With widespread applications in a variety of disciplines, mainly biology and medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology has established itself as one of the most significant discoveries of the last 100 years. However, the primary drawback of commercially available PCR instruments is their slow thermal cycling. On the other hand, rapid and efficient microwave (MW) heating offers a viable solution to drastically decrease the time needed for PCR experiments. In this study, we utilize a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), operating as a microwave heater at around 3.75 GHz when combined with a microfluidic structure with a 5.4 $mu$ l volume. The resulting device exhibits excellent temperature uniformity with high heating and cooling rates of 19 $^circ$ C/s and 18.6 $^circ$ C/s, respectively. Furthermore, model-based frequency-adaptive MW heating was investigated based on optimal heating frequency shift due to the temperature increase of the sample during MW heating, yielding 1.2 W lower applied power and an 8% higher heating efficiency when compared to fixed-frequency heating.
{"title":"Model-Based Frequency Adaptive Microwave Heating for PCR Applications","authors":"Matko Martinic;Dominique Schreurs;Tomislav Markovic;Bart Nauwelaers","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225","url":null,"abstract":"With widespread applications in a variety of disciplines, mainly biology and medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology has established itself as one of the most significant discoveries of the last 100 years. However, the primary drawback of commercially available PCR instruments is their slow thermal cycling. On the other hand, rapid and efficient microwave (MW) heating offers a viable solution to drastically decrease the time needed for PCR experiments. In this study, we utilize a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), operating as a microwave heater at around 3.75 GHz when combined with a microfluidic structure with a 5.4 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000l volume. The resulting device exhibits excellent temperature uniformity with high heating and cooling rates of 19 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C/s and 18.6 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C/s, respectively. Furthermore, model-based frequency-adaptive MW heating was investigated based on optimal heating frequency shift due to the temperature increase of the sample during MW heating, yielding 1.2 W lower applied power and an 8% higher heating efficiency when compared to fixed-frequency heating.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"238-244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current diagnostic techniques for visualizing bones rely on X-rays, which pose potential harm to both patients and surgical staff. Consequently, the demand for a portable imaging system offering high-resolution, radiation-free, and three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities has emerged. This paper introduces a 3D quantitative microwave imaging technique for visualizing musculoskeletal tissue, commonly employed in diagnostic medical imaging. The proposed imaging method is grounded in a set of contrast source (CS) electromagnetic (EM) modeling equations. Through Landweber inverse processing, the solution for the unknown object's electric susceptibility distribution in the modeling equations is derived. The reconstruction process efficiently and effectively generates a 3D image, composed of the object's electric susceptibility distribution. The efficacy of the proposed imaging technique and microwave imaging system is validated through numerical models with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous properties. Moreover, practical validation is performed using a complex multi-layer inhomogeneous phantom within an anechoic chamber. Finally, considering the medical significance of imaging the spine, particularly in cases of car accidents, the proposed Landweber inverse source imaging method and microwave imaging system are practically tested on the human back area, effectively demonstrating their capabilities in imaging musculoskeletal tissue.
目前的骨骼可视化诊断技术依赖于 X 射线，而 X 射线对病人和手术人员都可能造成伤害。因此，出现了对具有高分辨率、无辐射和三维（3D）成像功能的便携式成像系统的需求。本文介绍了一种三维定量微波成像技术，用于观察医学影像诊断中常用的肌肉骨骼组织。所提出的成像方法以一组对比源（CS）电磁（EM）建模方程为基础。通过 Landweber 逆处理，得出建模方程中未知物体电感应强度分布的解。重建过程能高效生成由物体电感应强度分布组成的三维图像。建议的成像技术和微波成像系统的功效通过同质和非同质属性的数值模型得到了验证。此外，还利用电波暗室中的复杂多层非均质模型进行了实际验证。最后，考虑到脊柱成像的医学意义，特别是在车祸情况下，对提出的兰德韦伯反源成像方法和微波成像系统进行了人体背部实际测试，有效证明了它们在肌肉骨骼组织成像方面的能力。
{"title":"A Planar-Array Based Ultra Wideband Microwave Imaging Approach for Musculoskeletal Visualization","authors":"Hui Zhang;Tony Bauer;Christoph Statz;Jens Goronzy;Kendra Henning;Dirk Plettemeier","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020","url":null,"abstract":"Current diagnostic techniques for visualizing bones rely on X-rays, which pose potential harm to both patients and surgical staff. Consequently, the demand for a portable imaging system offering high-resolution, radiation-free, and three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities has emerged. This paper introduces a 3D quantitative microwave imaging technique for visualizing musculoskeletal tissue, commonly employed in diagnostic medical imaging. The proposed imaging method is grounded in a set of contrast source (CS) electromagnetic (EM) modeling equations. Through Landweber inverse processing, the solution for the unknown object's electric susceptibility distribution in the modeling equations is derived. The reconstruction process efficiently and effectively generates a 3D image, composed of the object's electric susceptibility distribution. The efficacy of the proposed imaging technique and microwave imaging system is validated through numerical models with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous properties. Moreover, practical validation is performed using a complex multi-layer inhomogeneous phantom within an anechoic chamber. Finally, considering the medical significance of imaging the spine, particularly in cases of car accidents, the proposed Landweber inverse source imaging method and microwave imaging system are practically tested on the human back area, effectively demonstrating their capabilities in imaging musculoskeletal tissue.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"163-169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012
Anne Calvel;Alexia de Caro;Olivia Peytral-Rieu;Camille Gironde;Christophe Furger;David Dubuc;Katia Grenier;Marie-Pierre Rols
Among all the cancer treatments developed, electrochemotherapy has shown great promise in recent decades. This approach combines the local delivery of electric pulses with the administration of poorly-permeant cytotoxic agents. We aim to investigate the effects of electrochemotherapy treatments and predict their impacts on cell viability, especially at the earliest stage. We explore different approaches to evaluate cell viability, involving time periods from several days to few hours post treatment. Besides commonly-used approaches such as clonogenic and colorimetric assays, we investigate an innovative viability assay, the Light Up Cell System assay, and compare these methods. Even if the conducted viability assays demonstrate the interest of using electric fields to enhance the cytotoxic agent penetration into cells and potentiate their effects, our study demonstrates that the colorimetric and Light Up Cell System assays can predict the cell response to electrochemotherapy treatment as early as 2 hours post-treatment, whereas the gold standard for assessing cell viability, the clonogenic assay, necessitates 10 days of experimentation. Moreover, the Light Up Cell System assay seems particularly interesting, as it provides similar results to the well-established colorimetric technique while offering the advantages of maintaining cells alive and being suitable for the study of non-adherent cell lines.
近几十年来，在所有已开发的癌症治疗方法中，电化学疗法大有可为。这种方法将电脉冲的局部传递与渗透性较差的细胞毒剂的施用相结合。我们旨在研究电化学疗法的效果，并预测其对细胞活力的影响，尤其是在早期阶段。我们探索了不同的方法来评估细胞存活率，涉及的时间段从治疗后的几天到几小时不等。除了常用的克隆测定法和比色测定法，我们还研究了一种创新的活力测定法--Light Up 细胞系统测定法，并对这些方法进行了比较。我们的研究表明，比色法和 Light Up Cell System 检测法可在治疗后 2 小时内预测细胞对电化学疗法的反应，而评估细胞存活率的黄金标准--克隆检测法则需要 10 天的实验。此外，Light Up 细胞系统检测法似乎特别有趣，因为它能提供与成熟的比色法类似的结果，同时具有保持细胞活力和适合研究非粘附细胞系的优点。
{"title":"Analysis of In Vitro Cell Viability Approaches to Provide Early Efficacy Prediction of Electrochemotherapy Treatments","authors":"Anne Calvel;Alexia de Caro;Olivia Peytral-Rieu;Camille Gironde;Christophe Furger;David Dubuc;Katia Grenier;Marie-Pierre Rols","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012","url":null,"abstract":"Among all the cancer treatments developed, electrochemotherapy has shown great promise in recent decades. This approach combines the local delivery of electric pulses with the administration of poorly-permeant cytotoxic agents. We aim to investigate the effects of electrochemotherapy treatments and predict their impacts on cell viability, especially at the earliest stage. We explore different approaches to evaluate cell viability, involving time periods from several days to few hours post treatment. Besides commonly-used approaches such as clonogenic and colorimetric assays, we investigate an innovative viability assay, the Light Up Cell System assay, and compare these methods. Even if the conducted viability assays demonstrate the interest of using electric fields to enhance the cytotoxic agent penetration into cells and potentiate their effects, our study demonstrates that the colorimetric and Light Up Cell System assays can predict the cell response to electrochemotherapy treatment as early as 2 hours post-treatment, whereas the gold standard for assessing cell viability, the clonogenic assay, necessitates 10 days of experimentation. Moreover, the Light Up Cell System assay seems particularly interesting, as it provides similar results to the well-established colorimetric technique while offering the advantages of maintaining cells alive and being suitable for the study of non-adherent cell lines.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3378573
A. De Cillis;C. Merla;G. Monti;L. Tarricone;M. Zappatore
The adoption of high-frequency irreversible electroporation in various medical treatments is becoming increasingly prevalent. There is currently a special focus on its applications in oncology, offering new perspectives in terms of treatable tumor types and treatment effectiveness. A multitude of parameters can influence the efficiency and effectiveness of high-frequency irreversible electroporation procedures, with the selection of suitable electrodes and possible prediction of ablated area as interesting examples. In this paper, we demonstrate that machine-learning strategies, specifically neural networks, provide an appropriate approach for optimizing the choice of some electrode characteristics, and predicting the ablation area, this being quite useful in high-frequency electroporation applications in oncology. This possibility, in turn, may lead to superior results in high-frequency irreversible electroporation, and to a significant reduction of the time required for achieving them.
{"title":"High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation: Optimum Parameter Prediction via Machine-Learning","authors":"A. De Cillis;C. Merla;G. Monti;L. Tarricone;M. Zappatore","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3378573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3378573","url":null,"abstract":"The adoption of high-frequency irreversible electroporation in various medical treatments is becoming increasingly prevalent. There is currently a special focus on its applications in oncology, offering new perspectives in terms of treatable tumor types and treatment effectiveness. A multitude of parameters can influence the efficiency and effectiveness of high-frequency irreversible electroporation procedures, with the selection of suitable electrodes and possible prediction of ablated area as interesting examples. In this paper, we demonstrate that machine-learning strategies, specifically neural networks, provide an appropriate approach for optimizing the choice of some electrode characteristics, and predicting the ablation area, this being quite useful in high-frequency electroporation applications in oncology. This possibility, in turn, may lead to superior results in high-frequency irreversible electroporation, and to a significant reduction of the time required for achieving them.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"220-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3381333
Chen Xue;Guanglei Zhou;Alex M. H. Wong
A novel electromagnetic excitation method – the Huygens’ cylinder – is proposed to improve the B 1+ field homogeneity of the high-field (HF) and ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on the concept of the Huygens’ box, we calculate the currents on a cylindrical boundary that can synthesize an arbitrary electromagnetic wave inside the enclosed region. Specifically, we excite a right-handed circularly polarized (B 1+ ) travelling wave with high mode purity inside the Huygens’ cylinder coil. The simulated B 1+ field obtained from several 3T and 7T MR scenarios are reported and compared with birdcage coils. In the unloaded scenarios, the Huygens’ cylinder achieves superior B 1+ -field homogeneity over both the sagittal and axial plane compared to the birdcage coil for both 3T and 7T MRI. In the loaded scenarios, the Huygens’ cylinder achieves superior B 1+ -field homogeneity over the sagittal plane and comparable B 1+ -field homogeneity over the axial plane for both 3T and 7T MRI compared to the birdcage coil. Moreover, the 7T Huygens’ cylinder can generate a uniform field over a much larger region, enabling the imaging of a large part of the human body. The Huygens’ cylinder greatly improves the homogeneity of B 1+ field and is free from the dielectric resonance limitation suffered by conventional RF coils. It has strong potential as future RF coils in HF and UHF MR systems.
{"title":"Metasurface Approach to Generate Homogeneous B1+ Field for High-Field and Ultra-High-Field MRI","authors":"Chen Xue;Guanglei Zhou;Alex M. H. Wong","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3381333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3381333","url":null,"abstract":"A novel electromagnetic excitation method – the Huygens’ cylinder – is proposed to improve the B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000 field homogeneity of the high-field (HF) and ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on the concept of the Huygens’ box, we calculate the currents on a cylindrical boundary that can synthesize an arbitrary electromagnetic wave inside the enclosed region. Specifically, we excite a right-handed circularly polarized (B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000) travelling wave with high mode purity inside the Huygens’ cylinder coil. The simulated B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000 field obtained from several 3T and 7T MR scenarios are reported and compared with birdcage coils. In the unloaded scenarios, the Huygens’ cylinder achieves superior B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000-field homogeneity over both the sagittal and axial plane compared to the birdcage coil for both 3T and 7T MRI. In the loaded scenarios, the Huygens’ cylinder achieves superior B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000-field homogeneity over the sagittal plane and comparable B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000-field homogeneity over the axial plane for both 3T and 7T MRI compared to the birdcage coil. Moreover, the 7T Huygens’ cylinder can generate a uniform field over a much larger region, enabling the imaging of a large part of the human body. The Huygens’ cylinder greatly improves the homogeneity of B\u0000<sub>1</sub>\u0000<sup>+</sup>\u0000 field and is free from the dielectric resonance limitation suffered by conventional RF coils. It has strong potential as future RF coils in HF and UHF MR systems.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"155-162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3379747
Jordan Krenkevich;Gabrielle Fontaine;Evelyne Hluszok;Tyson Reimer;Stephen Pistorius
Breast phantoms are required to test and evaluate microwave breast imaging systems before clinical applications. Shell-based breast phantoms are versatile, reproducible, low-cost, stable, and capable of mimicking the morphology and dielectric properties of the breast. In past work, 3D-printable plastics have been used to fabricate the shells in these phantoms, but the low permittivity plastics limit the dielectric accuracy of the phantoms. Furthermore, the liquids in these shell-based phantoms are prone to air bubbles, which may introduce undesirable microwave scattering. This work examines new tissue-mimicking materials to address these challenges. Low-permittivity 3D-printed plastic filament was replaced with a graphite, carbon-black, and resin mixture to mimic skin properties within the 0.4–9.0 GHz range. Glycerin and Triton X-100 were replaced by diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE) solutions to mimic the properties of adipose and fibroglandular tissue. The resin-based material more closely modelled the properties of ex vivo tissue samples than 3D-printed plastics. The DGBE solutions had improved dielectric properties compared to the glycerin and Triton X-100 solutions. The DGBE solutions are advantageous compared to glycerin and Triton X-100 solutions due to their lower viscosity, decreased susceptibility to air bubble formation, improved short-term stability, temperature stability, and enhanced long-term stability, facilitating the reusability of these materials. The materials investigated in this work can be used to produce more dielectrically accurate breast phantoms with improved stability and experimental utility for microwave breast imaging.
{"title":"Tissue Mimicking Materials for Shell-Based Phantoms in Breast Microwave Sensing","authors":"Jordan Krenkevich;Gabrielle Fontaine;Evelyne Hluszok;Tyson Reimer;Stephen Pistorius","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3379747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3379747","url":null,"abstract":"Breast phantoms are required to test and evaluate microwave breast imaging systems before clinical applications. Shell-based breast phantoms are versatile, reproducible, low-cost, stable, and capable of mimicking the morphology and dielectric properties of the breast. In past work, 3D-printable plastics have been used to fabricate the shells in these phantoms, but the low permittivity plastics limit the dielectric accuracy of the phantoms. Furthermore, the liquids in these shell-based phantoms are prone to air bubbles, which may introduce undesirable microwave scattering. This work examines new tissue-mimicking materials to address these challenges. Low-permittivity 3D-printed plastic filament was replaced with a graphite, carbon-black, and resin mixture to mimic skin properties within the 0.4–9.0 GHz range. Glycerin and Triton X-100 were replaced by diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE) solutions to mimic the properties of adipose and fibroglandular tissue. The resin-based material more closely modelled the properties of ex vivo tissue samples than 3D-printed plastics. The DGBE solutions had improved dielectric properties compared to the glycerin and Triton X-100 solutions. The DGBE solutions are advantageous compared to glycerin and Triton X-100 solutions due to their lower viscosity, decreased susceptibility to air bubble formation, improved short-term stability, temperature stability, and enhanced long-term stability, facilitating the reusability of these materials. The materials investigated in this work can be used to produce more dielectrically accurate breast phantoms with improved stability and experimental utility for microwave breast imaging.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"213-219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3402985
Prakrati Azad;Ankita Kumari;M. Jaleel Akhtar
Blood cholesterol and triglycerides are vital indicators of heart functioning, as their abnormal values can cause atherosclerosis resulting into conditions like hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, etc. Conventional enzyme-based spectroscopy employed in pathological laboratories necessitate complicated steps involving several extra-pure reagents, expensive instruments, and highly skilled professionals. In this work, a novel RF biosensor with high quality factor (Q) and improved sensitivity is proposed for detection of various solutes such as glucose, electrolytes, lipid profile etc., in human blood. The proposed RF sensor is based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology to acquire an enhanced Q of 390. The sensitivity of the proposed biosensor for estimation of Triglycerides mixture (TM) in blood serum is substantially enhanced using the Lipase enzyme as a bioreceptor. Various parameters of the proposed RF SIW sensor structure are optimized using the CST-MWS software, and the designed sensor is fabricated on 1.6 mm thick Taconic (TLY-5) substrate using the photolithography technique. The fabricated RF biosensor is tested using the network analyzer to monitor the transmission coefficient in the S-band frequency range, which provides an enhanced sensitivity of 0.554 MHz/mg.dL −1 for triglyceride levels in blood serum. The proposed RF biosensor with Lipase as a bioreceptor is able to detect the triglyceride concentrations of 150 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL (i.e., healthy, and border-line triglyceride limits) in blood serum, which makes it ideally suited for estimation of various solutes in the blood plasma.
{"title":"Lipase Assisted Improved RF Biosensor for Triglycerides Level Detection in Blood Serum","authors":"Prakrati Azad;Ankita Kumari;M. Jaleel Akhtar","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3402985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3402985","url":null,"abstract":"Blood cholesterol and triglycerides are vital indicators of heart functioning, as their abnormal values can cause atherosclerosis resulting into conditions like hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, etc. Conventional enzyme-based spectroscopy employed in pathological laboratories necessitate complicated steps involving several extra-pure reagents, expensive instruments, and highly skilled professionals. In this work, a novel RF biosensor with high quality factor (Q) and improved sensitivity is proposed for detection of various solutes such as glucose, electrolytes, lipid profile etc., in human blood. The proposed RF sensor is based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology to acquire an enhanced Q of 390. The sensitivity of the proposed biosensor for estimation of Triglycerides mixture (TM) in blood serum is substantially enhanced using the Lipase enzyme as a bioreceptor. Various parameters of the proposed RF SIW sensor structure are optimized using the CST-MWS software, and the designed sensor is fabricated on 1.6 mm thick Taconic (TLY-5) substrate using the photolithography technique. The fabricated RF biosensor is tested using the network analyzer to monitor the transmission coefficient in the S-band frequency range, which provides an enhanced sensitivity of 0.554 MHz/mg.dL\u0000<sup>−1</sup>\u0000 for triglyceride levels in blood serum. The proposed RF biosensor with Lipase as a bioreceptor is able to detect the triglyceride concentrations of 150 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL (i.e., healthy, and border-line triglyceride limits) in blood serum, which makes it ideally suited for estimation of various solutes in the blood plasma.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 3","pages":"265-272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3374090
Md. Abdul Awal;Syed Akbar Raza Naqvi;Damien Foong;Amin Abbosh
The dielectric properties of normal and cancerous skin vary with frequency due to changes in water content and tissue composition. Developing a reliable microwave system for skin cancer detection requires accurate characterization of that change in the dielectric properties. A possible choice is the Cole-Cole model, which can accurately fit the measured dielectric data for tissues. However, fitting the non-linear Cole-Cole model parameters with the measured data requires a sophisticated optimization algorithm. This study proposes an adaptive weighted vector means optimization algorithm, which employs adaptive initialization, logarithmic spaces, and enhanced local search mechanism, resulting in improved accuracy with fewer iterations. The algorithm is evaluated using dielectric data from healthy skin, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma and is found to outperform other relevant algorithms. One of the salient features of this study is that a set of clinical melanoma dielectric data is acquired, analyzed, and physically interpreted in terms of relaxation frequency and dispersion across 0.3 GHz to 14 GHz. It is found that melanoma closely follows the second-order Debye model, which is a special case for the second-order Cole-Cole model with a zero-valued dispersion broadening parameter. Although melanoma data is obtained from one lesion because of the low incidence rate, the research findings will contribute to a better understanding skin cancer at microwave frequencies. A triangular plot, which shows model fitness accuracy and the number of iterations, is presented to summarize the advantages of the algorithm.
{"title":"Adaptive Weighted Vector Means Optimization for Healthy and Malignant Skin Modeling at Microwave Frequencies Using Clinical Data","authors":"Md. Abdul Awal;Syed Akbar Raza Naqvi;Damien Foong;Amin Abbosh","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3374090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3374090","url":null,"abstract":"The dielectric properties of normal and cancerous skin vary with frequency due to changes in water content and tissue composition. Developing a reliable microwave system for skin cancer detection requires accurate characterization of that change in the dielectric properties. A possible choice is the Cole-Cole model, which can accurately fit the measured dielectric data for tissues. However, fitting the non-linear Cole-Cole model parameters with the measured data requires a sophisticated optimization algorithm. This study proposes an adaptive weighted vector means optimization algorithm, which employs adaptive initialization, logarithmic spaces, and enhanced local search mechanism, resulting in improved accuracy with fewer iterations. The algorithm is evaluated using dielectric data from healthy skin, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma and is found to outperform other relevant algorithms. One of the salient features of this study is that a set of clinical melanoma dielectric data is acquired, analyzed, and physically interpreted in terms of relaxation frequency and dispersion across 0.3 GHz to 14 GHz. It is found that melanoma closely follows the second-order Debye model, which is a special case for the second-order Cole-Cole model with a zero-valued dispersion broadening parameter. Although melanoma data is obtained from one lesion because of the low incidence rate, the research findings will contribute to a better understanding skin cancer at microwave frequencies. A triangular plot, which shows model fitness accuracy and the number of iterations, is presented to summarize the advantages of the algorithm.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"170-181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3400471
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3400471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3400471","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10536633","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3379771
Neelima Dahal;Jeffrey A. Osterberg;Benjamin Braun;Tom P. Caldwell;Ralu Divan;Sarah W. Harcum;Pingshan Wang
In the above-titled paper (DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2022.3201698) [1], Fig. 3 has one incorrect legend; C. albicans Non-Viable 22 Hours should be C. albicans Viable 22 Hours. Fig. 3 with correct legend is included in this correction. The description in Section III sub-section A clearly explains that microwave properties for viable cells remain unchanged after up to 24 hours. Both the data sets plotted in Fig. 3 are for viable cells measured at different points in time. The only mistake is in the legend name, and the original data and description presented in the paper are correct.
在上述论文（DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2022.3201698）[1]中，图 3 有一处图例不正确；白僵菌无活力 22 小时应为白僵菌有活力 22 小时。本更正包含图 3 及正确图例。第 III 部分 A 小节的说明清楚地解释了存活细胞的微波特性在 24 小时后仍保持不变。图 3 中绘制的两组数据都是在不同时间点测量的存活细胞。唯一的错误在于图例名称，论文中的原始数据和描述是正确的。
{"title":"Corrections to “Spectroscopic Analysis of Candida Species, Viability, and Antifungal Drug Effects with a Microwave Flow Cytometer”","authors":"Neelima Dahal;Jeffrey A. Osterberg;Benjamin Braun;Tom P. Caldwell;Ralu Divan;Sarah W. Harcum;Pingshan Wang","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3379771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3379771","url":null,"abstract":"In the above-titled paper (DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2022.3201698) [1], Fig. 3 has one incorrect legend; C. albicans Non-Viable 22 Hours should be C. albicans Viable 22 Hours. Fig. 3 with correct legend is included in this correction. The description in Section III sub-section A clearly explains that microwave properties for viable cells remain unchanged after up to 24 hours. Both the data sets plotted in Fig. 3 are for viable cells measured at different points in time. The only mistake is in the legend name, and the original data and description presented in the paper are correct.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 2","pages":"198-198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10536693","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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