Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3409678
A. Paffi;F. Apollonio;M. Cadossi;V. D'Alessio;R. Fusco;A. Giannini;M. Liberti
Purpose of this work is to develop a tool for electrochemotherapy treatment planning, which automatically estimates the optimal electrode configuration on the basis of the calculation of the induced electric field in a 3D tissue volume, including the tumor lesion, obtained from patient's MRI. The tool conciliates accuracy in the estimate of the tumor coverage with speed of calculation. The optimal electrodes configuration, that guarantees the tumor electroporation with the minimum number of electrodes, is obtained by adapting algorithms for the creation of unstructured simplex meshes. To go fast, the elementary electric field distributions are pre-calculated and stored in a database and the optimization procedure is split in two consequential steps: transversal and longitudinal optimizations. The whole code is implemented in C++ environment. The tool, tested in a set of real cases, showed the complete electroporation of the lesions, while preserving noble structures from the electrodes crossing. Calculation times were compatible with real-time requirements. The proposed tool represents a valid support for the electroporation treatment planning. With respect to the literature, it automatically estimates the best electrode configuration in a realistic 3D domain, while maintaining reduced calculation times. This is crucial for improving effectiveness and reliability of electroporation-based treatments.
这项工作的目的是开发一种用于电化学疗法治疗规划的工具，该工具可根据从患者核磁共振成像中获得的包括肿瘤病灶在内的三维组织体积中感应电场的计算结果，自动估算最佳电极配置。该工具兼具估计肿瘤覆盖范围的准确性和计算速度。通过调整创建非结构化单纯网格的算法，可获得最佳电极配置，确保以最少的电极数量电穿孔肿瘤。为了加快速度，基本电场分布已预先计算并存储在数据库中，优化过程分为两个相应步骤：横向优化和纵向优化。整个代码在 C++ 环境中实现。该工具在一组真实病例中进行了测试，结果表明能对病变部位进行完全电穿孔，同时保留了电极交叉处的惰性结构。计算时间符合实时要求。所提出的工具为电穿孔治疗规划提供了有效支持。与文献相比，它能在现实三维域中自动估算最佳电极配置，同时缩短计算时间。这对于提高电穿孔治疗的有效性和可靠性至关重要。
{"title":"A Fast 3-D Approach for Electroporation Treatment Planning: Optimal Electrodes Configuration","authors":"A. Paffi;F. Apollonio;M. Cadossi;V. D'Alessio;R. Fusco;A. Giannini;M. Liberti","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3409678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3409678","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of this work is to develop a tool for electrochemotherapy treatment planning, which automatically estimates the optimal electrode configuration on the basis of the calculation of the induced electric field in a 3D tissue volume, including the tumor lesion, obtained from patient's MRI. The tool conciliates accuracy in the estimate of the tumor coverage with speed of calculation. The optimal electrodes configuration, that guarantees the tumor electroporation with the minimum number of electrodes, is obtained by adapting algorithms for the creation of unstructured simplex meshes. To go fast, the elementary electric field distributions are pre-calculated and stored in a database and the optimization procedure is split in two consequential steps: transversal and longitudinal optimizations. The whole code is implemented in C++ environment. The tool, tested in a set of real cases, showed the complete electroporation of the lesions, while preserving noble structures from the electrodes crossing. Calculation times were compatible with real-time requirements. The proposed tool represents a valid support for the electroporation treatment planning. With respect to the literature, it automatically estimates the best electrode configuration in a realistic 3D domain, while maintaining reduced calculation times. This is crucial for improving effectiveness and reliability of electroporation-based treatments.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"393-400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10557476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microwave head imaging is challenging due to the dominance of clutter signals caused by the strong reflections at the boundary of the head and skull in addition to the heterogeneous nature of the head tissues. These clutter signals complicate the detection of anomalies like strokes and make both traditional and deep-learning-based imaging algorithms less effective. For example, to adapt to different environments, extensive tuning is required for traditional algorithms, while a huge amount of data is needed to train deep-learning models. To this end, a novel deep-learning-based clutter removal approach in microwave head imaging is proposed. The proposed deep learning model is self-supervised and unpaired, and can thus utilize much larger amounts of data, which would otherwise be prohibitively difficult to collect. The model includes two generators to learn the mapping function from mixed signals and the target signal alone to remove clutter and ensure producing target signals that match the original mixed signals. To achieve self-supervised learning, two discriminators are used for judging the predictions from both generators by comparing the predictions with the real signals. Using the peak signal-to-noise ratio and the structural similarity index measure, the experimental results using a 16-antenna head imaging system operating across the band 0.5–2 GHz confirm that the presented solution outperforms existing methods in removing clutter and enabling accurate target localization. The proposed solution is adaptable and scalable and can thus be generalized to other domains.
{"title":"Clutter Removal for Microwave Head Imaging via Self-Supervised Deep Learning Techniques","authors":"Wei-chung Lai;Lei Guo;Konstanty Bialkowski;Amin Abbosh;Alina Bialkowski","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3409846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3409846","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave head imaging is challenging due to the dominance of clutter signals caused by the strong reflections at the boundary of the head and skull in addition to the heterogeneous nature of the head tissues. These clutter signals complicate the detection of anomalies like strokes and make both traditional and deep-learning-based imaging algorithms less effective. For example, to adapt to different environments, extensive tuning is required for traditional algorithms, while a huge amount of data is needed to train deep-learning models. To this end, a novel deep-learning-based clutter removal approach in microwave head imaging is proposed. The proposed deep learning model is self-supervised and unpaired, and can thus utilize much larger amounts of data, which would otherwise be prohibitively difficult to collect. The model includes two generators to learn the mapping function from mixed signals and the target signal alone to remove clutter and ensure producing target signals that match the original mixed signals. To achieve self-supervised learning, two discriminators are used for judging the predictions from both generators by comparing the predictions with the real signals. Using the peak signal-to-noise ratio and the structural similarity index measure, the experimental results using a 16-antenna head imaging system operating across the band 0.5–2 GHz confirm that the presented solution outperforms existing methods in removing clutter and enabling accurate target localization. The proposed solution is adaptable and scalable and can thus be generalized to other domains.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"384-392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3409423
Vivek Kumar Srivastava;Ashwani Sharma
This paper proposes an optimized switching integrated transmitter to generate highly non-uniform magnetic field (H-field) components for near-field localization applications. The localization accuracy of a magnetic-based localization system depends on the degree of non-uniformity present in the H-field distribution. Targeting this, several state-of-the-art designs presented eight spatially distributed transmitter structures. However, the absence of required H-field components at several receiver positions resulted in poor localization performance. To overcome this problem, an overlapping coil transmitter structure has been proposed in this work that spreads the H-field components at the receiver region. Further optimization of the transmitter coil design parameters is performed analytically to accomplish a highly non-uniform H-field at the receiver location and miniaturize the transmitter size. A time-divisional approach has been exploited and realized using a switching technique to acquire the required voltage samples at the receiver. The proposed transmitter is realized using a high-frequency Litz wire, and the switching is performed by adopting DPDT switches. The fabricated prototype is experimentally verified, and the measured results show a good agreement with the analytical result. This demonstrates the potential of the proposed transmitter for near-field localization applications such as the localization of biomedical implants, wireless endoscopy capsules, etc.
本文提出了一种优化的开关式集成发射器，可为近场定位应用产生高度不均匀的磁场（H-场）分量。基于磁场的定位系统的定位精度取决于 H 场分布的不均匀程度。针对这一点，一些最先进的设计提出了八种空间分布式发射器结构。然而，由于多个接收器位置缺乏所需的 H 场成分，导致定位性能不佳。为克服这一问题，本研究提出了一种重叠线圈发射器结构，可在接收器区域扩散 H 场分量。通过分析进一步优化发射器线圈设计参数，在接收器位置实现高度不均匀的 H 场，并缩小发射器尺寸。利用分时方法，并通过开关技术在接收器获取所需的电压样本。拟议的发射器使用高频利兹线实现，开关采用 DPDT 开关。制作的原型经过了实验验证，测量结果与分析结果非常吻合。这证明了所提出的发射器在近场定位应用中的潜力，如生物医学植入物的定位、无线内窥镜胶囊等。
{"title":"An Optimized Switching Integrated Transmitter Pad for Generating Orthogonal H-Field Components to Localize Implanted Devices","authors":"Vivek Kumar Srivastava;Ashwani Sharma","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3409423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3409423","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an optimized switching integrated transmitter to generate highly non-uniform magnetic field (H-field) components for near-field localization applications. The localization accuracy of a magnetic-based localization system depends on the degree of non-uniformity present in the H-field distribution. Targeting this, several state-of-the-art designs presented eight spatially distributed transmitter structures. However, the absence of required H-field components at several receiver positions resulted in poor localization performance. To overcome this problem, an overlapping coil transmitter structure has been proposed in this work that spreads the H-field components at the receiver region. Further optimization of the transmitter coil design parameters is performed analytically to accomplish a highly non-uniform H-field at the receiver location and miniaturize the transmitter size. A time-divisional approach has been exploited and realized using a switching technique to acquire the required voltage samples at the receiver. The proposed transmitter is realized using a high-frequency Litz wire, and the switching is performed by adopting DPDT switches. The fabricated prototype is experimentally verified, and the measured results show a good agreement with the analytical result. This demonstrates the potential of the proposed transmitter for near-field localization applications such as the localization of biomedical implants, wireless endoscopy capsules, etc.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"363-371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3406331
François Frassati;Mélanie Descharles;Martin Gauroy;Agathe Yvinou;Eric Stindel;Guillaume Dardenne;Guillaume Nonglaton;Pierre Gasnier
Our research aims to enhance smart orthopedic knee implants used in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). With the projected quadrupling of TKA demand by 2030 due to factors like aging populations, rising obesity rates, and broader indications for younger patients, our focus is on instrumented medical implants to measure knee parameters. In this paper, we report the optimization of a wireless power transmission system for powering smart knee implants, employing an established HF Near-field Resonant Inductive Coupling (NRIC) technique at $13.56 ,mathrm{M}mathrm{Hz}$ inside the stem of a tibial knee implant. We propose a pragmatic optimization approach in this study, guided by the integration constraints of a knee implant and validated by orthopedic surgeons through cadaveric specimen testing. Finite Element simulations guided the selection of a frontal 3-turn solenoid (called “paperclip” coil) at the Rx side, located at the tip of the stem, which demonstrated balanced performance metrics and reasonable volume occupancy (1.6 cm 3 ). Power transfer measurements were conducted through conductive solutions mimicking skin, muscle, and bones. At $13.56 ,mathrm{M}mathrm{Hz}$ , a power transfer efficiency $eta$ of 30% and 7.5% ( $300 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$ and $75 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$ at $1 ,mathrm{W}$ input power) was achieved at Tx-Rx distances of $25 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$ and $40 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$ respectively. The proposed solution was implanted in a cadaveric specimen : $250 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$ was obtained at an estimated $30 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$ distance for an input power of $1 ,mathrm{W}$ at the Tx side. For the same distance, we also performed a successful DC power provision up to $64 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$ at $3 ,mathrm{V}$ DC and data transfer functions at $26, mathrm{kbit,s}^{-1}$ in the cadaver. The proposed system, with its integration strategy, holds promise in powering advanced sensor functions, contributing to the identification and monitoring of postoperative complications and potentially reducing the need for long-term revisions.
{"title":"Powering Smart Orthopedic Implants Through Near-Field Resonant Inductive Coupling","authors":"François Frassati;Mélanie Descharles;Martin Gauroy;Agathe Yvinou;Eric Stindel;Guillaume Dardenne;Guillaume Nonglaton;Pierre Gasnier","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3406331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3406331","url":null,"abstract":"Our research aims to enhance smart orthopedic knee implants used in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). With the projected quadrupling of TKA demand by 2030 due to factors like aging populations, rising obesity rates, and broader indications for younger patients, our focus is on instrumented medical implants to measure knee parameters. In this paper, we report the optimization of a wireless power transmission system for powering smart knee implants, employing an established HF Near-field Resonant Inductive Coupling (NRIC) technique at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$13.56 ,mathrm{M}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 inside the stem of a tibial knee implant. We propose a pragmatic optimization approach in this study, guided by the integration constraints of a knee implant and validated by orthopedic surgeons through cadaveric specimen testing. Finite Element simulations guided the selection of a frontal 3-turn solenoid (called “paperclip” coil) at the Rx side, located at the tip of the stem, which demonstrated balanced performance metrics and reasonable volume occupancy (1.6 cm\u0000<sup>3</sup>\u0000). Power transfer measurements were conducted through conductive solutions mimicking skin, muscle, and bones. At \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$13.56 ,mathrm{M}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, a power transfer efficiency \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$eta$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of 30% and 7.5% (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$300 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$75 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 input power) was achieved at Tx-Rx distances of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$25 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$40 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 respectively. The proposed solution was implanted in a cadaveric specimen : \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$250 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 was obtained at an estimated \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$30 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 distance for an input power of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$1 ,mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at the Tx side. For the same distance, we also performed a successful DC power provision up to \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$64 ,mathrm{m}mathrm{W}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$3 ,mathrm{V}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 DC and data transfer functions at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$26, mathrm{kbit,s}^{-1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in the cadaver. The proposed system, with its integration strategy, holds promise in powering advanced sensor functions, contributing to the identification and monitoring of postoperative complications and potentially reducing the need for long-term revisions.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 4","pages":"372-383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3404119
Tomas Pokorny;David Vrba;Ondrej Fiser;Marco Salucci;Jan Vrba
The primary objective of this study is to systematically evaluate the performance of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, identifying optimal configurations and appropriate parameters for training and testing data, for microwave brain stroke classification. Using experimentally verified 3D numerical models, a large database of synthetic training and test data has been created with different levels of data variability. These models consist of an antenna array surrounding reconfigurable geometrically and dielectrically realistic human head models Within these models, strokes of varying sizes, types, and dielectric parameters are virtually inserted at different positions in brain within the plane of the antennas. Synthetic data sets have been generated to study the impact of reducing training data, data dimensionality, data format, and algorithm settings. The results of this study confirm that Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction significantly improved the classification accuracy of the SVM algorithm, and datasets of subjects with smaller strokes appeared to be the most suitable for training. Furthermore, datasets that contain the real and imaginary parts of transmission and reflection coefficients result in the highest classification accuracy. For the current antenna array, the best observed setting and scenarios with high variability in training and test data, close to real clinical scenarios, the ability to accurately classify ischemic strokes and suggest safe initiation of thrombotic therapy is approximately 70%.
{"title":"Systematic Optimization of Training and Setting of SVM-Based Microwave Stroke Classification: Numerical Simulations for 10 Port System","authors":"Tomas Pokorny;David Vrba;Ondrej Fiser;Marco Salucci;Jan Vrba","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3404119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3404119","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of this study is to systematically evaluate the performance of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, identifying optimal configurations and appropriate parameters for training and testing data, for microwave brain stroke classification. Using experimentally verified 3D numerical models, a large database of synthetic training and test data has been created with different levels of data variability. These models consist of an antenna array surrounding reconfigurable geometrically and dielectrically realistic human head models Within these models, strokes of varying sizes, types, and dielectric parameters are virtually inserted at different positions in brain within the plane of the antennas. Synthetic data sets have been generated to study the impact of reducing training data, data dimensionality, data format, and algorithm settings. The results of this study confirm that Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction significantly improved the classification accuracy of the SVM algorithm, and datasets of subjects with smaller strokes appeared to be the most suitable for training. Furthermore, datasets that contain the real and imaginary parts of transmission and reflection coefficients result in the highest classification accuracy. For the current antenna array, the best observed setting and scenarios with high variability in training and test data, close to real clinical scenarios, the ability to accurately classify ischemic strokes and suggest safe initiation of thrombotic therapy is approximately 70%.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10546281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3378977
Chao Ma;Quan Shi;Bing Hua;Yongwei Zhang;Zhihuo Xu;Liu Chu;Robin Braun;Jiajia Shi
Software-defined radio (SDR) can be used to detect human respiratory and heartbeat signals with the merits of low costs, high flexibility, and fast implementation. This paper proposes a human respiratory heartbeat detection system based on SDR micro-Doppler radar. The system can adjust radar parameters in real-time according to the detection environment, breaking the hardware limitations of traditional radar. Data pre-processing is performed on the transmit and receive baseband signals to obtain a composite signal containing human respiratory and heartbeat signals. In addressing the difficulty of detecting heartbeat signals compared to respiratory signals, an adaptive heartbeat signal enhancement detection algorithm named the one-time differential weighted step-size normalized least mean square (ODWS-NLMS) is proposed. This algorithm enhances the step size through weighted improvements utilizing the first-order differential characteristics of composite signals. Experiments were conducted in three distinct real-world environments, and the results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) in terms of average accuracy, root mean square error (RMSE), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
{"title":"Noncontact Heartbeat and Respiratory Signal Separation Using a Sub 6 GHz SDR Micro-Doppler Radar","authors":"Chao Ma;Quan Shi;Bing Hua;Yongwei Zhang;Zhihuo Xu;Liu Chu;Robin Braun;Jiajia Shi","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3378977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3378977","url":null,"abstract":"Software-defined radio (SDR) can be used to detect human respiratory and heartbeat signals with the merits of low costs, high flexibility, and fast implementation. This paper proposes a human respiratory heartbeat detection system based on SDR micro-Doppler radar. The system can adjust radar parameters in real-time according to the detection environment, breaking the hardware limitations of traditional radar. Data pre-processing is performed on the transmit and receive baseband signals to obtain a composite signal containing human respiratory and heartbeat signals. In addressing the difficulty of detecting heartbeat signals compared to respiratory signals, an adaptive heartbeat signal enhancement detection algorithm named the one-time differential weighted step-size normalized least mean square (ODWS-NLMS) is proposed. This algorithm enhances the step size through weighted improvements utilizing the first-order differential characteristics of composite signals. Experiments were conducted in three distinct real-world environments, and the results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) in terms of average accuracy, root mean square error (RMSE), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"122-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3385335
Milad Mokhtari;Milica Popović
The challenges in antenna design for microwave-based breast screening systems identify two distinct needs: 1) to minimize the surface-wave propagation at the interface between the substrate and the tissue, and 2) to address the back-radiation. These surface waves become more noticeable within the substrate, particularly when a confining ground plane is present, and yet the ground plane is pivotal for achieving unidirectionality and shielding against environmental radiation. This paper introduces a simplified human breast model and offers a quantitative analysis of existing surface waves. We then propose a 16-antenna array of cavity-backed patch antennas with parasitic elements, designed for operation in the 3.1–5.1 GHz range. Each antenna element is optimized to function seamlessly alongside the breast tissue. Full-wave simulations illustrate that the proposed antenna array achieves superior unidirectionality and diminished mutual coupling levels when compared to its predecessor. We further outline the cost-effective fabrication method that employs the SYLGARD(TM) 184 silicone elastomer PDMS kit. The measurements from the fabricated antenna elements are consistent with the results of the full-wave simulations.
{"title":"Surface Wave and Back Radiation Suppression in Microwave Breast Screening","authors":"Milad Mokhtari;Milica Popović","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3385335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3385335","url":null,"abstract":"The challenges in antenna design for microwave-based breast screening systems identify two distinct needs: 1) to minimize the surface-wave propagation at the interface between the substrate and the tissue, and 2) to address the back-radiation. These surface waves become more noticeable within the substrate, particularly when a confining ground plane is present, and yet the ground plane is pivotal for achieving unidirectionality and shielding against environmental radiation. This paper introduces a simplified human breast model and offers a quantitative analysis of existing surface waves. We then propose a 16-antenna array of cavity-backed patch antennas with parasitic elements, designed for operation in the 3.1–5.1 GHz range. Each antenna element is optimized to function seamlessly alongside the breast tissue. Full-wave simulations illustrate that the proposed antenna array achieves superior unidirectionality and diminished mutual coupling levels when compared to its predecessor. We further outline the cost-effective fabrication method that employs the SYLGARD(TM) 184 silicone elastomer PDMS kit. The measurements from the fabricated antenna elements are consistent with the results of the full-wave simulations.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"245-250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With widespread applications in a variety of disciplines, mainly biology and medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology has established itself as one of the most significant discoveries of the last 100 years. However, the primary drawback of commercially available PCR instruments is their slow thermal cycling. On the other hand, rapid and efficient microwave (MW) heating offers a viable solution to drastically decrease the time needed for PCR experiments. In this study, we utilize a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), operating as a microwave heater at around 3.75 GHz when combined with a microfluidic structure with a 5.4 $mu$ l volume. The resulting device exhibits excellent temperature uniformity with high heating and cooling rates of 19 $^circ$ C/s and 18.6 $^circ$ C/s, respectively. Furthermore, model-based frequency-adaptive MW heating was investigated based on optimal heating frequency shift due to the temperature increase of the sample during MW heating, yielding 1.2 W lower applied power and an 8% higher heating efficiency when compared to fixed-frequency heating.
{"title":"Model-Based Frequency Adaptive Microwave Heating for PCR Applications","authors":"Matko Martinic;Dominique Schreurs;Tomislav Markovic;Bart Nauwelaers","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225","url":null,"abstract":"With widespread applications in a variety of disciplines, mainly biology and medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology has established itself as one of the most significant discoveries of the last 100 years. However, the primary drawback of commercially available PCR instruments is their slow thermal cycling. On the other hand, rapid and efficient microwave (MW) heating offers a viable solution to drastically decrease the time needed for PCR experiments. In this study, we utilize a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), operating as a microwave heater at around 3.75 GHz when combined with a microfluidic structure with a 5.4 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000l volume. The resulting device exhibits excellent temperature uniformity with high heating and cooling rates of 19 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C/s and 18.6 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C/s, respectively. Furthermore, model-based frequency-adaptive MW heating was investigated based on optimal heating frequency shift due to the temperature increase of the sample during MW heating, yielding 1.2 W lower applied power and an 8% higher heating efficiency when compared to fixed-frequency heating.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"238-244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current diagnostic techniques for visualizing bones rely on X-rays, which pose potential harm to both patients and surgical staff. Consequently, the demand for a portable imaging system offering high-resolution, radiation-free, and three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities has emerged. This paper introduces a 3D quantitative microwave imaging technique for visualizing musculoskeletal tissue, commonly employed in diagnostic medical imaging. The proposed imaging method is grounded in a set of contrast source (CS) electromagnetic (EM) modeling equations. Through Landweber inverse processing, the solution for the unknown object's electric susceptibility distribution in the modeling equations is derived. The reconstruction process efficiently and effectively generates a 3D image, composed of the object's electric susceptibility distribution. The efficacy of the proposed imaging technique and microwave imaging system is validated through numerical models with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous properties. Moreover, practical validation is performed using a complex multi-layer inhomogeneous phantom within an anechoic chamber. Finally, considering the medical significance of imaging the spine, particularly in cases of car accidents, the proposed Landweber inverse source imaging method and microwave imaging system are practically tested on the human back area, effectively demonstrating their capabilities in imaging musculoskeletal tissue.
目前的骨骼可视化诊断技术依赖于 X 射线，而 X 射线对病人和手术人员都可能造成伤害。因此，出现了对具有高分辨率、无辐射和三维（3D）成像功能的便携式成像系统的需求。本文介绍了一种三维定量微波成像技术，用于观察医学影像诊断中常用的肌肉骨骼组织。所提出的成像方法以一组对比源（CS）电磁（EM）建模方程为基础。通过 Landweber 逆处理，得出建模方程中未知物体电感应强度分布的解。重建过程能高效生成由物体电感应强度分布组成的三维图像。建议的成像技术和微波成像系统的功效通过同质和非同质属性的数值模型得到了验证。此外，还利用电波暗室中的复杂多层非均质模型进行了实际验证。最后，考虑到脊柱成像的医学意义，特别是在车祸情况下，对提出的兰德韦伯反源成像方法和微波成像系统进行了人体背部实际测试，有效证明了它们在肌肉骨骼组织成像方面的能力。
{"title":"A Planar-Array Based Ultra Wideband Microwave Imaging Approach for Musculoskeletal Visualization","authors":"Hui Zhang;Tony Bauer;Christoph Statz;Jens Goronzy;Kendra Henning;Dirk Plettemeier","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020","url":null,"abstract":"Current diagnostic techniques for visualizing bones rely on X-rays, which pose potential harm to both patients and surgical staff. Consequently, the demand for a portable imaging system offering high-resolution, radiation-free, and three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities has emerged. This paper introduces a 3D quantitative microwave imaging technique for visualizing musculoskeletal tissue, commonly employed in diagnostic medical imaging. The proposed imaging method is grounded in a set of contrast source (CS) electromagnetic (EM) modeling equations. Through Landweber inverse processing, the solution for the unknown object's electric susceptibility distribution in the modeling equations is derived. The reconstruction process efficiently and effectively generates a 3D image, composed of the object's electric susceptibility distribution. The efficacy of the proposed imaging technique and microwave imaging system is validated through numerical models with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous properties. Moreover, practical validation is performed using a complex multi-layer inhomogeneous phantom within an anechoic chamber. Finally, considering the medical significance of imaging the spine, particularly in cases of car accidents, the proposed Landweber inverse source imaging method and microwave imaging system are practically tested on the human back area, effectively demonstrating their capabilities in imaging musculoskeletal tissue.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"163-169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012
Anne Calvel;Alexia de Caro;Olivia Peytral-Rieu;Camille Gironde;Christophe Furger;David Dubuc;Katia Grenier;Marie-Pierre Rols
Among all the cancer treatments developed, electrochemotherapy has shown great promise in recent decades. This approach combines the local delivery of electric pulses with the administration of poorly-permeant cytotoxic agents. We aim to investigate the effects of electrochemotherapy treatments and predict their impacts on cell viability, especially at the earliest stage. We explore different approaches to evaluate cell viability, involving time periods from several days to few hours post treatment. Besides commonly-used approaches such as clonogenic and colorimetric assays, we investigate an innovative viability assay, the Light Up Cell System assay, and compare these methods. Even if the conducted viability assays demonstrate the interest of using electric fields to enhance the cytotoxic agent penetration into cells and potentiate their effects, our study demonstrates that the colorimetric and Light Up Cell System assays can predict the cell response to electrochemotherapy treatment as early as 2 hours post-treatment, whereas the gold standard for assessing cell viability, the clonogenic assay, necessitates 10 days of experimentation. Moreover, the Light Up Cell System assay seems particularly interesting, as it provides similar results to the well-established colorimetric technique while offering the advantages of maintaining cells alive and being suitable for the study of non-adherent cell lines.
近几十年来，在所有已开发的癌症治疗方法中，电化学疗法大有可为。这种方法将电脉冲的局部传递与渗透性较差的细胞毒剂的施用相结合。我们旨在研究电化学疗法的效果，并预测其对细胞活力的影响，尤其是在早期阶段。我们探索了不同的方法来评估细胞存活率，涉及的时间段从治疗后的几天到几小时不等。除了常用的克隆测定法和比色测定法，我们还研究了一种创新的活力测定法--Light Up 细胞系统测定法，并对这些方法进行了比较。我们的研究表明，比色法和 Light Up Cell System 检测法可在治疗后 2 小时内预测细胞对电化学疗法的反应，而评估细胞存活率的黄金标准--克隆检测法则需要 10 天的实验。此外，Light Up 细胞系统检测法似乎特别有趣，因为它能提供与成熟的比色法类似的结果，同时具有保持细胞活力和适合研究非粘附细胞系的优点。
{"title":"Analysis of In Vitro Cell Viability Approaches to Provide Early Efficacy Prediction of Electrochemotherapy Treatments","authors":"Anne Calvel;Alexia de Caro;Olivia Peytral-Rieu;Camille Gironde;Christophe Furger;David Dubuc;Katia Grenier;Marie-Pierre Rols","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012","url":null,"abstract":"Among all the cancer treatments developed, electrochemotherapy has shown great promise in recent decades. This approach combines the local delivery of electric pulses with the administration of poorly-permeant cytotoxic agents. We aim to investigate the effects of electrochemotherapy treatments and predict their impacts on cell viability, especially at the earliest stage. We explore different approaches to evaluate cell viability, involving time periods from several days to few hours post treatment. Besides commonly-used approaches such as clonogenic and colorimetric assays, we investigate an innovative viability assay, the Light Up Cell System assay, and compare these methods. Even if the conducted viability assays demonstrate the interest of using electric fields to enhance the cytotoxic agent penetration into cells and potentiate their effects, our study demonstrates that the colorimetric and Light Up Cell System assays can predict the cell response to electrochemotherapy treatment as early as 2 hours post-treatment, whereas the gold standard for assessing cell viability, the clonogenic assay, necessitates 10 days of experimentation. Moreover, the Light Up Cell System assay seems particularly interesting, as it provides similar results to the well-established colorimetric technique while offering the advantages of maintaining cells alive and being suitable for the study of non-adherent cell lines.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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