Translational Issues in Psychological Science最新文献

Neighborhood physical disorder is linked to deleterious resident physical and mental health. It is thus critical to develop low-cost, reliable methods that utilize publicly available imagery (e.g., Google Street View; GSV) to comprehensively audit neighborhoods. We aimed to create a reliable, efficient, and scale-flexible virtual audit of neighborhood disorder (Lot Assessment of Neighborhood Disorder; LAND) that can be aggregated to larger geographical units. A total of 710 block faces on 355 street segments were coded in Detroit, MI. We tested reliability between coders on 20% of the sample (71 segments (i.e., two sides of the street); 146 block faces (i.e., one side of the street) and found reliability was adequate at the individual lot (Kappas ranged from .60 - 1), block face (ICCs ranged from .94 -.98), and segment (ICCs ranged from .96-.98) levels, with the sole exception of graffiti (for which ICCs were typically in the .56 to .57 range). Moreover, LAND's score was positively correlated with number of vacant lots, area deprivation, and resident perceptions of their neighborhood. Overall, LAND evidence higher levels of reliability than previous physical neighborhood disorder virtual audits and evidenced significant correlations across several known correlates of physical neighborhood disorder, thus highlighting LAND as an effective virtual audit tool in the study of physical neighborhood disorder.

Verbal coercion, a form of sexual violence, is a common problem that is related to various psychological and physical outcomes. Cognitive interviewing is an important technique used to understand how people perceive items on a questionnaire. The current study utilized cognitive interviewing and sought to examine the content validity of a potentially ambiguous item, "my partner insisted on sex", from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, a measure of intimate partner violence. Participants were mostly college students at a local Midwestern University (N = 39). Participants responses were qualitatively coded, and the following themes emerged: coercion (42.68%) (physical (4.88%) and verbal (37.80%)), consent (30.49%), compliance (4.88%), hesitancy to have sex (13.41%), personal experiences (6.10%), and perpetrator's intent (2.44%). The results show that most participants viewed the item, "partner insisted on sex" as a verbally coercive tactic; this theme was mentioned more often than non-coercive themes. Participants were also asked to rate quantitatively how consensual they considered the insistence item, and comparison items representing other tactic types. Three tactics were rated as clearly nonconsensual using a p < .05 standard, including the insistence item (M = 1.946, SD = 1.70) with a range from "0-not consensual at all" to "7-completely consensual". This suggests evidence of consent validity since the item was perceived as representing coercive behavior.

Engagement on social media among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) is almost universal. AYAs use social media for socialization, connection, and expression, as well as to obtain news and information. Adolescence and young adulthood also represent developmental periods characterized by the emergence of risk behaviors and many forms of psychopathology. Given that risk behaviors and mental health depictions are often displayed and observed online, social media platforms have become an optimal research tool to examine AYA behaviors that may not be visible offline. Social media platforms have the potential to increase recruitment and retention, especially among hard-to-reach, and understudied youth, and to connect AYA with resources for risk behaviors and mental health in a more naturalistic setting. Despite these advantages, the limited consensus on social media ethics across institutions and internal review boards, and the rapidly evolving features on each platform has made it difficult to develop study protocols, navigate and adapt to platform changes, and predict ethical issues that may arise in the context of research. Thus, the purpose of this manuscript is to discuss ethical considerations specific to AYA in social media research. Two research approaches, self-report and observational, are discussed with a focus on informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality. The goal of this manuscript is to highlight the nuances associated with social media research, and the implications for the promotion of ethical practices when adopting social media as a research tool to improve our understanding of AYA behavior.

Introduction New Zealand pharmacists must complete a joint prescribing course offered by Otago and Auckland universities only, to be qualified as pharmacist prescribers. Aim To identify knowledge and perceptions of New Zealand registered pharmacists, who are not pharmacist prescribers, on: pharmacist prescribing roles, courses and perceived barriers and facilitators to course uptake. Methods Participants comprised registered practising New Zealand pharmacists (n  = 4025), across all New Zealand regions. Invitations to participate in a questionnaire survey were sent in March 2021. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Results The response rate was 12% (482/4025), with 94% community pharmacists. Almost two-thirds (65%) had over 10 years of working experience. Nearly all (95%) agreed that pharmacist prescribing would improve healthcare delivery in New Zealand. Most reported that barriers to pharmacist prescribing course uptake were funding, lack of institutional support, up-to-date pharmacological/pharmaceutical knowledge, and 2 years of experience in collaborative health team prerequisites for enrolment, finding medical supervisors, and lack of remuneration for prescribing roles. Discussion Pharmacist prescribing in New Zealand is still in its growing phase. Optimising uptake of prescribing courses and role requires a multi-level approach including all stakeholders. Government/policymakers should consider pharmacist prescribing training and remuneration in their funding plans. Employing institutions should provide required time and human resources (staff backfills). Training providers should consider methods of course delivery and assessment that are suitable for trainees in full-time employment.

The present study examined whether monolingual and bilingual language experience -- including first and second language proficiency, exposure, and age of acquisition -- modify the neural mechanisms of attention during nonverbal sound discrimination. English monolinguals and Korean-English bilinguals performed an auditory two-stimulus oddball task while their EEG was recorded. Participants heard a series of two different tones (high pitch tone versus low pitch tone), one of which occurred less frequently (deviant trials) than the other (standard trials), and were asked to mentally count the number of infrequent tones. We found that in the early time window, bilinguals had larger amplitudes than monolinguals in response to both standard and deviant trials, suggesting that bilinguals initially increased attention to identify which of the two tones they heard. In the later time window, however, bilinguals had a smaller ERP effect (deviant minus standard trials) relative to monolinguals, suggesting that bilinguals used fewer cognitive resources for the infrequent stimuli at later stages of processing. Furthermore, across the entire sample, increased exposure to the native language led to larger early, middle, and late ERP effects. These results suggest that native language exposure shapes perceptual processes involved in detection and monitoring. Knowing more than one language may alter sustained attentional processes, with implications for perception and learning.