Desalination最新文献_第10页

MXene-based membranes for advanced desalination: Properties, engineering strategies, and emerging applications 基于mxene的先进海水淡化膜：性能，工程策略和新兴应用

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119860

Salman Khan , Sami Ur Rahman , Abdullah Shah , Naveed Akhtar , Zahid Hussain , Naveed Ahmad , Ilunga Kamika , Shohreh Azizi , Malik Maaza

Membrane-based desalination is a promising solution, but conventional polymer membranes suffer from limitations in salt rejection, fouling resistance, and chemical stability. Two-dimensional MXene materials have emerged as promising alternatives: their lamellar structure, tunable interlayer spacing, surface terminations, and high electrical conductivity enable fast water transport and selective ion sieving. This comprehensive review provides an updated overview of recent advances in MXene-based membranes for various desalination processes (reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, forward osmosis, capacitive deionization, and membrane distillation). This work discusses fundamental MXene characteristics relevant to desalination including interlayer engineering, surface chemistry, and mechanical robustness and surveys a wide range of membrane architectures: pure MXene laminates, MXene–polymer composites, hybrid nanomaterial systems, and smart designs (bio-inspired, stimuli-responsive, and self-healing). This analysis reveals that MXene membranes consistently exhibit ultrahigh water permeability and high salt rejection across multiple desalination contexts, often surpassing conventional membranes. Strategies like crosslinking and composite fabrication have mitigated challenges of swelling and oxidation, while MXenes' intrinsic conductivity opens new antifouling and tunability mechanisms. By synthesizing knowledge from material design through system-level implementation, this review uniquely bridges fundamental science and practical deployment of MXene membranes, identifying remaining challenges such as long-term stability under realistic conditions and a deeper understanding of ion transport mechanisms, and outlines future research directions to advance scalable MXene-enabled desalination technologies.

基于膜的海水淡化是一种很有前途的解决方案，但传统的聚合物膜在防盐、抗污染和化学稳定性方面存在局限性。二维MXene材料已经成为一种很有前途的替代品：它们的层状结构、可调的层间间距、表面末端和高导电性使水的快速输送和选择性离子筛选成为可能。本文全面综述了mxene基膜在各种脱盐工艺（反渗透、纳滤、正向渗透、电容去离子和膜蒸馏）中的最新进展。这项工作讨论了与海水淡化相关的基本MXene特性，包括层间工程、表面化学和机械坚固性，并调查了广泛的膜结构：纯MXene层压板、MXene -聚合物复合材料、混合纳米材料系统和智能设计（生物启发、刺激响应和自我修复）。该分析表明，MXene膜在多种脱盐环境下始终表现出超高的透水性和高阻盐性，通常优于传统膜。交联和复合材料制造等策略减轻了膨胀和氧化的挑战，而MXenes的固有导电性开辟了新的防污和可调性机制。通过从材料设计到系统级实现的综合知识，本综述独特地将基础科学与MXene膜的实际部署联系起来，确定了在现实条件下的长期稳定性和对离子传输机制的更深入理解等仍然存在的挑战，并概述了未来的研究方向，以推进可扩展的MXene脱盐技术。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced brackish water desalination performance of 3D invasive plant wood-based evaporator via coupled photo-thermal and Joule-heating effect 利用光热-焦耳耦合效应增强三维入侵植物木材蒸发器的微咸水脱盐性能

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119875

Chun-Hong Zhou , Ying-Lin He , Zhuo Chen , Dilibinuer Niyazimaimaiti , Jincheng Wu , Yuan Fan , Amanula Yimingniyazi , Peng-Cheng Ma , Abudukeremu Kadier

Freshwater shortage, driven by global population growth, industrialization, and climate change, demands the development of effective water purification technologies. Brackish water and seawater desalination is a promising solution, yet conventional desalination techniques are hampered by their high costs, complexity, and energy intensity. Solar interfacial evaporation (SIE) has exhibited high efficiency and environmental benefits, but its practical application is hindered by diurnal intermittency, weather instability, and salt fouling. To address these challenges, electrothermal heating is incorporated with SIE in this study. A thermoelectric layer (Ag/PPy-BF) was formed on basalt fabric (BF) substrate by depositing polypyrrole (PPy) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles, which was then combined with a 3D wood-based evaporator to construct an electrothermal-assisted interface evaporation system. Under combined 1 sun irradiation and 1.5 V Joule-heating, the system achieved an evaporation rate of 7.46 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹, and exceptional salt resistance, maintaining a rate of 4.71 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹ in 10.5 wt% NaCl solution. Furthermore, by incorporating photovoltaic panels, a fully solar-powered, photo-electrothermal complementary system (P-ECIES) was developed. In the test using actual brackish water, P-ECIES operated stably for 16 h at 1.5 V Joule-heating, with an evaporation rate of 4.31–4.68 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹, and then operated for 8 h under 1 sun irradiation with an evaporation rate of 1.75–1.93 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹, showing robust performance despite minor salt accumulation. The system produced high-purity water with significantly reduced key pollutants (COD, TDS, SS, turbidity), and also achieved a salt ion removal rate over 99.91%. These findings evidence the viability of P-ECIES for round-the-clock desalination of brackish water and its potential in addressing freshwater shortage.

全球人口增长、工业化和气候变化导致的淡水短缺，要求开发有效的水净化技术。微咸水和海水淡化是一个很有前途的解决方案，然而传统的海水淡化技术受到其高成本、复杂性和能源强度的阻碍。太阳界面蒸发（SIE）具有很高的效率和环境效益，但其实际应用受到日间断性、天气不稳定性和盐污染的阻碍。为了解决这些挑战，本研究将电热加热与SIE结合在一起。通过沉积聚吡咯（PPy）和银（Ag）纳米颗粒，在玄武岩织物（BF）基底上形成热电层（Ag/ py -BF），并将其与三维木质蒸发器结合，构建电热辅助界面蒸发系统。在1太阳照射和1.5 V焦耳加热下，该体系的蒸发速率为7.46 kg·m−2·h−1，并且具有优异的耐盐性，在10.5% NaCl溶液中保持4.71 kg·m−2·h−1。此外，通过结合光伏板，开发了一个完全由太阳能供电的光电互补系统（P-ECIES）。在实际半咸淡水中，P-ECIES在1.5 V焦耳加热下稳定运行16 h，蒸发速率为4.31 ~ 4.68 kg·m−2·h−1，然后在1次太阳照射下运行8 h，蒸发速率为1.75 ~ 1.93 kg·m−2·h−1，尽管盐积累较少，但性能稳定。该系统出水高纯度，主要污染物（COD、TDS、SS、浊度）显著降低，盐离子去除率达到99.91%以上。这些发现证明了P-ECIES全天候淡化微咸水的可行性及其在解决淡水短缺方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Seed induced calcium sulfate crystallization for high salinity mine water softening: Influence of solution composition on crystallization behaviors 种子诱导硫酸钙结晶用于高矿化度矿水软化：溶液组成对结晶行为的影响

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119918

Anni Xiao , Caiyun Jia , Xiaoxia Fang , Pujun Wang , Qi Zhuo , LuYao Wang , Yixin Li , Hao Li , Zhipeng Yu , Haijun Zhang

The removal of Ca²⁺ is an essential step in the treatment of high salinity mine water, and the endogenous Ca²⁺ and large amounts of SO₄²⁻ ions therein endow seed induced calcium sulfate crystallization with a significant advantage as a pre-softening step in water treatment, but the influence of solution composition on calcium sulfate crystallization behaviors remains largely unexplored. In this work, it is demonstrated that seed induced calcium sulfate crystallization can reduce Ca²⁺ concentration from 900 mg/L to the theoretical saturation solubility of gypsum (476 mg/L). The addition of seed crystal significantly improves Ca²⁺ removal rate and efficiency by providing adequate growth sites. The increase of solution temperature, Na⁺ concentration and Mg²⁺ concentration decreases the saturation index of gypsum, thereby reducing Ca²⁺ removal efficiency. Specifically, a lower HCO₃⁻ concentration suppresses Ca²⁺ removal rate and efficiency, whereas a higher concentration at 800 mg/L alleviates the inhibitory effect owing to the coprecipitation of CaCO₃. Coexistence of multiple ions exhibits a synergistic enhancement in Ca²⁺ removal at low concentrations, but restrains the removal at high concentrations compared to individual ions. In situ liquid cell microscope observation showed that seed induced crystallization occurred through the formation of multiple regular jagged protrusions along the (010) plane of gypsum seed crystal via a classical ion addition growth pathway. Altogether, this work provides a novel comprehensive understanding of solution mediated calcium sulfate crystallization behaviors concerning high salinity mine water softening and offers broader implications for the global sulfur cycle and sustainable water resource management.

Ca2+的去除是处理高盐矿水的必要步骤，其中的内源Ca2+和大量的SO42−离子赋予种子诱导硫酸钙结晶作为水处理预软化步骤的显著优势，但溶液组成对硫酸钙结晶行为的影响在很大程度上尚未研究。在这项工作中，证明了种子诱导硫酸钙结晶可以将钙离子浓度从900 mg/L降低到石膏的理论饱和溶解度（476 mg/L）。种子晶的加入提供了充足的生长位点，显著提高了Ca2+的去除率和效率。随着溶液温度、Na+浓度和Mg2+浓度的升高，石膏的饱和指数降低，从而降低Ca2+的去除效率。具体而言，较低的HCO3−浓度会抑制Ca2+的去除率和效率，而较高的浓度（800 mg/L）由于CaCO3的共沉淀而减轻了抑制作用。多离子共存在低浓度下对Ca2+的去除有协同增强作用，但与单个离子相比，在高浓度下对Ca2+的去除有抑制作用。原位液细胞显微镜观察发现，通过经典的离子加成生长途径，石膏种子晶体沿（010）平面形成多个规则的锯齿状突起，从而发生种子诱导结晶。综上所述，本研究为高矿化度矿水软化过程中溶液介导的硫酸钙结晶行为提供了新的全面理解，并为全球硫循环和可持续水资源管理提供了更广泛的意义。

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引用次数: 0

Electrosynthesis of LiAl-CO3 LDHs for lithium recovery from lithium precipitation mother liquor: process optimization and lithium separation mechanism analysis 电合成LiAl-CO3 LDHs从锂沉淀母液中回收锂：工艺优化及锂分离机理分析

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119902

Weixuan Yan, Zhuohao Zheng, Yuan Hu, Gang Chen

LiAl-CO₃ layered double hydroxides (LiAl-CO₃ LDHs) are adsorbents promising for lithium recovery from low-grade carbonate-type salt-lake brines due to their excellent structural stability and selective lithium-ion affinity. However, conventional synthesis routes, such as chemical precipitation and hydrothermal methods, are limited by high energy consumption, long reaction times, and complex operations procedures, which hinder large-scale application. Herein, a facile and efficient electrochemical strategy was developed for the synthesis of LiAl-CO₃ LDHs. The effects of electrolyte type, Li/Al molar ratio, and reaction temperature on LDHs formation were systematically investigated. Under the optimal conditions (Na₂SO₄ as electrolyte, Li/Al molar ratio of 4.5:1, reaction temperature of 80 °C and pH = 11), LiAl-CO₃ LDHs with a well-defined layered structure, high specific surface area, and the highest lithium content of 15.53 mg/g were obtained. Moreover, real lithium precipitation mother liquor was directly utilized as lithium and carbonate sources to synthesize LiAl-CO₃ LDHs, yielding a lithium content of 4.02 mg/g. Lithium was efficiently desorbed from LiAl-CO₃ LDHs via the hydrothermal process, achieving an average desorption rate of 90.72%. The lithium desorption mechanism was revealed through structural characterization before and after hydrothermal treatment. This work provides a sustainable and scalable synthesis route for aluminum-based lithium adsorbents toward efficient lithium recovery from industrial lithium precipitation mother liquor.

LiAl-CO₃层状双氢氧化物（LiAl-CO3 LDHs）由于其优异的结构稳定性和选择性锂离子亲和力，是一种有望从低品位碳酸盐型盐湖盐水中回收锂的吸附剂。然而，化学沉淀法和水热法等传统合成途径存在能量消耗高、反应时间长、操作程序复杂等问题，阻碍了其大规模应用。本文提出了一种简便、高效的LiAl-CO₃LDHs的电化学合成策略。系统地研究了电解质类型、Li/Al摩尔比和反应温度对LDHs形成的影响。在最佳条件下（Na₂SO₄为电解质，Li/Al摩尔比为4.5:1，反应温度为80℃，pH = 11），可制得层状结构清晰、比表面积高、锂含量最高为15.53 mg/g的LiAl-CO₃LDHs。利用真实锂沉淀母液直接作为锂源和碳酸盐源合成li - co₃LDHs，锂含量为4.02 mg/g。采用水热法对li - co₃LDHs中的锂进行了高效解吸，平均解吸率为90.72%。通过水热处理前后的结构表征，揭示了锂的解吸机理。本研究为从工业锂沉淀母液中高效回收锂提供了一条可持续、可扩展的铝基锂吸附剂合成路线。

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引用次数: 0

From commercial melamine foam to C-O-M coupled La-doped MgAl-borate LDH/nitrogen-doped carbon composite: a multipollutant adsorbent for wastewater remediation over a broad pH range 从商业三聚氰胺泡沫到C-O-M偶联la掺杂mal -硼酸LDH/氮掺杂碳复合材料：用于广泛pH范围内废水修复的多污染物吸附剂

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119867

Chen Tan , Jing Miao , Kanghui Liu , Aichun Zhao , Xinlong Guo , Linjie Qin

Developing cost-effective adsorbents capable of treating multipollutant wastewater under fluctuating pH conditions remains a major challenge for layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based materials. Herein, we report a La-doped MgAl-borate LDH/Nitrogen-doped carbon hybrid (LaMgAl-BLDH/NC) constructed through a C-O-M interfacial coupling, in which hydroxyl-rich N-doped carbon reacts with the metal‑oxygen layers of LaMgAl-BLDH to form robust covalent C-O-M linkages. This bonding-directed assembly produces a chemically durable and strongly integrated 3D porous network with enhanced charge heterogeneity and improved resistance to acidic or alkaline corrosion. Benefiting from this strengthened interfacial coupling and the synergistic effects of La incorporation, the LaMgAl-BLDH/NC composite exhibits high removal capacities toward structurally diverse pollutants, achieving maximum capacities of 995.20 mg/g for Congo red, 3020.19 mg/g for malachite green, and 151.34 mg/g for phosphate. Notably, compare with conventional LDHs that undergo structural degradation in acidic or alkaline environments, the C-O-M reinforced hybrid maintains excellent performance over a broad pH range of 4–10. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorbent for Congo red, malachite green and phosphate at pH 2, 4 and 12 correspond to 79.65%, 87.32% and 58.83% of those obtained at their respective optimal pH values. Mechanistic analysis reveals that electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, π-π stacking, pore filling jointly govern the removal process. Optimization via Box-Behnken response surface methodology further enhances removal efficiency by identifying favorable synthesis and operational conditions. This work establishes a generalizable, low-cost C-O-M bonding strategy for pH-tolerant LDH/carbon hybrids, enabling efficient remediation of multipollutant industrial wastewater.

开发具有成本效益的吸附剂，能够处理波动pH条件下的多污染物废水，仍然是层状双氢氧化物（LDH）基材料面临的主要挑战。本文中，我们报道了一种通过C-O-M界面偶联构建的la掺杂mgal -硼酸LDH/氮掺杂碳杂化物（LaMgAl-BLDH/NC），其中富含羟基的n掺杂碳与LaMgAl-BLDH的金属氧层反应形成坚固的共价C-O-M键。这种键合导向的组件产生了化学耐用且高度集成的3D多孔网络，增强了电荷的非均质性，并提高了抗酸性或碱性腐蚀的能力。得益于这种增强的界面耦合和La加入的协同效应，lamal - bldh /NC复合材料对不同结构的污染物表现出很高的去除能力，对刚果红、孔雀石绿和磷酸盐的最大去除率分别为995.20 mg/g、3020.19 mg/g和151.34 mg/g。值得注意的是，与在酸性或碱性环境中发生结构降解的传统LDHs相比，C-O-M增强混合材料在4-10的广泛pH范围内保持了优异的性能。在pH值为2、4和12时，吸附剂对刚果红、孔雀石绿和磷酸盐的最大吸附量分别为其最佳pH值时的79.65%、87.32%和58.83%。机理分析表明，静电相互作用、离子交换、π-π堆积、孔隙填充共同控制了去除过程。通过Box-Behnken响应面法优化，确定了有利的合成条件和操作条件，进一步提高了去除效率。这项工作为耐ph LDH/碳杂合物建立了一种可推广的低成本C-O-M键合策略，使多污染物工业废水的有效修复成为可能。

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引用次数: 0

A synergistic strategy to overcome temperature and concentration polarization in a joule-heating CNT/PTFE membrane distillation: From membrane preparation to process mathematic simulation 焦耳加热碳纳米管/聚四氟乙烯膜蒸馏中克服温度和浓度极化的协同策略：从膜制备到过程数学模拟

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119919

Tiantian Xu , Longji Li , Xiaojia Li , Liang Feng , Siyu Chen , Yang Xu , Yan Li , Zhiqing Luo , Zhirui Chen , Hongyi Li , Rui Wang , Feiyun Sun

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising desalination technology, yet its performance is constrained by temperature polarization. This study introduced a novel Joule-heating carbon nanotube (CNT)-modified polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane for direct contact MD, uniquely addressing polarization through integrated electrothermal activation. The membrane was optimized via systematic fabrication (PVP/CNT mass ratio 0.5:1, CNT loading 1.04 mg·cm⁻², PDMS 2 wt%), achieving low sheet resistance (15.2 Ω/sq) and efficient surface heating (132.7 °C at 20 V). Unlike conventional MD, applied voltage significantly enhanced flux (from 1.08 to 2.26 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹) while maintaining high salt rejection (>99.9%), with a 200% flux improvement and 63% reduction in specific energy consumption at 25 V. Crucially, this work combined experimental optimization with numerical simulation to reveal the critical trade-off between temperature and concentration polarization under electrothermal conditions, identifying an optimal flow rate (1 mL·min⁻¹) that maximized flux (4.25 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹) and evaporation efficiency. Long-term testing with real seawater confirmed structural stability and consistent performance. This study established electrothermal MD as a viable, energy-efficient strategy for desalination, providing key insights into material design and process optimization for scalable applications.

膜蒸馏（MD）是一种很有前途的海水淡化技术，但其性能受到温度极化的限制。本研究介绍了一种新型的焦耳加热碳纳米管（CNT）改性聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）膜，用于直接接触MD，通过集成电热活化独特地解决极化问题。通过系统制备（PVP/CNT质量比0.5:1，CNT负载1.04 mg·cm−2,PDMS 2 wt%）对膜进行了优化，实现了低片阻（15.2 Ω/sq）和高效的表面加热（20 V时132.7°C）。与传统MD不同的是，施加电压显著提高了通量（从1.08到2.26 kg·m−2·h−1），同时保持了较高的阻盐率（>99.9%），在25 V时通量提高了200%，比能耗降低了63%。重要的是，本研究将实验优化与数值模拟相结合，揭示了电热条件下温度和浓度极化之间的关键权衡，确定了最佳流速（1 mL·min−1），最大通量（4.25 kg·m−2·h−1）和蒸发效率。在真实海水中进行的长期测试证实了结构的稳定性和性能的一致性。这项研究确立了电热MD作为一种可行的、节能的海水淡化策略，为可扩展应用的材料设计和工艺优化提供了关键见解。

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引用次数: 0

Electrodialysis seawater desalination rate prediction based on a convolutional attention network with global-inverted and local bottleneck structures 基于全局倒置和局部瓶颈结构卷积关注网络的电渗析海水淡化率预测

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119904

Pengfei Wang , Haoye Chen , Qinlong Ren

Electrodialysis desalination is an effective solution to the global freshwater crisis, accurate desalination rate prediction is critical to its performance enhancement. Nevertheless, conventional multiphysics-based numerical simulations are computationally expensive, while experimental methods are costly and lack global optimization capability. This study proposes a convolutional attention network with global-inverted and local bottleneck (GILB) structures for electrodialysis desalination rate prediction. The model optimizes the overall architecture of CoAtNet through a global inverted bottleneck design, while incorporating multiscale parallel convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and local bottleneck structure into its Transformer module to enhance both global/local spatial feature extraction capabilities and modeling efficiency. Using sample data generated by a COMSOL Multiphysics-based numerical model of an electrodialysis seawater desalination device, ablation studies were conducted on its key components, along with benchmark comparisons against mainstream deep learning models. The ablation study results demonstrate that the proposed GILB structures and multiscale parallel CNNs significantly improve the prediction accuracy of the baseline framework. Specifically, they achieve a 78.34% reduction in the mean absolute error for predicting the average outlet ion concentration of the device, while also reducing model parameter scale by 45.28% compared to the base model. Benchmark comparisons demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms mainstream deep learning models such as CoAtNet, Transformer, and ResNet, with the mean absolute error reduced by at least 32.07%. This study provides significant insights for high-accuracy performance prediction and optimal design of electrodialysis desalination systems.

电渗析海水淡化是解决全球淡水危机的有效方法，准确的海水淡化率预测是提高电渗析海水淡化性能的关键。然而，传统的基于多物理场的数值模拟计算成本高，而实验方法成本高且缺乏全局优化能力。本文提出了一种具有全局反转和局部瓶颈（GILB）结构的卷积注意力网络用于电渗析脱盐速率预测。该模型通过全局倒瓶颈设计优化了CoAtNet的整体架构，同时将多尺度并行卷积神经网络（cnn）和局部瓶颈结构整合到其Transformer模块中，以提高全局/局部空间特征提取能力和建模效率。利用基于COMSOL multiphysics的电渗析海水淡化装置数值模型生成的样本数据，对其关键部件进行了烧蚀研究，并与主流深度学习模型进行了基准比较。烧蚀研究结果表明，所提出的GILB结构和多尺度并行cnn显著提高了基线框架的预测精度。具体来说，他们在预测设备平均出口离子浓度方面的平均绝对误差降低了78.34%，同时与基本模型相比，模型参数尺度降低了45.28%。基准比较表明，该模型优于主流深度学习模型，如CoAtNet、Transformer和ResNet，平均绝对误差至少降低了32.07%。该研究为电渗析脱盐系统的高精度性能预测和优化设计提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

The investigation of interfacial polymerization and separation mechanisms of novel Tröger's base-based polyamide membranes via molecular dynamics simulations 通过分子动力学模拟研究新型Tröger基聚酰胺膜的界面聚合和分离机理

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119871

Wenxuan Tian , Lidong Gong , Lifen Liu , Chunyang Yu , Yongfeng Zhou

Due to increasing water scarcity and pollution, polyamide (PA) membranes are widely used for reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) in water purification and desalination. A novel Tröger's base (TB) diamine (TBDA)-containing PA membrane has attracted significant attention for its high energy efficiency and excellent comprehensive performance. However, the mechanisms underlying interfacial polymerization (IP) during membrane formation and its separation process remain unclear. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the crosslinking reaction between trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and the TBDA monomer at the water-organic interface. The simulation results indicate that the diamine monomer has a 20 kJ/mol lower energy barrier for crossing at the interface compared to TMC, leading to the IP process where the diamine monomer first passes through the interface and undergoes polymerization in the organic phase. As the degree of polymerization increases, the resulting PA membrane aggregates at the interface, forming a complete membrane. Moreover, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) results indicate that solute transport within the membrane primarily follows diffusion kinetics, demonstrating a distinct diffusion mechanism. The selective separation of Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ by the PA membrane is mainly due to the formation of stable, larger molecular clusters by SO₄²⁻, whereas Cl⁻ forms smaller clusters. As external pressure increases, SO₄²⁻ clusters remain stable, while Cl⁻ clusters are disrupted and reassemble, resulting in smaller cluster sizes that affect flux. Our research provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying PA formation during IP, offering deeper insights into solute separation and transport, which will be critical for the design of future PA membranes.

由于水资源短缺和污染日益严重，聚酰胺（PA）膜被广泛用于反渗透（RO）和纳滤（NF）在水净化和海水淡化中的应用。一种新型的Tröger碱（TB）二胺（TBDA） PA膜因其高能效和优异的综合性能而备受关注。然而，在膜的形成和分离过程中，界面聚合（IP）的机制尚不清楚。本文采用分子动力学方法研究了三甲基氯（TMC）与TBDA单体在水-有机界面上的交联反应。模拟结果表明，与TMC相比，二胺单体在界面处的穿越能垒降低了20 kJ/mol，导致了二胺单体首先通过界面并在有机相进行聚合的IP过程。随着聚合程度的增加，得到的PA膜在界面处聚集，形成完整的膜。此外，非平衡分子动力学（NEMD）结果表明，膜内的溶质运输主要遵循扩散动力学，显示出独特的扩散机制。PA膜对Cl -和SO₄2 -的选择性分离主要是由于SO₄2 -形成了稳定的、较大的分子簇，而Cl -形成了较小的分子簇。随着外部压力的增加，硫酸盐2−团簇保持稳定，而Cl−团簇被破坏并重新组装，导致团簇尺寸变小，从而影响通量。我们的研究提供了对IP过程中PA形成机制的全面理解，为溶质分离和运输提供了更深入的见解，这将对未来PA膜的设计至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Gradient-wettability tri-layer nanofiber membrane for efficient solar interfacial evaporation 用于高效太阳界面蒸发的梯度润湿性三层纳米纤维膜

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119883

Hongwei Liu, Shuang Wu, Zhifan Guo, Danyu Zhang, Xiaohui Ju, Weixing Li

Solar-driven seawater desalination has garnered significant attention for mitigating global freshwater scarcity, but its practical application is often hampered by substantial heat loss, inefficient brine transport, and severe performance degradation during long-term operation. To solve these problems, a novel tri-layer electrospun nanofiber membrane (PVDF-MWCNTs-PVP) with gradient wettability is introduced. By utilizing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a dispersant for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), a gradient structure was meticulously crafted via multilayer electrospinning, comprising a hydrophobic layer with the water contact angle (WCA) of 147°, a transition layer with WCA ranging from 90° to 120°, and a hydrophilic layer with WCA below 90°. This innovative design enables a sequence of “water adsorption–rapid transportation–efficient evaporation”, effectively reconciling the balance between efficiency and durability. The gradient structure reduced the temperature differential between the membrane and liquid phase surface (ΔT) by 6.6 °C compared to bilayer membranes. In outdoor testing, the interface evaporation flux reached 2.10 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹, while the flux of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) achieved 9.65 kg·m⁻²·h⁻¹. The evaporation efficiency under sunlight illumination reached 87.34%, and the flux declined by only 3.32% after 120 h. The developed membrane has great prospects in seawater desalination and wastewater treatment.

太阳能海水淡化在缓解全球淡水短缺方面引起了广泛关注，但其实际应用往往受到大量热损失，盐水运输效率低下以及长期运行期间性能严重下降的阻碍。为了解决这些问题，介绍了一种具有梯度润湿性的新型三层电纺纳米纤维膜（PVDF-MWCNTs-PVP）。利用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）作为多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）的分散剂，通过多层静电纺丝精心制备了梯度结构，包括疏水层（水接触角为147°）、过渡层（水接触角为90°~ 120°）和亲水性层（水接触角小于90°）。这种创新的设计实现了“水吸附-快速运输-高效蒸发”的顺序，有效地协调了效率和耐用性之间的平衡。与双层膜相比，梯度结构使膜与液相表面（ΔT）的温差降低了6.6℃。在室外测试中，界面蒸发通量达到2.10 kg·m−2·h−1，直接接触膜蒸馏（DCMD）的通量达到9.65 kg·m−2·h−1。在阳光照射下蒸发效率达到87.34%，120 h后通量仅下降3.32%，在海水淡化和污水处理方面具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical study on liquid column deflection and liquid film thickness characteristics of falling film on horizontal tubes under cross-flow steam 横流蒸汽作用下水平管液柱偏转及降膜液膜厚度特性的数值研究

IF 9.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Desalination

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119884

Di Wang, Shengqiang Shen, Bonian Pan, Yali Guo

In the horizontal tube falling film evaporation process, cross-flow steam induces changes in the thickness of the external liquid film and deflection of the liquid column; these two changes consequently affect heat transfer. This study establishes a three-dimensional external falling film two-phase model that accounts for heat transfer. The deflection of the liquid column between tubes under lateral steam influence was discussed, and the effects of different cross-flow steam velocities, along with different spray densities and spray temperatures under the same cross-flow steam velocity, on liquid film thickness were analyzed. The results show that: (1) Three types of liquid column offset characteristics occur between the tubes. (2) Under different cross-flow steam velocities, the variation amplitude of the liquid film on the windward side increases with the increase of steam velocity. (3) Under the same cross-flow steam velocity, the variation amplitude on the windward side decreases with the increase of spray density. (4) Under the same cross-flow steam velocity, the variation amplitude on the windward side increases with the increase of spray fluid temperature.

在水平管降膜蒸发过程中，横流蒸汽引起外液膜厚度的变化和液柱的偏转；这两种变化影响传热。本文建立了考虑传热的三维外落膜两相模型。讨论了横向蒸汽作用下管间液柱的偏转，分析了不同的横流蒸汽速度、相同横流蒸汽速度下不同的喷雾密度和喷雾温度对液膜厚度的影响。结果表明：(1)管间存在三种类型的液柱偏移特性。(2)在不同横流蒸汽速度下，迎风侧液膜的变化幅度随蒸汽速度的增加而增大。(3)在相同的横流蒸汽速度下，迎风侧的变化幅度随着喷雾密度的增加而减小。(4)在相同的横流蒸汽速度下，迎风侧的变化幅度随着喷雾流体温度的升高而增大。

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引用次数: 0