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The Influence of Intrinsic Water and Ion Permeation on the Dielectric Properties of Parylene C Films 本征水和离子渗透对聚对二甲苯C薄膜介电性能的影响
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3285049
Jacob T. Pawlik;Nikolas D. Barrera;Eugene J. Yoon;James C. Booth;Christian J. Long;Nathan D. Orloff;Ellis Meng;Angela C. Stelson
Parylene C is a widely used dielectric barrier in implantable medical devices because it conforms well to surfaces and insulates against biological environments. However, multiple studies have shown that moisture can intrude into Parylene C films through defects and intrinsic diffusion, leading to delamination and device failure. While many studies have tested device integrity in vitro, few have isolated the influence of specific degradation mechanisms on device failure. Here, we use a broadband impedance technique called Microwave Microfluidic Spectroscopy (MMS) to measure fluid permeation in targeted regions of Parylene C films that are free of defects and have optimal adhesion to the substrate. We found no changes in the broadband S-parameters from 100 MHz–110 GHz for Parylene C coated coplanar waveguides soaked in water or phosphate buffered saline at 20 °C or 37 °C for two months. Furthermore, there was no delamination induced by fluid soaking. Our study helps to clear debate about the influence of water and ion diffusion on Parylene C device lifetime and inform better fabrication of Parylene C coatings for implantable devices.
聚对二甲苯C是一种广泛应用于植入式医疗器械的介电屏障,因为它与表面很好地吻合,并且与生物环境绝缘。然而,多项研究表明,水分可以通过缺陷和本征扩散侵入聚对二甲苯薄膜,导致分层和器件失效。虽然许多研究在体外测试了设备的完整性,但很少有研究分离出特定降解机制对设备故障的影响。在这里,我们使用一种称为微波微流体光谱(MMS)的宽带阻抗技术来测量无缺陷且与衬底具有最佳粘附性的聚对二甲苯薄膜目标区域的流体渗透率。我们发现,在20°C或37°C的水或磷酸盐缓冲盐水中浸泡两个月的聚对二甲苯涂层共面波导的宽带s参数在100 MHz-110 GHz范围内没有变化。此外,液体浸泡没有引起分层。我们的研究有助于澄清关于水和离子扩散对聚对二甲苯器件寿命影响的争论,并为更好地制造用于植入器件的聚对二甲苯涂层提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
An Efficient Circuit for Pulsed Magnetic Neural Stimulation 一种有效的脉冲磁神经刺激电路
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3289155
Peter M. Asbeck;Sravya Alluri;Vincent Leung;Shaghayegh Abbasi;Milan T. Makale
Pulse stimulation of peripheral nerves (PNS) is extensively used in the diagnosis of nerve abnormalities and can be applied for pain mitigation and to promote nerve regrowth. Nerve stimulation via magnetic pulses can provide advantages over conventional electrical stimulation; it obviates the need for electrode contact with the skin and is typically less painful. This work contributes to the development of compact and portable systems for magnetic PNS (M-PNS). To date, M-PNS has largely employed pulse generation systems developed for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). A new circuit is demonstrated to generate pulsed magnetic fields that increases induced electric (E) field intensities over those attainable in conventional rTMS systems. The resultant E-field has a shortened duration. The required external voltage input is below 300 V. A compact circuit implementation produced peak E-fields of 280 V/m at 1.5 cm distance from the magnetic coil, in 23 μs pulses (while 70-280 μs pulses are typically used for rTMS). Although threshold E fields for neural excitation increase with shorter pulse widths, neural excitation is demonstrated in human subjects via ulnar nerve stimulation and electromyography. This circuit technique may facilitate greater feasibility and flexibility in the design of miniaturized and portable PNS medical devices.
外周神经脉冲刺激(PNS)广泛用于神经异常的诊断,可用于减轻疼痛和促进神经再生。通过磁脉冲的神经刺激可以提供优于传统电刺激的优点;它消除了电极与皮肤接触的需要,并且通常不那么痛苦。这项工作有助于开发用于磁性PNS(M-PNS)的紧凑和便携式系统。到目前为止,M-PNS在很大程度上采用了为重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)开发的脉冲产生系统。一种新的电路被证明可以产生脉冲磁场,该脉冲磁场比传统rTMS系统中可获得的感应电场强度增加。由此产生的E字段具有缩短的持续时间。所需的外部电压输入低于300 V。紧凑的电路实现在距离磁线圈1.5厘米处产生峰值电场280 V/m,脉冲为23μs(而70-280μs脉冲通常用于rTMS)。尽管神经兴奋的阈值E场随着脉冲宽度的缩短而增加,但通过尺神经刺激和肌电图在人类受试者中显示了神经兴奋。这种电路技术可以促进在小型化和便携式PNS医疗设备的设计中具有更大的可行性和灵活性。
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引用次数: 0
Skull Phase Compensation Combined Full Waveform Inversion for Transcranial Thermoacoustic Imaging With a Real Human Skull Validated 颅骨相位补偿联合全波形反演经颅热声成像与真人颅骨验证
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3281057
Shuang-Li Liu;Xin Shang;Wan-Ting Peng;Wei-Jia Wan;Jin-Bao Zhang
In recent years, cerebrovascular disease has become one of the leading causes of death among Chinese residents. Early detection of brain disease is, therefore, of great significance in reducing the risks to life and health. Thermoacoustic imaging has emerged as a promising technique for detecting brain disease, which meets the requirements of high penetration depth and real-time imaging in transcranial imaging. However, the acoustic characteristics of the skull can significantly impact the propagation of thermoacoustic signals, leading to attenuation and apparent phase difference, resulting in poor quality of reconstructed image and location deviation of symptom points. In this study, a skull phase compensated method combined full waveform inversion for transcranial thermoacoustic imaging is proposed. The adaptive positioning of skull is realized firstly by improving the W-AIC algorithm in thermoacoustic imaging to solve the phase difference problem and FWI technology is applied for reconstructing the intracranial SoS distribution. Numerical simulation of a human brain model and actual human skull experiments further verify the feasibility of this method in improving the quality of thermoacoustic images, thereby providing a reliable theoretical basis for the clinical application of transcranial thermoacoustic imaging.
近年来,脑血管疾病已成为我国居民死亡的主要原因之一。因此,早期发现脑部疾病对于减少生命和健康风险具有重要意义。热声成像满足经颅成像对高穿透深度和实时成像的要求,是一种很有前途的脑部疾病检测技术。然而,颅骨的声学特性会显著影响热声信号的传播,导致衰减和明显的相位差,从而导致重建图像质量差和症状点位置偏差。本研究提出了一种结合全波形反演的颅骨相位补偿方法用于经颅热声成像。首先对热声成像中的W-AIC算法进行改进,解决相位差问题,实现颅骨自适应定位,并应用FWI技术重建颅内SoS分布。人脑模型的数值模拟和实际人头骨实验进一步验证了该方法在提高热声成像质量方面的可行性,从而为经颅热声成像的临床应用提供了可靠的理论依据。
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引用次数: 0
A Tuned Microwave Resonant Sensor for Skin Cancerous Tumor Diagnosis 一种用于皮肤癌诊断的调谐微波共振传感器
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3281726
Sen Bing;Khengdauliu Chawang;J.-C. Chiao
In this work, a planar microwave sensor based on a flexible polyimide substrate has been developed to distinguish if a skin lesion is malignant or benign. The sensor is a tuned loop resonator operating in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band at 2.465 GHz, providing a localized high-intensity electric field that penetrates into tissues with sufficient spatial and spectral resolutions. The loop resonator with a radius of 5.4 mm was tuned by a concentric metal pad to the desired resonant frequency with a sufficiently high quality factor of 98.7 and a reflection coefficient of $-$63.98 dB. The sensor is based on the detection of electromagnetic resonance change and sequential frequency shift that is susceptible to the dielectric property difference between cancerous and benign tissues. Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) and Seborrheic Keratosis (SK), the most commonly found malignant and benign skin lesions with close visual similarities, were selected to demonstrate the sensing concept. Tissue-mimicking materials were fabricated to have similar dielectric properties to those of healthy skin, SK, and BCC tissues in the literature. Simulations and measurements were conducted. Significant frequency shifts of 759 MHz and 415 MHz were observed between BCC and SK phantoms in simulations and measurements, respectively, when the size of the tumor phantom was a cuboid of 12 mm × 12 mm × 4 mm underneath and among healthy skin. Simulations were conducted for different cuboid side lengths from 2 to 16 mm while the thickness remained at 4 mm. Malignant lesions could be distinguished with a cuboid side length as small as 2 mm. Corresponding measurements for cuboid side lengths of 6, 8, 10, and 12 mm were conducted and matched the trend well with the simulation results. The promising results in simulations and measurements validate the sensing principle, showing great potential for skin cancer detection in a noninvasive, efficient, and lower-cost way.
在这项工作中,基于柔性聚酰亚胺衬底的平面微波传感器已经开发出来,以区分皮肤病变是恶性还是良性。该传感器是一个调谐环路谐振器,工作在2.465 GHz的工业、科学和医疗(ISM)频段,提供局部高强度电场,穿透组织,具有足够的空间和光谱分辨率。环形谐振器的半径为5.4 mm,通过同心金属衬垫调谐到所需的谐振频率,质量因子为98.7,反射系数为$-$63.98 dB。该传感器是基于检测易受癌组织和良性组织介电特性差异影响的电磁共振变化和顺序频移。基底细胞癌(BCC)和脂溢性角化病(SK)是最常见的恶性和良性皮肤病变,具有密切的视觉相似性,被选择来证明感知概念。在文献中,组织模拟材料被制造成具有与健康皮肤、SK和BCC组织相似的介电特性。进行了模拟和测量。在模拟和测量中,当肿瘤幻影在健康皮肤下为12 mm × 12 mm × 4 mm的长方体时,在BCC和SK幻影之间分别观察到759 MHz和415 MHz的显著频移。在厚度保持在4 mm的情况下,对2 ~ 16 mm的不同长方体边长进行了模拟。恶性病变可以通过长至2mm的长方体边长来区分。对长方体边长6、8、10和12 mm进行了相应的测量,结果与仿真结果吻合较好。仿真和测量结果验证了传感原理,显示出以无创、高效和低成本的方式进行皮肤癌检测的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Evaluation of an Applicator for Magnetopriming Treatments 一种用于磁引发治疗的应用器的设计与评价
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3267659
Gaetano Chirico;Claudio D'Elia;Nicola D'Ambrosio;Rita Massa
Seed priming is a physiological seed enhancement method for overcoming poor and erratic seed germination in many crop and flowering plants. Magnetopriming is a pre-sowing seed treatment with magnetic field that appears as a promising method to improve seed performances. This paper presents a cost-efficient design and optimization of an exposure system for magnetopriming treatments. The proposed static magnetic field applicator is modelled and designed with the aid of commercial software. The prototype is realized and tested based on the best set of geometry parameters for optimum performance, in terms of strength and high homogeneity of the magnetic flux density in the Region of Interest. Both analytical and measurement results are found to be in good agreement with the simulated results. The system is low cost, environmentally friendly and easy to operate. It allows seed treatments at different strengths with high homogeneity within the samples. In this way, the treatments can be carried out following good practice requirements strongly recommended for a high quality bioelectromagnetic research to assure reliability and reproducibility of the experiments.
种子引发是一种生理种子增强方法,用于克服许多作物和开花植物种子发芽不良和不稳定的问题。磁引发是一种利用磁场进行种子预处理的方法,是提高种子性能的一种很有前途的方法。本文介绍了一种用于磁启动处理的曝光系统的成本效益设计和优化。所提出的静态磁场施加器是在商业软件的帮助下建模和设计的。原型是基于最佳几何参数集实现和测试的,以获得最佳性能,即感兴趣区域内磁通密度的强度和高均匀性。分析和测量结果与模拟结果吻合良好。该系统成本低,环境友好,易于操作。它允许以不同的强度进行种子处理,并在样品中具有高度的均匀性。通过这种方式,可以按照高质量生物电磁研究强烈建议的良好实践要求进行治疗,以确保实验的可靠性和再现性。
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引用次数: 0
Temperature-Induced Contrast Enhancement for Radar-Based Breast Tumor Detection at K-Band Using Tissue Mimicking Phantoms 利用组织模拟Phantoms在K波段进行基于雷达的乳腺肿瘤检测的温度诱导对比度增强
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3265510
Jochen Moll;Teresa Slanina;Jonathan Stindl;Thomas Maetz;Duy Hai Nguyen;Viktor Krozer
Conventional approaches for microwave breast tumor detection are limited by the imaging resolution due to the low operating frequency. The objective of this work is to provide a proof of concept for radar-based detection of breast tumors in K-band using the temperature-dependent permittivity of the tissue for contrast enhancement. The innovation of this work is given by i) investigating higher microwave frequencies for breast cancer diagnostics and improved resolution; ii) exploiting variations in tissue temperature as a non-invasive approach for contrast-induced radar imaging eliminating the need for contrast agents such as nanoparticles; iii) using a well-defined setup with the breast compressed similar to mammography; iv) eliminating the need for coupling liquid through the usage of ultra-wideband bow-tie antennas operating from 16.55 to 40 GHz for a reflection coefficient lower than −10 dB; v) validating the experimental findings through numerical modelling. The experimental setup in this work consists of a single-pixel transmission setup with the antennas placed in a 3D printed container. Two different tissue mimicking phantoms have been studied that both model the temperature-dependent permittivity of biological tissue. The first phantom represents homogeneous fatty tissue properties and the second phantom simulates fatty tissue with a tumor inclusion. A uniform phantom warming is realized through a water bath combined with a continuous monitoring of the phantoms temperature. We show that a homogeneous phantom without tumor can be distinguished from a heterogeneous phantom with tumor in the temperature range of 28 $^circ$C to 38 $^circ$C.
用于微波乳腺肿瘤检测的常规方法由于低操作频率而受到成像分辨率的限制。这项工作的目的是利用组织的温度相关介电常数来增强对比度,为基于雷达的K波段乳腺肿瘤检测提供概念验证。这项工作的创新在于:i)研究用于乳腺癌症诊断的更高微波频率和提高的分辨率;ii)利用组织温度的变化作为对比度诱导的雷达成像的非侵入性方法,消除了对造影剂例如纳米颗粒的需要;iii)使用明确定义的设置,其中乳房被压缩,类似于乳房X光照相术;iv)通过使用从16.55到40GHz操作的超宽带蝴蝶结天线来消除对耦合液体的需要,反射系数低于−10dB;v) 通过数值模拟验证了实验结果。这项工作中的实验装置包括一个单像素传输装置,天线放置在3D打印的容器中。已经研究了两种不同的组织模拟体模,它们都对生物组织的温度相关介电常数进行了建模。第一个体模代表均匀的脂肪组织特性,第二个体模模拟含有肿瘤的脂肪组织。通过水浴结合对幻影温度的连续监测来实现均匀的幻影加热。我们发现,在28$^circ$C到38$^circ$C的温度范围内,没有肿瘤的同质体模可以与有肿瘤的异质体模区分开来。
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引用次数: 0
Electrophoretic Transport Through Fibrocartilage Driven by Square and Sawtooth Pulses With Decreased Joule Heating 方脉冲和锯齿脉冲驱动的纤维软骨电泳输运
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3264116
Prince M. Atsu;Zachary Nicolella;Maya Webb;Nicholas Brady;Eunice Nepomuceno;Connor Mowen;Gary L. Thompson
Measurement of molecular transport through tissues can be performed using gel electrophoresis techniques but is subject to substantial changes of temperature over the course of an experiment due to conversion of electrical to thermal energy. The objective of this study is to mitigate thermal generation and accumulation while determining the electrophoretic mobility of charged molecules within annulus fibrosus cartilage tissue. By using electrical pulses as compared to direct current (DC), less total energy is input and more heat can dissipate in a given amount of time. Temperature measurements confirm that use of DC leads to higher rates of temperature change during electrophoresis, with Joule heating responsible for the thermal rise. The measured electrophoretic mobilities of two small, charged dye molecules are found to be similar among DC, square and sawtooth pulsed electrophoresis. One significant difference occurs between square and sawtooth pulses for the dye that interacts less with the cartilage tissue. Results herein suggest that accurate measurements with reduced temperature changes of thermally-sensitive tissues can be made using pulsed electrophoresis, which can lead to a better understanding of molecular transport under physiological conditions.
通过组织的分子传输的测量可以使用凝胶电泳技术进行,但由于电能转化为热能,在实验过程中温度会发生显著变化。本研究的目的是在确定纤维环软骨组织内带电分子的电泳迁移率的同时,减轻热的产生和积聚。与直流电(DC)相比,通过使用电脉冲,输入的总能量更少,并且在给定的时间内可以耗散更多的热量。温度测量证实,在电泳过程中,使用直流电会导致更高的温度变化率,焦耳加热会导致热上升。在直流、方形和锯齿脉冲电泳中,两个带电荷的小染料分子的电泳迁移率是相似的。对于与软骨组织相互作用较少的染料,在方形和锯齿形脉冲之间出现了一个显著的差异。本文的结果表明,使用脉冲电泳可以在降低热敏组织温度变化的情况下进行准确的测量,这可以更好地了解生理条件下的分子转运。
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information IEEE医学和生物学中的电磁学、RF和微波杂志出版信息
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3278151
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引用次数: 0
IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal IEEE医学和生物学中的电磁学、RF和微波杂志关于该杂志
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3278155
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引用次数: 0
Semi-Implantable Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) System Integrated With On-Chip Power Management Unit (PMU) for Neuromodulation Application 用于神经调控应用的集成片上电源管理单元(PMU)的半可移植无线电源传输(WPT)系统
IF 3.2 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3256705
Dipon K. Biswas;Nabanita Saha;Arnav Kaul;Ifana Mahbub
Miniaturization of the neuromodulation system is important for non-invasive or sub-invasive optogenetic application. This work presents an optimized wireless power transfer (WPT) system integrated with an on-chip rectification circuitry and an off-chip stimulation circuitry for optogenetic stimulation of freely moving rodents. The proposed WPT system is built using parallel transmitter (TX) coils on printed circuit board (PCB) and wire-wound based receiver (RX) coil followed by a seven-stage voltage doubler and a low dropout regulator (LDO) circuit designed in 180 nm standard Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process. A pulse stimulation is used to stimulate the neurons which is generated using a commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) components based oscillator circuit. The intensity of the stimulation is controlled by using a COTS based LED driver circuit which controls the current through the $mu$LED. The total dimension of the RX coil is 8 mm × 3.4 mm. The maximum power transfer efficiency (PTE) of the proposed WPT system is $sim$35% and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the rectifier is 52%. The proposed system with reconfigurable stimulation frequency is suitable for exciting different brain areas for long-term health monitoring.
神经调控系统的小型化对于无创或亚创光遗传学应用是重要的。这项工作提出了一种优化的无线功率传输(WPT)系统,该系统集成了片上整流电路和片外刺激电路,用于自由移动的啮齿动物的光遗传学刺激。所提出的WPT系统是使用印刷电路板(PCB)上的并联发射器(TX)线圈和基于线绕的接收器(RX)线圈构建的,然后是在180nm标准互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)工艺中设计的七级倍压器和低压差调节器(LDO)电路。脉冲刺激用于刺激神经元,该神经元是使用基于商用现货(COTS)组件的振荡器电路产生的。通过使用基于COTS的LED驱动电路来控制刺激的强度,该驱动电路控制通过$mu$LED的电流。RX线圈的总尺寸为8 mm×3.4 mm。所提出的WPT系统的最大功率传输效率(PTE)为$35%,整流器的功率转换效率(PCE)为52%。所提出的具有可重构刺激频率的系统适用于刺激不同的大脑区域进行长期健康监测。
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引用次数: 0
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IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology
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