whole-head array currently in development.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3468715
Lucas Banting;Joe LoVetri;Ian Jeffrey
A microwave imaging method that directly incorporates S-parameters into its objective function is presented. S-parameters are extracted from a time-harmonic finite-element model of an imaging system using an efficient thin-wire antenna sub-grid technique. The microwave imaging system considered is an air-based quasi-resonant imaging chamber that is excited with monopole antennas constructed using actual thin wires. Forward modelling results demonstrate the thin-wire model is accurate over the broad band of frequencies tested. A modified contrast source inversion algorithm that incorporates the measured and modelled S-parameters within its objective function is used to reconstruct the complex-valued permittivity of a simple oil-glycerin-water based breast phantom. Image accuracy metrics demonstrate that single frequency experimental inversion results using the thin-wire antenna model and S-parameter objective function improve tumour detection and artifact reduction for the tested breast phantom.
{"title":"Microwave Imaging on S-Parameters Using FEM Thin-Wire Subcell Models","authors":"Lucas Banting;Joe LoVetri;Ian Jeffrey","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3468715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3468715","url":null,"abstract":"A microwave imaging method that directly incorporates S-parameters into its objective function is presented. S-parameters are extracted from a time-harmonic finite-element model of an imaging system using an efficient thin-wire antenna sub-grid technique. The microwave imaging system considered is an air-based quasi-resonant imaging chamber that is excited with monopole antennas constructed using actual thin wires. Forward modelling results demonstrate the thin-wire model is accurate over the broad band of frequencies tested. A modified contrast source inversion algorithm that incorporates the measured and modelled S-parameters within its objective function is used to reconstruct the complex-valued permittivity of a simple oil-glycerin-water based breast phantom. Image accuracy metrics demonstrate that single frequency experimental inversion results using the thin-wire antenna model and S-parameter objective function improve tumour detection and artifact reduction for the tested breast phantom.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"263-269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metasurfaces enable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without cables inside the bore by locally improving the sensitivity of scanner-integrated receive coils. This study systematically evaluates a novel grid design to provide signal enhancement for patient imaging. The potential of the proposed metasurface grid design was analyzed regarding its unit cell density and compared with stripe type metasurfaces. The effects were examined in-depth by numerical simulation, workbench measurements, and MRI experiments at 3 Tesla. Differences in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using either the integrated body or spine coils were evaluated, as well as the influence of the metasurface orientation. The grid design provided a favorable eigenmode usable for MR imaging, where it has shown significantly less dependence on orientation, compared to stripe metasurfaces. With the densest grid, more than 26% higher SNR than its most spaced design was achieved. Combining the metasurface for imaging with the spine coil proved to be superior to the body coil. Applying the metasurface for knee imaging, the SNR was locally enhanced by more than 10-fold compared to the scan with only the spine coil. The high-density grid metasurfaces provided benefits compared to the multitude of designs evaluated. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for future developments of metasurfaces for MRI, whose advantages may be exploited e.g. in the domain of interventional radiology.
{"title":"Impact of Unit Cell Density on Grid and Stripe Metasurfaces for MRI Receive Enhancement","authors":"Robert Kowal;Lucas Knull;Ivan Vogt;Max Joris Hubmann;Daniel Düx;Bennet Hensen;Frank Wacker;Oliver Speck;Holger Maune","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3458078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3458078","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurfaces enable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without cables inside the bore by locally improving the sensitivity of scanner-integrated receive coils. This study systematically evaluates a novel grid design to provide signal enhancement for patient imaging. The potential of the proposed metasurface grid design was analyzed regarding its unit cell density and compared with stripe type metasurfaces. The effects were examined in-depth by numerical simulation, workbench measurements, and MRI experiments at 3 Tesla. Differences in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using either the integrated body or spine coils were evaluated, as well as the influence of the metasurface orientation. The grid design provided a favorable eigenmode usable for MR imaging, where it has shown significantly less dependence on orientation, compared to stripe metasurfaces. With the densest grid, more than 26% higher SNR than its most spaced design was achieved. Combining the metasurface for imaging with the spine coil proved to be superior to the body coil. Applying the metasurface for knee imaging, the SNR was locally enhanced by more than 10-fold compared to the scan with only the spine coil. The high-density grid metasurfaces provided benefits compared to the multitude of designs evaluated. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for future developments of metasurfaces for MRI, whose advantages may be exploited e.g. in the domain of interventional radiology.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"198-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10685136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3454332
Jingtao Liu;Fei Tong;Changzhan Gu
Non-contact vital sign detection using Continuous-Wave (CW) radar is subject to noises and clutters. The heterodyne architecture of the radar transceiver resolves the flicker noise. However, it still suffers from other noise components. Moreover, the presence of clutter also significantly introduces distortions in the sensing results. In this paper, an extended Noise-Immune Motion Sensing (ENIMS) technique is proposed to tackle the noise and clutters simultaneously in the low intermediate-frequency (IF) CW radar. It works by synthesizing I/Q signals at the IF peak of the spectra of the sequentially divided signal segments. Each segment generates one pair of I/Q data points and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). During this process, clutters are also converted into DC components of the I/Q signals. The circle-fitting-based DC compensation technique can thus be used to resolve the clutter issues. High-accurate displacement motion is then reconstructed with the DC-compensated I/Q signals. The theory and noise performance analysis are presented. Simulation and experiments show that, with the proposed technique, the SNR is improved by around 34 dB. Mechanical vibration as small as 90 μm and the subject person's breath and heartbeat at 3.2 m away from the 5. 8 GHz radar were detected under cluttered office environments with a small transmitting power of only 10 μW, whereas the conventional methods fail in the same cases.
{"title":"Non-Contact Vital Sign Detection With High Noise and Clutter Immunity Based on Coherent Low-IF CW Radar","authors":"Jingtao Liu;Fei Tong;Changzhan Gu","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3454332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3454332","url":null,"abstract":"Non-contact vital sign detection using Continuous-Wave (CW) radar is subject to noises and clutters. The heterodyne architecture of the radar transceiver resolves the flicker noise. However, it still suffers from other noise components. Moreover, the presence of clutter also significantly introduces distortions in the sensing results. In this paper, an extended Noise-Immune Motion Sensing (ENIMS) technique is proposed to tackle the noise and clutters simultaneously in the low intermediate-frequency (IF) CW radar. It works by synthesizing <italic>I/Q</i> signals at the IF peak of the spectra of the sequentially divided signal segments. Each segment generates one pair of <italic>I/Q</i> data points and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio (<italic>SNR</i>). During this process, clutters are also converted into DC components of the <italic>I/Q</i> signals. The circle-fitting-based DC compensation technique can thus be used to resolve the clutter issues. High-accurate displacement motion is then reconstructed with the DC-compensated <italic>I/Q</i> signals. The theory and noise performance analysis are presented. Simulation and experiments show that, with the proposed technique, the <italic>SNR</i> is improved by around 34 dB. Mechanical vibration as small as 90 <italic>μ</i>m and the subject person's breath and heartbeat at 3.2 m away from the 5. 8 GHz radar were detected under cluttered office environments with a small transmitting power of only 10 <italic>μ</i>W, whereas the conventional methods fail in the same cases.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 1","pages":"90-100"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3419026
Daisuke Nishihara;Kensuke Sasaki;Rasyidah Hanan Binti Mohd Baharin;Tomoaki Nagaoka;Osamu Hashimoto;Ryosuke Suga
In recent years, the guidelines/standards of human exposures to electromagnetic fields have been revised and a new metric referred to as absorbed/epithelial power density (APD) is specified as the basic restriction in the frequency range from 6 to 300 GHz. In this paper, we focus on the development of low-loss phantoms that can model the electromagnetic interaction between an antenna/device and skin in the quasi-millimeter and millimeter-wave frequencies using electromagnetic simulation. The phantom will be used for APD assessment based on field measurement at 28 GHz. It was found that polyphenylene-ether (PPE), which is typically used for antenna substrates, enables the accurate assessment of APD on the skin surface regardless of the antenna type, and that it is rendered suitable as a phantom for APD assessment by optimizing the thickness of low-loss materials with respect to relative permittivity in the range from 10 to 28.5 at 28 GHz.
{"title":"Development of Measurement Phantom for Absorbed Power Density Assessment by Human Exposure at 28 GHz Band","authors":"Daisuke Nishihara;Kensuke Sasaki;Rasyidah Hanan Binti Mohd Baharin;Tomoaki Nagaoka;Osamu Hashimoto;Ryosuke Suga","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3419026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3419026","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the guidelines/standards of human exposures to electromagnetic fields have been revised and a new metric referred to as absorbed/epithelial power density (APD) is specified as the basic restriction in the frequency range from 6 to 300 GHz. In this paper, we focus on the development of low-loss phantoms that can model the electromagnetic interaction between an antenna/device and skin in the quasi-millimeter and millimeter-wave frequencies using electromagnetic simulation. The phantom will be used for APD assessment based on field measurement at 28 GHz. It was found that polyphenylene-ether (PPE), which is typically used for antenna substrates, enables the accurate assessment of APD on the skin surface regardless of the antenna type, and that it is rendered suitable as a phantom for APD assessment by optimizing the thickness of low-loss materials with respect to relative permittivity in the range from 10 to 28.5 at 28 GHz.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microwave-based breast imaging (MBI) is an emerging modality that may serve as a screening tool due to the relatively large dielectric contrast between malignant and healthy tissues, the relatively low cost and small size of microwave hardware, and the favourable safety profile of non-ionizing microwave imaging. After more than two decades of research into MBI and several published clinical trials, challenges remain before the modality can be used clinically. Existing estimates of the diagnostic specificity are relatively low, between 20–65%. As a result of the limited specificity of the technique, existing radar-based image reconstruction algorithms have not demonstrated sufficient accuracy for breast cancer diagnosis. This article proposes using enhanced physics modelling (EPM) to improve the accuracy of the physics models used in image reconstruction to address the limited diagnostic accuracy. The results obtained in this study indicated that using EPM significantly improved the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve. The AUC was improved from (84 $pm$ 1)% to (92 $pm$ 1)% through the use of EPM, demonstrating the potential of physics-informed radar-based image reconstruction in MBI.
{"title":"Enhanced Physics Modelling in Radar-Based Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection","authors":"Tyson Reimer;Spencer Christie;Illia Prykhodko;Stephen Pistorius","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3453994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3453994","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave-based breast imaging (MBI) is an emerging modality that may serve as a screening tool due to the relatively large dielectric contrast between malignant and healthy tissues, the relatively low cost and small size of microwave hardware, and the favourable safety profile of non-ionizing microwave imaging. After more than two decades of research into MBI and several published clinical trials, challenges remain before the modality can be used clinically. Existing estimates of the diagnostic specificity are relatively low, between 20–65%. As a result of the limited specificity of the technique, existing radar-based image reconstruction algorithms have not demonstrated sufficient accuracy for breast cancer diagnosis. This article proposes using enhanced physics modelling (EPM) to improve the accuracy of the physics models used in image reconstruction to address the limited diagnostic accuracy. The results obtained in this study indicated that using EPM significantly improved the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve. The AUC was improved from (84 <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> 1)% to (92 <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> 1)% through the use of EPM, demonstrating the potential of physics-informed radar-based image reconstruction in MBI.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"183-190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3435075
Hao Zhang;Xiaozhou Zhou;Wenlong Zhou
Pulse generators in implantable medical devices need to be programmable and miniaturized. However, the existing designs of pulse generator cannot satisfy both of the requirements at the same time. This paper presents a novel design of pulse generators applying magnetic resonance, which is composed of a class-C inverter and an envelope detector, for implantable medical devices. Through simulation and tests, we verify the superiority of our design in programmability of the output pulse signal and miniaturization of the implants, compared with the conventional designs. The amplitude, frequency and duty cycle of the output pulse signal of the implanted receiver can be modulated by controlling the input signal of the transmitter outside the human body. And the footprint of the implanted receiver can be miniaturized to 12 mm × 14 mm × 5 mm, which is smaller than half the size of most of the existing products.
植入式医疗设备中的脉冲发生器需要可编程和小型化。然而，现有的脉冲发生器设计不能同时满足这两种要求。本文提出了一种新型的用于植入式医疗器械的磁共振脉冲发生器，该脉冲发生器由c类逆变器和包络检测器组成。通过仿真和测试，验证了该设计在输出脉冲信号的可编程性和植入物的小型化方面的优越性。通过控制人体外发射器的输入信号，可以调制植入接收器输出脉冲信号的幅度、频率和占空比。植入接收器的占地面积可缩小至12 mm × 14 mm × 5 mm，小于大多数现有产品的一半。
{"title":"Programmable Pulse Generator by Envelope Detection for Implantable Medical Devices","authors":"Hao Zhang;Xiaozhou Zhou;Wenlong Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3435075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3435075","url":null,"abstract":"Pulse generators in implantable medical devices need to be programmable and miniaturized. However, the existing designs of pulse generator cannot satisfy both of the requirements at the same time. This paper presents a novel design of pulse generators applying magnetic resonance, which is composed of a class-C inverter and an envelope detector, for implantable medical devices. Through simulation and tests, we verify the superiority of our design in programmability of the output pulse signal and miniaturization of the implants, compared with the conventional designs. The amplitude, frequency and duty cycle of the output pulse signal of the implanted receiver can be modulated by controlling the input signal of the transmitter outside the human body. And the footprint of the implanted receiver can be miniaturized to 12 mm × 14 mm × 5 mm, which is smaller than half the size of most of the existing products.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 1","pages":"80-89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3447469
Pouya Mehrjouseresht;Oluwatosin J. Babarinde;Vladimir Volski;Alexander Ye. Svezhentsev;Dominique M. M.-P. Schreurs
Ensuring the safety of electromagnetic exposure stands as an important concern in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. This work proposes a distributed Fusion Radar WPT (FRWPT) system designed to maintain safe Electric Field Amplitude (EFA) levels at specific locations detected by the radar, primarily where an individual is present. This approach allows for higher EFA in areas without the person, thus optimizing overall power utilization within the system. Also, the radar's ability to detect a person's velocity allows for projecting the person's upcoming location to ensure safety in advance. We introduce an algorithm including power weighting factors for controlling power to not only mitigate dangerous radiation but also maximize power utilization. One significant challenge is the estimation of EFA considering multipath propagation, a common issue in indoor environments. To overcome this, we explore the indoor EFA distribution and suggest a simulation-based method for EFA estimation, taking into account the amplifying effect of the human body on EFA. Experimental results demonstrate that the system successfully maintains EFA below a predefined threshold across various human locations. Moreover, these experiments highlight the system's capability to maximize power utilization ratio (PUR), achieving a value exceeding 50%.
{"title":"Safeguarding Humans From Indoor Wireless Powering via Radar Detection","authors":"Pouya Mehrjouseresht;Oluwatosin J. Babarinde;Vladimir Volski;Alexander Ye. Svezhentsev;Dominique M. M.-P. Schreurs","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3447469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3447469","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring the safety of electromagnetic exposure stands as an important concern in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. This work proposes a distributed Fusion Radar WPT (FRWPT) system designed to maintain safe Electric Field Amplitude (EFA) levels at specific locations detected by the radar, primarily where an individual is present. This approach allows for higher EFA in areas without the person, thus optimizing overall power utilization within the system. Also, the radar's ability to detect a person's velocity allows for projecting the person's upcoming location to ensure safety in advance. We introduce an algorithm including power weighting factors for controlling power to not only mitigate dangerous radiation but also maximize power utilization. One significant challenge is the estimation of EFA considering multipath propagation, a common issue in indoor environments. To overcome this, we explore the indoor EFA distribution and suggest a simulation-based method for EFA estimation, taking into account the amplifying effect of the human body on EFA. Experimental results demonstrate that the system successfully maintains EFA below a predefined threshold across various human locations. Moreover, these experiments highlight the system's capability to maximize power utilization ratio (PUR), achieving a value exceeding 50%.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 1","pages":"62-69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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