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Model-Based Frequency Adaptive Microwave Heating for PCR Applications 用于 PCR 应用的基于模型的频率自适应微波加热技术
IF 3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3383225
Matko Martinic;Dominique Schreurs;Tomislav Markovic;Bart Nauwelaers
With widespread applications in a variety of disciplines, mainly biology and medicine, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology has established itself as one of the most significant discoveries of the last 100 years. However, the primary drawback of commercially available PCR instruments is their slow thermal cycling. On the other hand, rapid and efficient microwave (MW) heating offers a viable solution to drastically decrease the time needed for PCR experiments. In this study, we utilize a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), operating as a microwave heater at around 3.75 GHz when combined with a microfluidic structure with a 5.4 $mu$l volume. The resulting device exhibits excellent temperature uniformity with high heating and cooling rates of 19 $^circ$C/s and 18.6 $^circ$C/s, respectively. Furthermore, model-based frequency-adaptive MW heating was investigated based on optimal heating frequency shift due to the temperature increase of the sample during MW heating, yielding 1.2 W lower applied power and an 8% higher heating efficiency when compared to fixed-frequency heating.
聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术广泛应用于各种学科,主要是生物学和医学,已成为过去 100 年中最重要的发现之一。然而,市售 PCR 仪器的主要缺点是热循环速度慢。另一方面,快速高效的微波(MW)加热为大幅缩短 PCR 实验所需时间提供了可行的解决方案。在这项研究中,我们采用了互补分环谐振器(CSRR),将其与容积为 5.4 美元/毫升的微流体结构相结合,用作频率约为 3.75 GHz 的微波加热器。由此产生的装置具有极佳的温度均匀性,加热和冷却速率分别高达 19 美元/秒和 18.6 美元/秒。此外,还研究了基于模型的频率自适应兆瓦加热,其基础是在兆瓦加热过程中由于样品温度升高而产生的最佳加热频率偏移,与固定频率加热相比,应用功率降低了 1.2 W,加热效率提高了 8%。
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引用次数: 0
A Planar-Array Based Ultra Wideband Microwave Imaging Approach for Musculoskeletal Visualization 用于肌肉骨骼可视化的基于平面阵列的超宽带微波成像方法
IF 3.2 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3384020
Hui Zhang;Tony Bauer;Christoph Statz;Jens Goronzy;Kendra Henning;Dirk Plettemeier
Current diagnostic techniques for visualizing bones rely on X-rays, which pose potential harm to both patients and surgical staff. Consequently, the demand for a portable imaging system offering high-resolution, radiation-free, and three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities has emerged. This paper introduces a 3D quantitative microwave imaging technique for visualizing musculoskeletal tissue, commonly employed in diagnostic medical imaging. The proposed imaging method is grounded in a set of contrast source (CS) electromagnetic (EM) modeling equations. Through Landweber inverse processing, the solution for the unknown object's electric susceptibility distribution in the modeling equations is derived. The reconstruction process efficiently and effectively generates a 3D image, composed of the object's electric susceptibility distribution. The efficacy of the proposed imaging technique and microwave imaging system is validated through numerical models with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous properties. Moreover, practical validation is performed using a complex multi-layer inhomogeneous phantom within an anechoic chamber. Finally, considering the medical significance of imaging the spine, particularly in cases of car accidents, the proposed Landweber inverse source imaging method and microwave imaging system are practically tested on the human back area, effectively demonstrating their capabilities in imaging musculoskeletal tissue.
目前的骨骼可视化诊断技术依赖于 X 射线,而 X 射线对病人和手术人员都可能造成伤害。因此,出现了对具有高分辨率、无辐射和三维(3D)成像功能的便携式成像系统的需求。本文介绍了一种三维定量微波成像技术,用于观察医学影像诊断中常用的肌肉骨骼组织。所提出的成像方法以一组对比源(CS)电磁(EM)建模方程为基础。通过 Landweber 逆处理,得出建模方程中未知物体电感应强度分布的解。重建过程能高效生成由物体电感应强度分布组成的三维图像。建议的成像技术和微波成像系统的功效通过同质和非同质属性的数值模型得到了验证。此外,还利用电波暗室中的复杂多层非均质模型进行了实际验证。最后,考虑到脊柱成像的医学意义,特别是在车祸情况下,对提出的兰德韦伯反源成像方法和微波成像系统进行了人体背部实际测试,有效证明了它们在肌肉骨骼组织成像方面的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of In Vitro Cell Viability Approaches to Provide Early Efficacy Prediction of Electrochemotherapy Treatments 分析体外细胞活力法,为电化学疗法提供早期疗效预测
IF 3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3379012
Anne Calvel;Alexia de Caro;Olivia Peytral-Rieu;Camille Gironde;Christophe Furger;David Dubuc;Katia Grenier;Marie-Pierre Rols
Among all the cancer treatments developed, electrochemotherapy has shown great promise in recent decades. This approach combines the local delivery of electric pulses with the administration of poorly-permeant cytotoxic agents. We aim to investigate the effects of electrochemotherapy treatments and predict their impacts on cell viability, especially at the earliest stage. We explore different approaches to evaluate cell viability, involving time periods from several days to few hours post treatment. Besides commonly-used approaches such as clonogenic and colorimetric assays, we investigate an innovative viability assay, the Light Up Cell System assay, and compare these methods. Even if the conducted viability assays demonstrate the interest of using electric fields to enhance the cytotoxic agent penetration into cells and potentiate their effects, our study demonstrates that the colorimetric and Light Up Cell System assays can predict the cell response to electrochemotherapy treatment as early as 2 hours post-treatment, whereas the gold standard for assessing cell viability, the clonogenic assay, necessitates 10 days of experimentation. Moreover, the Light Up Cell System assay seems particularly interesting, as it provides similar results to the well-established colorimetric technique while offering the advantages of maintaining cells alive and being suitable for the study of non-adherent cell lines.
近几十年来,在所有已开发的癌症治疗方法中,电化学疗法大有可为。这种方法将电脉冲的局部传递与渗透性较差的细胞毒剂的施用相结合。我们旨在研究电化学疗法的效果,并预测其对细胞活力的影响,尤其是在早期阶段。我们探索了不同的方法来评估细胞存活率,涉及的时间段从治疗后的几天到几小时不等。除了常用的克隆测定法和比色测定法,我们还研究了一种创新的活力测定法--Light Up 细胞系统测定法,并对这些方法进行了比较。我们的研究表明,比色法和 Light Up Cell System 检测法可在治疗后 2 小时内预测细胞对电化学疗法的反应,而评估细胞存活率的黄金标准--克隆检测法则需要 10 天的实验。此外,Light Up 细胞系统检测法似乎特别有趣,因为它能提供与成熟的比色法类似的结果,同时具有保持细胞活力和适合研究非粘附细胞系的优点。
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引用次数: 0
High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation: Optimum Parameter Prediction via Machine-Learning 高频不可逆电穿孔:通过机器学习进行最佳参数预测
IF 3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3378573
A. De Cillis;C. Merla;G. Monti;L. Tarricone;M. Zappatore
The adoption of high-frequency irreversible electroporation in various medical treatments is becoming increasingly prevalent. There is currently a special focus on its applications in oncology, offering new perspectives in terms of treatable tumor types and treatment effectiveness. A multitude of parameters can influence the efficiency and effectiveness of high-frequency irreversible electroporation procedures, with the selection of suitable electrodes and possible prediction of ablated area as interesting examples. In this paper, we demonstrate that machine-learning strategies, specifically neural networks, provide an appropriate approach for optimizing the choice of some electrode characteristics, and predicting the ablation area, this being quite useful in high-frequency electroporation applications in oncology. This possibility, in turn, may lead to superior results in high-frequency irreversible electroporation, and to a significant reduction of the time required for achieving them.
在各种医学治疗中采用高频不可逆电穿孔技术正变得越来越普遍。目前,高频不可逆电穿孔在肿瘤学中的应用受到特别关注,这为可治疗的肿瘤类型和治疗效果提供了新的视角。许多参数都会影响高频不可逆电穿孔手术的效率和效果,选择合适的电极和预测消融面积就是有趣的例子。在本文中,我们展示了机器学习策略,特别是神经网络,为优化选择某些电极特性和预测消融面积提供了一种合适的方法,这在肿瘤学的高频电穿孔应用中非常有用。反过来,这种可能性可能会导致高频不可逆电穿孔取得更好的效果,并显著缩短实现这些效果所需的时间。
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引用次数: 0
Metasurface Approach to Generate Homogeneous B1+ Field for High-Field and Ultra-High-Field MRI 为高场和超高场磁共振成像生成均匀 B1+ 场的元表面方法
IF 3.2 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3381333
Chen Xue;Guanglei Zhou;Alex M. H. Wong
A novel electromagnetic excitation method – the Huygens’ cylinder – is proposed to improve the B1+ field homogeneity of the high-field (HF) and ultra-high field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on the concept of the Huygens’ box, we calculate the currents on a cylindrical boundary that can synthesize an arbitrary electromagnetic wave inside the enclosed region. Specifically, we excite a right-handed circularly polarized (B1+) travelling wave with high mode purity inside the Huygens’ cylinder coil. The simulated B1+ field obtained from several 3T and 7T MR scenarios are reported and compared with birdcage coils. In the unloaded scenarios, the Huygens’ cylinder achieves superior B1+-field homogeneity over both the sagittal and axial plane compared to the birdcage coil for both 3T and 7T MRI. In the loaded scenarios, the Huygens’ cylinder achieves superior B1+-field homogeneity over the sagittal plane and comparable B1+-field homogeneity over the axial plane for both 3T and 7T MRI compared to the birdcage coil. Moreover, the 7T Huygens’ cylinder can generate a uniform field over a much larger region, enabling the imaging of a large part of the human body. The Huygens’ cylinder greatly improves the homogeneity of B1+ field and is free from the dielectric resonance limitation suffered by conventional RF coils. It has strong potential as future RF coils in HF and UHF MR systems.
为了改善高场(HF)和超高场(UHF)磁共振成像(MRI)的 B1+ 场均匀性,我们提出了一种新型电磁激励方法--惠更斯圆柱体。基于惠更斯盒的概念,我们计算了圆柱边界上的电流,该边界可在封闭区域内合成任意电磁波。具体来说,我们在惠更斯圆柱线圈内激发了一个具有高模式纯度的右旋圆极化(B1+)行波。报告了在几种 3T 和 7T 磁共振情况下获得的模拟 B1+ 场,并与鸟笼线圈进行了比较。在未加载的情况下,惠更斯圆柱体在 3T 和 7T 磁共振成像中的矢状面和轴面上的 B1+ 场均匀性均优于鸟笼线圈。在加载情况下,惠更斯圆柱体与鸟笼线圈相比,在 3T 和 7T 磁共振成像中,矢状面上的 B1+ 场均匀性更优,轴面上的 B1+ 场均匀性相当。此外,7T 惠更斯圆柱体能在更大的区域内产生均匀场,从而实现人体大部分区域的成像。惠更斯圆柱体大大提高了 B1+ 场的均匀性,摆脱了传统射频线圈的介电共振限制。它极有可能成为未来高频和超高频磁共振系统的射频线圈。
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引用次数: 0
Tissue Mimicking Materials for Shell-Based Phantoms in Breast Microwave Sensing 用于乳腺微波传感壳基模型的组织模拟材料
IF 3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3379747
Jordan Krenkevich;Gabrielle Fontaine;Evelyne Hluszok;Tyson Reimer;Stephen Pistorius
Breast phantoms are required to test and evaluate microwave breast imaging systems before clinical applications. Shell-based breast phantoms are versatile, reproducible, low-cost, stable, and capable of mimicking the morphology and dielectric properties of the breast. In past work, 3D-printable plastics have been used to fabricate the shells in these phantoms, but the low permittivity plastics limit the dielectric accuracy of the phantoms. Furthermore, the liquids in these shell-based phantoms are prone to air bubbles, which may introduce undesirable microwave scattering. This work examines new tissue-mimicking materials to address these challenges. Low-permittivity 3D-printed plastic filament was replaced with a graphite, carbon-black, and resin mixture to mimic skin properties within the 0.4–9.0 GHz range. Glycerin and Triton X-100 were replaced by diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE) solutions to mimic the properties of adipose and fibroglandular tissue. The resin-based material more closely modelled the properties of ex vivo tissue samples than 3D-printed plastics. The DGBE solutions had improved dielectric properties compared to the glycerin and Triton X-100 solutions. The DGBE solutions are advantageous compared to glycerin and Triton X-100 solutions due to their lower viscosity, decreased susceptibility to air bubble formation, improved short-term stability, temperature stability, and enhanced long-term stability, facilitating the reusability of these materials. The materials investigated in this work can be used to produce more dielectrically accurate breast phantoms with improved stability and experimental utility for microwave breast imaging.
在临床应用之前,需要用乳房模型来测试和评估微波乳房成像系统。基于壳体的乳房模型用途广泛、可重现性好、成本低、稳定性高,并且能够模拟乳房的形态和介电特性。在过去的工作中,这些模型的外壳是用三维可打印塑料制造的,但低介电常数塑料限制了模型的介电精度。此外,这些基于外壳的模型中的液体容易产生气泡,可能会带来不良的微波散射。这项工作研究了新的组织仿真材料,以应对这些挑战。在 0.4-9.0 GHz 范围内,用石墨、碳黑和树脂混合物取代了低容性 3D 打印塑料丝,以模拟皮肤特性。甘油和 Triton X-100 被二甘醇丁醚 (DGBE) 溶液取代,以模拟脂肪组织和纤维腺组织的特性。与三维打印塑料相比,树脂基材料更接近于模拟活体组织样本的特性。与甘油和 Triton X-100 溶液相比,DGBE 溶液具有更好的介电性能。与甘油和 Triton X-100 溶液相比,DGBE 溶液具有粘度低、不易产生气泡、短期稳定性和温度稳定性更好以及长期稳定性更强等优点,有利于这些材料的重复使用。这项工作中研究的材料可用于制作介电精确度更高的乳房模型,其稳定性和微波乳房成像的实验实用性都有所提高。
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引用次数: 0
Lipase Assisted Improved RF Biosensor for Triglycerides Level Detection in Blood Serum 用于检测血清中甘油三酯含量的脂肪酶辅助改进型射频生物传感器
IF 3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3402985
Prakrati Azad;Ankita Kumari;M. Jaleel Akhtar
Blood cholesterol and triglycerides are vital indicators of heart functioning, as their abnormal values can cause atherosclerosis resulting into conditions like hypertension, cerebrovascular accident, etc. Conventional enzyme-based spectroscopy employed in pathological laboratories necessitate complicated steps involving several extra-pure reagents, expensive instruments, and highly skilled professionals. In this work, a novel RF biosensor with high quality factor (Q) and improved sensitivity is proposed for detection of various solutes such as glucose, electrolytes, lipid profile etc., in human blood. The proposed RF sensor is based on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology to acquire an enhanced Q of 390. The sensitivity of the proposed biosensor for estimation of Triglycerides mixture (TM) in blood serum is substantially enhanced using the Lipase enzyme as a bioreceptor. Various parameters of the proposed RF SIW sensor structure are optimized using the CST-MWS software, and the designed sensor is fabricated on 1.6 mm thick Taconic (TLY-5) substrate using the photolithography technique. The fabricated RF biosensor is tested using the network analyzer to monitor the transmission coefficient in the S-band frequency range, which provides an enhanced sensitivity of 0.554 MHz/mg.dL−1 for triglyceride levels in blood serum. The proposed RF biosensor with Lipase as a bioreceptor is able to detect the triglyceride concentrations of 150 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL (i.e., healthy, and border-line triglyceride limits) in blood serum, which makes it ideally suited for estimation of various solutes in the blood plasma.
血液中的胆固醇和甘油三酯是心脏功能的重要指标,因为它们的异常值会引起动脉粥样硬化,导致高血压、脑血管意外等病症。病理实验室使用的传统酶联光谱法步骤复杂,需要使用多种超纯试剂、昂贵的仪器和技术精湛的专业人员。本研究提出了一种新型射频生物传感器,它具有高品质因数(Q)和更高的灵敏度,可用于检测人体血液中的各种溶质,如葡萄糖、电解质、脂质等。拟议的射频传感器基于基底集成波导(SIW)技术,可获得 390 的增强 Q 值。利用脂肪酶作为生物受体,大大提高了拟议生物传感器估算血清中甘油三酯混合物(TM)的灵敏度。使用 CST-MWS 软件优化了拟议的射频 SIW 传感器结构的各种参数,并使用光刻技术在 1.6 毫米厚的 Taconic (TLY-5) 基板上制作了所设计的传感器。使用网络分析仪对制作的射频生物传感器进行了测试,以监测 S 波段频率范围内的传输系数,结果表明该传感器对血清中甘油三酯水平的灵敏度提高到了 0.554 MHz/mg.dL-1。以脂肪酶为生物受体的拟议射频生物传感器能够检测血清中 150 毫克/分升和 200 毫克/分升的甘油三酯浓度(即健康和边界甘油三酯限值),因此非常适合用于估算血浆中的各种溶质。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive Weighted Vector Means Optimization for Healthy and Malignant Skin Modeling at Microwave Frequencies Using Clinical Data 利用临床数据对微波频率下健康和恶性皮肤模型进行自适应加权矢量均值优化
IF 3.2 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3374090
Md. Abdul Awal;Syed Akbar Raza Naqvi;Damien Foong;Amin Abbosh
The dielectric properties of normal and cancerous skin vary with frequency due to changes in water content and tissue composition. Developing a reliable microwave system for skin cancer detection requires accurate characterization of that change in the dielectric properties. A possible choice is the Cole-Cole model, which can accurately fit the measured dielectric data for tissues. However, fitting the non-linear Cole-Cole model parameters with the measured data requires a sophisticated optimization algorithm. This study proposes an adaptive weighted vector means optimization algorithm, which employs adaptive initialization, logarithmic spaces, and enhanced local search mechanism, resulting in improved accuracy with fewer iterations. The algorithm is evaluated using dielectric data from healthy skin, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma and is found to outperform other relevant algorithms. One of the salient features of this study is that a set of clinical melanoma dielectric data is acquired, analyzed, and physically interpreted in terms of relaxation frequency and dispersion across 0.3 GHz to 14 GHz. It is found that melanoma closely follows the second-order Debye model, which is a special case for the second-order Cole-Cole model with a zero-valued dispersion broadening parameter. Although melanoma data is obtained from one lesion because of the low incidence rate, the research findings will contribute to a better understanding skin cancer at microwave frequencies. A triangular plot, which shows model fitness accuracy and the number of iterations, is presented to summarize the advantages of the algorithm.
由于含水量和组织成分的变化,正常皮肤和癌症皮肤的介电特性会随频率变化。要开发可靠的皮肤癌检测微波系统,就必须准确描述介电特性的这种变化。一种可能的选择是科尔-科尔模型,它能准确拟合组织的测量介电数据。然而,将非线性 Cole-Cole 模型参数与测量数据拟合需要复杂的优化算法。本研究提出了一种自适应加权向量手段优化算法,该算法采用了自适应初始化、对数空间和增强的局部搜索机制,从而以较少的迭代次数提高了精度。利用健康皮肤、基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌和黑色素瘤的介电数据对该算法进行了评估,发现其性能优于其他相关算法。本研究的一个显著特点是获取、分析了一组临床黑色素瘤介电数据,并根据 0.3 GHz 至 14 GHz 的弛豫频率和色散进行了物理解释。研究发现,黑色素瘤密切遵循二阶 Debye 模型,该模型是二阶 Cole-Cole 模型的特例,其色散展宽参数为零值。虽然由于发病率低,黑色素瘤的数据是从一个病变中获得的,但研究结果将有助于更好地理解微波频率下的皮肤癌。三角形图显示了模型拟合精度和迭代次数,总结了该算法的优势。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology 出版信息
IF 3.2 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3400471
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引用次数: 0
Corrections to “Spectroscopic Analysis of Candida Species, Viability, and Antifungal Drug Effects with a Microwave Flow Cytometer” 对 "利用微波流式细胞仪对念珠菌种类、活力和抗真菌药物效果进行光谱分析 "的更正
IF 3.2 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3379771
Neelima Dahal;Jeffrey A. Osterberg;Benjamin Braun;Tom P. Caldwell;Ralu Divan;Sarah W. Harcum;Pingshan Wang
In the above-titled paper (DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2022.3201698) [1], Fig. 3 has one incorrect legend; C. albicans Non-Viable 22 Hours should be C. albicans Viable 22 Hours. Fig. 3 with correct legend is included in this correction. The description in Section III sub-section A clearly explains that microwave properties for viable cells remain unchanged after up to 24 hours. Both the data sets plotted in Fig. 3 are for viable cells measured at different points in time. The only mistake is in the legend name, and the original data and description presented in the paper are correct.
在上述论文(DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2022.3201698)[1]中,图 3 有一处图例不正确;白僵菌无活力 22 小时应为白僵菌有活力 22 小时。本更正包含图 3 及正确图例。第 III 部分 A 小节的说明清楚地解释了存活细胞的微波特性在 24 小时后仍保持不变。图 3 中绘制的两组数据都是在不同时间点测量的存活细胞。唯一的错误在于图例名称,论文中的原始数据和描述是正确的。
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引用次数: 0
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IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology
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