Metasurfaces have proved valuable in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications through modifying the field profiles of radiofrequency coils to enhance imaging. Using metasurfaces to enhance a conventional coil, such as the table-integrated spine coil, allows imaging with practically no cables inside the bore. This work investigated the fundamental relationship between an MRI system's field strength and the enhancement effect of a metasurface. We simulated and manufactured grid metasurfaces for field strengths of 0.55 Tesla (0.55 T), 1.5 T and 3 T and evaluated them experimentally. We found increased enhancements of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with lower field strengths. At 0.55 T, the enhancement in the vicinity of the metasurface (10.9-fold) was measured 3.8 times higher than at 3 T. Moreover, the SNR decreased less with field strength next to the metasurface compared to the spine coil. Our results indicate the capability of metasurfaces in low field MRI systems and can stimulate further research. This could benefit future applications in MRI-guided interventions through simplified handling, as well as countries currently underserved with MRIs due to low manufacturing costs.
超表面通过改变射频线圈的场分布来增强成像，在磁共振成像（MRI）应用中被证明是有价值的。使用超表面来增强传统线圈（如工作台集成脊状线圈），可以在钻孔内几乎没有电缆的情况下进行成像。本研究探讨了MRI系统的场强与超表面增强效应之间的基本关系。我们模拟并制作了0.55 Tesla （0.55 T）、1.5 T和3t场强下的网格超表面，并对其进行了实验评价。我们发现，较低的场强增强了信噪比（SNR）。在0.55 T时，超表面附近的增强（10.9倍）是3 T时的3.8倍，而且与脊柱线圈相比，超表面附近的信噪比随场强的下降较小。我们的结果表明了超表面在低场MRI系统中的能力，并可以激发进一步的研究。通过简化处理，这将有利于mri引导干预措施的未来应用，以及目前由于制造成本低而mri服务不足的国家。
{"title":"Impact of MRI Field Strengths on Metasurface Enhancement","authors":"Robert Kowal;Lucas Knull;Max Joris Hubmann;Ivan Vogt;Daniel Düx;Florian Maier;Marcel Gutberlet;Bennet Hensen;Frank Wacker;Oliver Speck;Holger Maune","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3548169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3548169","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurfaces have proved valuable in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications through modifying the field profiles of radiofrequency coils to enhance imaging. Using metasurfaces to enhance a conventional coil, such as the table-integrated spine coil, allows imaging with practically no cables inside the bore. This work investigated the fundamental relationship between an MRI system's field strength and the enhancement effect of a metasurface. We simulated and manufactured grid metasurfaces for field strengths of 0.55 Tesla (0.55 T), 1.5 T and 3 T and evaluated them experimentally. We found increased enhancements of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with lower field strengths. At 0.55 T, the enhancement in the vicinity of the metasurface (10.9-fold) was measured 3.8 times higher than at 3 T. Moreover, the SNR decreased less with field strength next to the metasurface compared to the spine coil. Our results indicate the capability of metasurfaces in low field MRI systems and can stimulate further research. This could benefit future applications in MRI-guided interventions through simplified handling, as well as countries currently underserved with MRIs due to low manufacturing costs.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"126-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10946275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3568681
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3568681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3568681","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11010167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3568685
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF, and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology About this Journal","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3568685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3568685","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11010166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3548278
Sandra Costanzo;Syed Doha Uddin;Milad Mokhtari;Amin Abbosh;Changzhi Li
Technological advancements have enabled the implementation of software-defined radars (SDRadar) as low-cost, reconfigurable radar systems using software processing. The adaptability and reusability of SDRadar have expanded their application in many healthcare applications. An SDRadar is usually designed with a basic architecture that includes a transmitter, receiver, and a digital signal processor. The transmitter sends out radio waves, which are reflected, or penetrated and scattered, from the targeted object. Those reflected or scattered signals are captured by the received and processed using a digital signal processor to extract useful information. This flexibility allows SDRadar to be easily reprogrammed for different tasks without changing the hardware. To support and motivate researchers and practitioners of various scientific and engineering expertise, a state-of-the-art review of SDRadar, focusing on the healthcare applications of continuous waves, frequency-modulated continuous waves, and stepped-frequency continuous-wave modes, is presented. The review focuses on heart rate and respiration monitoring, as well as medical radar imaging, over a broad frequency range from 0.2 GHz to 20 GHz. Future research trends and potential advancements are also discussed.
{"title":"Software Defined Radars for Low-Cost Healthcare Monitoring and Imaging Systems: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Sandra Costanzo;Syed Doha Uddin;Milad Mokhtari;Amin Abbosh;Changzhi Li","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3548278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3548278","url":null,"abstract":"Technological advancements have enabled the implementation of software-defined radars (SDRadar) as low-cost, reconfigurable radar systems using software processing. The adaptability and reusability of SDRadar have expanded their application in many healthcare applications. An SDRadar is usually designed with a basic architecture that includes a transmitter, receiver, and a digital signal processor. The transmitter sends out radio waves, which are reflected, or penetrated and scattered, from the targeted object. Those reflected or scattered signals are captured by the received and processed using a digital signal processor to extract useful information. This flexibility allows SDRadar to be easily reprogrammed for different tasks without changing the hardware. To support and motivate researchers and practitioners of various scientific and engineering expertise, a state-of-the-art review of SDRadar, focusing on the healthcare applications of continuous waves, frequency-modulated continuous waves, and stepped-frequency continuous-wave modes, is presented. The review focuses on heart rate and respiration monitoring, as well as medical radar imaging, over a broad frequency range from 0.2 GHz to 20 GHz. Future research trends and potential advancements are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"253-262"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3547881
Naming Zhang;Yinghao Li;Xinze Wang;Gaoyang Pan;Shuya Ning;Han Zhang;Bin Yang;Shuhong Wang
Pathogenic microbial aerosols pose a significant threat to human health. It is essential to quickly and effectively disinfect the air to prevent the spread of pathogens, enhance public health, and guarantee health and safety. Electromagnetic disinfection is a new type of disinfection technology, which has been proven to inactivate various bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, and has the advantages of high efficiency and environmental protection. This study proposed an electromagnetic disinfection-based method for microbial aerosol disinfection. Electromagnetic field theory was used to establish the cavity's starting size, and electromagnetic simulation software was used to model and simulate the cavity. Then, a cavity system was established and disinfection experiments were conducted on indoor air and high-concentration microbial aerosols. The results show that when sterilizing indoor natural air, using an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 2450 MHz and a power of 200 W for 70 seconds can kill 93% of the bacteria in the air. In high-concentration aerosol disinfection experiments, the disinfection effect can be significantly improved as the power and action time increases. Most microorganisms can be removed when the electromagnetic field power is 200 W and the action time is 2 minutes. These results indicate that electromagnetic disinfection devices can effectively eliminate microorganisms in aerosols and provide a new method for controlling disease epidemics.
{"title":"Research on Microbial Aerosol Control Device Based on Electromagnetic Field Theory","authors":"Naming Zhang;Yinghao Li;Xinze Wang;Gaoyang Pan;Shuya Ning;Han Zhang;Bin Yang;Shuhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3547881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3547881","url":null,"abstract":"Pathogenic microbial aerosols pose a significant threat to human health. It is essential to quickly and effectively disinfect the air to prevent the spread of pathogens, enhance public health, and guarantee health and safety. Electromagnetic disinfection is a new type of disinfection technology, which has been proven to inactivate various bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, and has the advantages of high efficiency and environmental protection. This study proposed an electromagnetic disinfection-based method for microbial aerosol disinfection. Electromagnetic field theory was used to establish the cavity's starting size, and electromagnetic simulation software was used to model and simulate the cavity. Then, a cavity system was established and disinfection experiments were conducted on indoor air and high-concentration microbial aerosols. The results show that when sterilizing indoor natural air, using an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 2450 MHz and a power of 200 W for 70 seconds can kill 93% of the bacteria in the air. In high-concentration aerosol disinfection experiments, the disinfection effect can be significantly improved as the power and action time increases. Most microorganisms can be removed when the electromagnetic field power is 200 W and the action time is 2 minutes. These results indicate that electromagnetic disinfection devices can effectively eliminate microorganisms in aerosols and provide a new method for controlling disease epidemics.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"368-376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-16DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3567700
Marco Di Cristofano;Marta Cavagnaro
Oncological radiative hyperthermia (HT) is a therapeutic technique used as an adjuvant in cancer treatments. Depending on the tumour depth, it is named superficial or deep HT. This study focuses on superficial hyperthermia, evaluating critical aspects of quality assurance (QA) procedures to understand their implications for treatment effectiveness. QA protocols involve temperature measurements in non-perfused tissue equivalent phantoms to assess HT device performances. An analytical formulation of the transient bioheat transfer equation, supported by numerical and experimental results, examines the electromagnetic-thermal phenomenon in perfused and non-perfused tissues, analysing stability, heating-up times, and thermal response evolution. Results show that the absence of blood perfusion significantly influences the transient thermal behaviour and temperature distribution, with time-dependent effects. A numerical study explores the temperature distributions induced by an electromagnetic source in a multilayered phantom replicating the QA setup. The influence of dielectric and thermal properties of the materials making the phantom on the QA parameters, such as temperature rise (TR), thermal effective field size (TEFS), and thermal effective penetration depth (TEPD), is assessed. Simulations reveal the impact of thermal properties on temperature profiles, highlighting the importance of designing phantoms with properties representative of real tissues.
{"title":"Analysis of the Influence of Phantom Design in Superficial Hyperthermia Quality Assurance Procedures","authors":"Marco Di Cristofano;Marta Cavagnaro","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3567700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3567700","url":null,"abstract":"Oncological radiative hyperthermia (HT) is a therapeutic technique used as an adjuvant in cancer treatments. Depending on the tumour depth, it is named superficial or deep HT. This study focuses on superficial hyperthermia, evaluating critical aspects of quality assurance (QA) procedures to understand their implications for treatment effectiveness. QA protocols involve temperature measurements in non-perfused tissue equivalent phantoms to assess HT device performances. An analytical formulation of the transient bioheat transfer equation, supported by numerical and experimental results, examines the electromagnetic-thermal phenomenon in perfused and non-perfused tissues, analysing stability, heating-up times, and thermal response evolution. Results show that the absence of blood perfusion significantly influences the transient thermal behaviour and temperature distribution, with time-dependent effects. A numerical study explores the temperature distributions induced by an electromagnetic source in a multilayered phantom replicating the QA setup. The influence of dielectric and thermal properties of the materials making the phantom on the QA parameters, such as temperature rise (TR), thermal effective field size (TEFS), and thermal effective penetration depth (TEPD), is assessed. Simulations reveal the impact of thermal properties on temperature profiles, highlighting the importance of designing phantoms with properties representative of real tissues.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 4","pages":"408-416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3538953
Tim Hosman;Massimo Mastrangeli;Marco Spirito
Dielectric spectroscopy is a label-free, non-contact, real-time, multi-layer sensing technology, and has been used for identification and quantification of many biological materials. A combination of such sensing features is in demand for monitoring of organ-on-chip systems; however available sensing technologies have yet to address this need. In this work, we explore the possibility of leveraging the inherent features of dielectric spectroscopy for the application in organ-on-chip systems, by investigating three key technological developments using open-ended coaxial probes. Firstly, biocompatible non-contact sensing capabilities are proved by showing similar sensing performance of Parylene C-coated probes and uncoated probes. Secondly, a setup and methodology are developed for highly accurate and non-destructive height positioning of the probe to allow for precise extraction of intermediate sample layers. Finally, non-contact multi-layer sensing performance of the presented technology is successfully demonstrated by means of a biological phantom in a three-layered system. With further integration, dielectric spectroscopy can potentially become a cornerstone sensing technique for organ-on-chip by enabling real-time non-contact tracking of various tissue contents and properties.
{"title":"Non-Contact Dielectric Spectroscopy of Multi-Layered Substrates: Towards Organ-on-Chip Applications","authors":"Tim Hosman;Massimo Mastrangeli;Marco Spirito","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3538953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3538953","url":null,"abstract":"Dielectric spectroscopy is a label-free, non-contact, real-time, multi-layer sensing technology, and has been used for identification and quantification of many biological materials. A combination of such sensing features is in demand for monitoring of organ-on-chip systems; however available sensing technologies have yet to address this need. In this work, we explore the possibility of leveraging the inherent features of dielectric spectroscopy for the application in organ-on-chip systems, by investigating three key technological developments using open-ended coaxial probes. Firstly, biocompatible non-contact sensing capabilities are proved by showing similar sensing performance of Parylene C-coated probes and uncoated probes. Secondly, a setup and methodology are developed for highly accurate and non-destructive height positioning of the probe to allow for precise extraction of intermediate sample layers. Finally, non-contact multi-layer sensing performance of the presented technology is successfully demonstrated by means of a biological phantom in a three-layered system. With further integration, dielectric spectroscopy can potentially become a cornerstone sensing technique for organ-on-chip by enabling real-time non-contact tracking of various tissue contents and properties.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"360-367"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3537462
Marie Mertens;Raphaël Trouillon;Tomislav Markovic;Ke Wu;Dominique Schreurs
While broadband dielectric spectroscopy enables label-free analysis of biological and chemical materials, extracting multiple concentrations from the data has remained a challenge. This work is one of the first demonstrations of simultaneous concentration extraction of three liquid constituents in a solution using broadband microwave spectroscopic data. Furthermore, the used methods eliminate the need for de-embedding or characterizing the measurement setup, simplifying the process. Advanced regression techniques such as Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Principal Least Squares (PLS) are applied to determine the concentrations of sodium chloride, glucose, and ethanol in water. As input data, $S$-parameters are measured between 0.5 and 26.5 GHz on a broadband coplanar waveguide sensor with a microfluidic container to transport the liquids. The training datasets consist of 27 and 34 samples, respectively. The mean absolute percentage error for sodium chloride predictions ranged from 3-5% for the different methods, while the minimal errors for glucose and ethanol predictions were 6-7% and 4-6%, respectively.
{"title":"Principal Component Regression for Broadband Microwave-Microfluidic Chemometrics on Small Sample Counts","authors":"Marie Mertens;Raphaël Trouillon;Tomislav Markovic;Ke Wu;Dominique Schreurs","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3537462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3537462","url":null,"abstract":"While broadband dielectric spectroscopy enables label-free analysis of biological and chemical materials, extracting multiple concentrations from the data has remained a challenge. This work is one of the first demonstrations of simultaneous concentration extraction of three liquid constituents in a solution using broadband microwave spectroscopic data. Furthermore, the used methods eliminate the need for de-embedding or characterizing the measurement setup, simplifying the process. Advanced regression techniques such as Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Principal Least Squares (PLS) are applied to determine the concentrations of sodium chloride, glucose, and ethanol in water. As input data, <inline-formula><tex-math>$S$</tex-math></inline-formula>-parameters are measured between 0.5 and 26.5 GHz on a broadband coplanar waveguide sensor with a microfluidic container to transport the liquids. The training datasets consist of 27 and 34 samples, respectively. The mean absolute percentage error for sodium chloride predictions ranged from 3-5% for the different methods, while the minimal errors for glucose and ethanol predictions were 6-7% and 4-6%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 2","pages":"117-125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fast advancement of low-field MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) has generated a high demand for cost-effective and versatile consoles for MRI scanners. MaRCoS (MAgnetic Resonance COntrol System) is such an open-source system that has been well-tested on various low-field systems. However, due to limitations of the basic hardware, MaRCoS is constrained in its ability to support a wide range of field strengths and RF (radio-frequency) channels. In this study, we aim to port the MaRCoS console to high-field (up to 125 MHz Larmor frequency) MRI systems and increase the number of RF receive channels, enabling phased-array coils and/or active EMI (electromagnetic interference) elimination techniques. A series of implementations were conducted across 0.11-, 0.5-, and 1.5-Tesla MRI systems, to evaluate its compatibility and performance. Promising results indicate that the extended console not only matches but, to some extent, surpasses the performance of a commercial console, particularly in terms of flexibility and accessibility. It is hoped that this study could effectively expand the scope of open-source MRI technology, making MRI scans more accessible and affordable.
{"title":"Extending the MaRCoS: A 4-Rx Open-Source MRI Console for Low-, Mid-, and High-Field Systems","authors":"Hanlei Wang;Feiyang Lou;Yiman Huang;Yang Gao;Xiaotong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3530968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3530968","url":null,"abstract":"The fast advancement of low-field MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) has generated a high demand for cost-effective and versatile consoles for MRI scanners. MaRCoS (MAgnetic Resonance COntrol System) is such an open-source system that has been well-tested on various low-field systems. However, due to limitations of the basic hardware, MaRCoS is constrained in its ability to support a wide range of field strengths and RF (radio-frequency) channels. In this study, we aim to port the MaRCoS console to high-field (up to 125 MHz Larmor frequency) MRI systems and increase the number of RF receive channels, enabling phased-array coils and/or active EMI (electromagnetic interference) elimination techniques. A series of implementations were conducted across 0.11-, 0.5-, and 1.5-Tesla MRI systems, to evaluate its compatibility and performance. Promising results indicate that the extended console not only matches but, to some extent, surpasses the performance of a commercial console, particularly in terms of flexibility and accessibility. It is hoped that this study could effectively expand the scope of open-source MRI technology, making MRI scans more accessible and affordable.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"351-359"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-24DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2025.3539549
Ali Farshkaran;Emily Porter
Open-ended coaxial probes are commonly used for characterizing the dielectric properties of biological tissues across the microwave frequency range. They uniquely enable broadband, non-destructive measurements, and can be used in-vivo. These dielectric probes are typically long, straight, rigid instruments. For some clinical in-vivo applications use of the probes in curved positions may be convenient to facilitate access to difficult to reach areas. In this work, we study the potential for performing measurements with probes flexed to different radii of curvature, and assess the accuracy in the resulting complex permittivity. We perform both electromagnetic simulations and experimental measurements, with a variety of curvatures and different tissue test materials. The results indicate that accurate dielectric properties can be achieved even when open-ended coaxial probes are curved to a high degree.
{"title":"Flexible Implementation of Open-Ended Coaxial Probes for Dielectric Characterization of Biological Tissues","authors":"Ali Farshkaran;Emily Porter","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2025.3539549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2025.3539549","url":null,"abstract":"Open-ended coaxial probes are commonly used for characterizing the dielectric properties of biological tissues across the microwave frequency range. They uniquely enable broadband, non-destructive measurements, and can be used in-vivo. These dielectric probes are typically long, straight, rigid instruments. For some clinical in-vivo applications use of the probes in curved positions may be convenient to facilitate access to difficult to reach areas. In this work, we study the potential for performing measurements with probes flexed to different radii of curvature, and assess the accuracy in the resulting complex permittivity. We perform both electromagnetic simulations and experimental measurements, with a variety of curvatures and different tissue test materials. The results indicate that accurate dielectric properties can be achieved even when open-ended coaxial probes are curved to a high degree.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"9 3","pages":"344-350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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