Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119848
Huamei He , Meixuan Xin , Jun Wang , Xi Chen , Feifei Wei , Qiangbin Yang , Chenglong Yu , Guangyong Zeng , Chong-Chen Wang
Antibiotics represent a prototypical class of micropollutants, characterized by their diverse types, complex molecular structures, varied forms, and poorly understood environmental impacts. This study utilized waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the raw material to synthesize Co-MOF nanorods catalyst via an efficient solvent-thermal “one-pot” approach. Subsequently, the catalyst was anchored onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate via polydopamine (PDA) cross-linking and a catalytic membrane was fabricated by vacuum filtration for antibiotic degradation. Experimental results demonstrated that under the synergistic effect of visible light and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, the catalytic membrane achieved 97.63 % degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) within a mere 25 min (k = 0.1645 min−1). Moreover, after five reuse cycles, it continued to exhibit a degradation efficiency exceeding 85 %. Significantly, it exhibited good performance for the degradation of various antibiotics, such as oxytetracycline and ceftriaxone sodium. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed an efficient adsorption and activation pathway of PMS on the membrane surface. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and toxicity assessments unveiled the TCH degradation pathways and lower toxicity of intermediates. This “trash-to-treasure” approach not only establishes a novel pathway for the low-cost and large-scale production of MOFs but also achieves a “one-stone-two-birds” effect, offering a promising strategy for efficient and low-carbon treatment of antibiotic wastewater.
抗生素是一类典型的微污染物，其特点是类型多样，分子结构复杂，形式多样，对环境的影响知之甚少。本研究以废聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）为原料，采用高效的溶剂-热“一锅法”合成了Co-MOF纳米棒催化剂。随后，通过聚多巴胺（PDA）交联将催化剂固定在聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）底物上，并通过真空过滤制备用于抗生素降解的催化膜。实验结果表明，在可见光和过氧单硫酸盐（PMS）活化的协同作用下，该催化膜在25 min （k = 0.1645 min−1）内对盐酸四环素（TCH）的降解率达到97.63%。而且，经过5次重复使用，它的降解效率仍然超过85%。值得注意的是，它对土霉素和头孢曲松钠等多种抗生素具有良好的降解性能。密度泛函理论（DFT）计算揭示了PMS在膜表面的有效吸附和活化途径。高效液相色谱-质谱（HPLC-MS）和毒性评价揭示了TCH的降解途径和中间体的低毒性。这种“垃圾变宝”的方法不仅为mof的低成本规模化生产开辟了一条新途径，而且实现了“一石二鸟”的效果，为抗生素废水的高效低碳处理提供了一条有前景的策略。
{"title":"Waste PET-derived Co-MOF catalytic membrane: Achieving high-efficiency and sustainable antibiotics removal from water through visible-light-activated peroxymonosulfate","authors":"Huamei He , Meixuan Xin , Jun Wang , Xi Chen , Feifei Wei , Qiangbin Yang , Chenglong Yu , Guangyong Zeng , Chong-Chen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2026.119848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2026.119848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotics represent a prototypical class of micropollutants, characterized by their diverse types, complex molecular structures, varied forms, and poorly understood environmental impacts. This study utilized waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the raw material to synthesize Co-MOF nanorods catalyst via an efficient solvent-thermal “one-pot” approach. Subsequently, the catalyst was anchored onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate via polydopamine (PDA) cross-linking and a catalytic membrane was fabricated by vacuum filtration for antibiotic degradation. Experimental results demonstrated that under the synergistic effect of visible light and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, the catalytic membrane achieved 97.63 % degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) within a mere 25 min (k = 0.1645 min<sup>−1</sup>). Moreover, after five reuse cycles, it continued to exhibit a degradation efficiency exceeding 85 %. Significantly, it exhibited good performance for the degradation of various antibiotics, such as oxytetracycline and ceftriaxone sodium. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed an efficient adsorption and activation pathway of PMS on the membrane surface. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and toxicity assessments unveiled the TCH degradation pathways and lower toxicity of intermediates. This “trash-to-treasure” approach not only establishes a novel pathway for the low-cost and large-scale production of MOFs but also achieves a “one-stone-two-birds” effect, offering a promising strategy for efficient and low-carbon treatment of antibiotic wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119848"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119845
Yuzhuo Xiong , Min Li , Wei Gao , Shixian Wu , Wansheng Zhang , Jun Gao , Qinghui Shou , Xiangfeng Liang , Huizhou Liu
The extraction of uranium from seawater represents a promising approach to securing future nuclear fuel resources. Powder adsorbents with excellent performance in seawater have been extensively studied; however, their cycling stability and operational practicality remain limited. In this study, COF-TpTDH was incorporated into a sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol (SA/PVA) matrix using homogeneous blending-ion crosslinking technique. And aerogel microspheres (TpTDH@SPC) with interpenetrating dual networks were formed. The resultant microsphere exhibits superior mechanical properties, with a pressure resistance of 1.17 Mpa. Importantly, the hydrazone and β-ketoenamine structures within the COF introduce specific coordination sites that enable selective and efficient capture of uranyl ions. The material exhibited a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 325.36 mg g−1, and its distribution coefficient (Kd) of 9860 mL g−1 was significantly higher than that of other coexisting metal ions. In addition, TpTDH@SPC exhibit excellent dynamic adsorption performance, with a dynamic breakthrough adsorption capacity of 630.10 mg g−1, enabling the continuous treatment of 9.56 L of uranium at a concentration of 15 mg L−1. This result demonstrates their strong potential for industrial applications in continuous-flow processes.
{"title":"Dual-network aerogel microspheres of hydrazone-linked COFs for dynamic U(VI) capture","authors":"Yuzhuo Xiong , Min Li , Wei Gao , Shixian Wu , Wansheng Zhang , Jun Gao , Qinghui Shou , Xiangfeng Liang , Huizhou Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2026.119845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2026.119845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extraction of uranium from seawater represents a promising approach to securing future nuclear fuel resources. Powder adsorbents with excellent performance in seawater have been extensively studied; however, their cycling stability and operational practicality remain limited. In this study, COF-TpTDH was incorporated into a sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol (SA/PVA) matrix using homogeneous blending-ion crosslinking technique. And aerogel microspheres (TpTDH@SPC) with interpenetrating dual networks were formed. The resultant microsphere exhibits superior mechanical properties, with a pressure resistance of 1.17 Mpa. Importantly, the hydrazone and β-ketoenamine structures within the COF introduce specific coordination sites that enable selective and efficient capture of uranyl ions. The material exhibited a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 325.36 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, and its distribution coefficient (<em>K</em><sub>d</sub>) of 9860 mL g<sup>−1</sup> was significantly higher than that of other coexisting metal ions. In addition, TpTDH@SPC exhibit excellent dynamic adsorption performance, with a dynamic breakthrough adsorption capacity of 630.10 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, enabling the continuous treatment of 9.56 L of uranium at a concentration of 15 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. This result demonstrates their strong potential for industrial applications in continuous-flow processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119845"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119827
Sanjay Salve , Vivekanandan N , Mahdev Madgule , Rajeswari K
Achieving water security in arid and remote regions remains a major challenge, particularly where centralized treatment infrastructure is absent. Solar desalination offers a sustainable pathway, but the productivity of conventional solar stills is typically low. This study presents an integrated high-yield solar still that synergistically combines a flat plate collector (FPC) to enhance thermal input, a front-wall reflector to increase solar irradiation on the basin, and side-wall evaporative condensers to intensify vapor condensation. Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the individual and combined effects of these components. The fully integrated configuration achieved a significantly enhanced distillate yield of 12.3 L/m2/day—more than 300 % higher than a conventional basin-type still (2.9 L/m2/day)—with an overall thermal efficiency of 42.6 %. The results confirm that strategic coupling of heat-input and heat-rejection enhancement methods can overcome the intrinsic limitations of passive solar stills. This integrated approach provides a practical, low-energy solution for decentralized potable water production in sun-rich, water-scarce, and off-grid communities.
{"title":"High-yield integrated solar still with flat-plate collector and internal condensers for decentralized potable water production in arid regions","authors":"Sanjay Salve , Vivekanandan N , Mahdev Madgule , Rajeswari K","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving water security in arid and remote regions remains a major challenge, particularly where centralized treatment infrastructure is absent. Solar desalination offers a sustainable pathway, but the productivity of conventional solar stills is typically low. This study presents an integrated high-yield solar still that synergistically combines a flat plate collector (FPC) to enhance thermal input, a front-wall reflector to increase solar irradiation on the basin, and side-wall evaporative condensers to intensify vapor condensation. Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the individual and combined effects of these components. The fully integrated configuration achieved a significantly enhanced distillate yield of 12.3 L/m<sup>2</sup>/day—more than 300 % higher than a conventional basin-type still (2.9 L/m<sup>2</sup>/day)—with an overall thermal efficiency of 42.6 %. The results confirm that strategic coupling of heat-input and heat-rejection enhancement methods can overcome the intrinsic limitations of passive solar stills. This integrated approach provides a practical, low-energy solution for decentralized potable water production in sun-rich, water-scarce, and off-grid communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119827"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119804
Melissa A. Barton , Dheaya Alrousan , Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado , Sahar S. Dalahmeh , Anastasija Vasiljev , Jan-Olof Drangert , Prithvi Simha
Although wastewater irrigation is broadly accepted in many water-scarce regions, proposals to recycle human urine often face greater social resistance. We hypothesized that this resistance stems because “urine” is perceived as a symbolic substance that triggers stronger cultural and psychological responses than “wastewater.” We further predicted that framing urine recycling as nutrient recovery versus water recycling would elicit distinct patterns of acceptance. To test this, we conducted a structured survey in Jordan, evaluating support for four urine recycling scenarios: dry fertilizer, and reclaimed water for handwashing, toilet flushing, or irrigation—each presented in both general and proximal contexts. Support was consistently high for dry fertilizer, particularly when applied to non-food crops, while recycled water for intimate uses such as handwashing received the lowest support. Perception of Islamic jurisprudence regarding cleanliness emerged as central to how respondents evaluated urine-derived water: those who classified it as taher (clean but not purifying) or tahoor (ritually clean and purifying) were generally more supportive, while those who viewed it as najis (impure) tended to oppose all forms of recycling. Perceived approval from family and close social circles was a stronger predictor of support than perceived views within the wider religious community, affirming that acceptance is negotiated largely through interpersonal norms in this context. Cluster analysis identified two respondent profiles: a more open group who supported most forms of urine recycling, saw environmental value in the practice, and viewed recycled water as taher; and a more skeptical group who were less supportive, particularly in personal or proximate contexts, often viewed the water as najis, and anticipated strong social disapproval. Our findings suggest that a starting point for broadening public acceptance of urine recycling could involve engaging agrarian communities, where familiarity with existing wastewater irrigation practices may contribute to greater openness toward resource recovery from human urine. Among the scenarios tested, dry fertilizer derived from urine appears especially promising, as it bypasses many of the cultural and symbolic barriers associated with recycling.
{"title":"Clean enough? Acceptance of urine-derived dry fertilizer and water shaped by religious and social norms in a water-scarce Islamic context","authors":"Melissa A. Barton , Dheaya Alrousan , Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado , Sahar S. Dalahmeh , Anastasija Vasiljev , Jan-Olof Drangert , Prithvi Simha","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119804","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119804","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although wastewater irrigation is broadly accepted in many water-scarce regions, proposals to recycle human urine often face greater social resistance. We hypothesized that this resistance stems because “urine” is perceived as a symbolic substance that triggers stronger cultural and psychological responses than “wastewater.” We further predicted that framing urine recycling as nutrient recovery versus water recycling would elicit distinct patterns of acceptance. To test this, we conducted a structured survey in Jordan, evaluating support for four urine recycling scenarios: dry fertilizer, and reclaimed water for handwashing, toilet flushing, or irrigation—each presented in both general and proximal contexts. Support was consistently high for dry fertilizer, particularly when applied to non-food crops, while recycled water for intimate uses such as handwashing received the lowest support. Perception of Islamic jurisprudence regarding cleanliness emerged as central to how respondents evaluated urine-derived water: those who classified it as <em>taher</em> (clean but not purifying) or <em>tahoor</em> (ritually clean and purifying) were generally more supportive, while those who viewed it as <em>najis</em> (impure) tended to oppose all forms of recycling. Perceived approval from family and close social circles was a stronger predictor of support than perceived views within the wider religious community, affirming that acceptance is negotiated largely through interpersonal norms in this context. Cluster analysis identified two respondent profiles: a more open group who supported most forms of urine recycling, saw environmental value in the practice, and viewed recycled water as <em>taher</em>; and a more skeptical group who were less supportive, particularly in personal or proximate contexts, often viewed the water as <em>najis</em>, and anticipated strong social disapproval. Our findings suggest that a starting point for broadening public acceptance of urine recycling could involve engaging agrarian communities, where familiarity with existing wastewater irrigation practices may contribute to greater openness toward resource recovery from human urine. Among the scenarios tested, dry fertilizer derived from urine appears especially promising, as it bypasses many of the cultural and symbolic barriers associated with recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119804"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119812
Petric Marc Ruya , Mohammed Saif Ismail Hameed , Anton Swennen , Peter Goos , I. Gede Wenten , Xing Yang
Selective electrodialysis (SED) is a promising method to extract lithium from LIB leachate solution containing coexisting divalent cations. However, the optimization of the process is not trivial due to many influencing parameters. Current studies did not consider the interaction effects between operating parameters, leading to incomplete or local optimization. To fill this knowledge gap, this research integrated a statistical approach to study the relevance of the interactions between the operating parameters. Using a realistic synthetic LIB leachate, the SED performance was studied via analysing the interplay amongst voltage, hydrodynamics, feed composition and multi-stage configuration. The results demonstrated that each operating parameter exerted a distinct and measurable influence on the key performance metrics, even when evaluated against the same response variable. In particular, the multistage operation offered distinct advantages: both two-stage and three-stage configurations maintained more consistent selectivity over time compared to single-stage. Notably, the three-stage system reduced energy consumption by up to 57.8 %. To streamline experimentation and identify optimal conditions, statistical design of experiments (DOE) was employed to evaluate the statistical significance of individual effect of each operating parameter and also their interactions. The resulting regression model enabled the identification of an optimal operating window that maximized Li+ transport rate, selectivity, and energy efficiency. Under optimized conditions, incorporating the interaction effects between relevant parameters, the SED system achieved a Li+/Co2+ permselectivity of 17.3, a Li+ transport rate of 0.34 mmol/s.m.2, and a SEC of approximately 20 kWh/(kg Li). Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of statistical DOE and parametric analysis in enhancing separation performance and energy efficiency, and underscores the importance of optimizing operating conditions for sustainable lithium recovery.
{"title":"Optimizing lithium recovery from simulated battery leachate via selective electrodialysis: Parametric and statistical insights","authors":"Petric Marc Ruya , Mohammed Saif Ismail Hameed , Anton Swennen , Peter Goos , I. Gede Wenten , Xing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selective electrodialysis (SED) is a promising method to extract lithium from LIB leachate solution containing coexisting divalent cations. However, the optimization of the process is not trivial due to many influencing parameters. Current studies did not consider the interaction effects between operating parameters, leading to incomplete or local optimization. To fill this knowledge gap, this research integrated a statistical approach to study the relevance of the interactions between the operating parameters. Using a realistic synthetic LIB leachate, the SED performance was studied via analysing the interplay amongst voltage, hydrodynamics, feed composition and multi-stage configuration. The results demonstrated that each operating parameter exerted a distinct and measurable influence on the key performance metrics, even when evaluated against the same response variable. In particular, the multistage operation offered distinct advantages: both two-stage and three-stage configurations maintained more consistent selectivity over time compared to single-stage. Notably, the three-stage system reduced energy consumption by up to 57.8 %. To streamline experimentation and identify optimal conditions, statistical design of experiments (DOE) was employed to evaluate the statistical significance of individual effect of each operating parameter and also their interactions. The resulting regression model enabled the identification of an optimal operating window that maximized Li<sup>+</sup> transport rate, selectivity, and energy efficiency. Under optimized conditions, incorporating the interaction effects between relevant parameters, the SED system achieved a Li<sup>+</sup>/Co<sup>2+</sup> permselectivity of 17.3, a Li<sup>+</sup> transport rate of 0.34 mmol/s.m.<sup>2</sup>, and a SEC of approximately 20 kWh/(kg Li). Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of statistical DOE and parametric analysis in enhancing separation performance and energy efficiency, and underscores the importance of optimizing operating conditions for sustainable lithium recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119812"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119811
Adewale Giwa , Hussein Kehinde Amusa
Electrochemical membrane technologies (EMTs) represent promising sustainable alternatives for desalination, resource recovery, and clean energy generation, though their large-scale deployment remains limited by economic and environmental challenges. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) provide complementary insights into their sustainability and competitiveness relative to reverse osmosis (RO), multi-stage flash (MSF), and steam methane reforming (SMR). TEA results show water production costs ranging from $0.10 to $6.68/m3, with ED and MCDI being most cost-effective ($0.10–0.39/m3), outperforming RO ($0.4–0.8/m3) under low-salinity conditions. RED and hybrid ED-RO systems show intermediate costs ($0.22–3.41/m3), while BMED processes for chemical recovery range between $0.24 and $4.6/kg. In hydrogen generation, PEME achieves $3.0–7.1/kg H2, outperforming SMR (≈$10–12/kg), and BMED-based CO2 capture costs as low as $0.25–1.08/kg CO2. Energy consumption across EMTs ranges from 0.4 to 2.5 kWh/m3, lower than thermal processes (5–25 kWh/m3) and comparable to RO (1.5–3 kWh/m3). Renewable-powered systems such as photo-electrodialysis further reduce energy intensity, while BMED demands higher inputs (up to 12.6 kWh/m3) offset by byproduct valorization. LCA findings show global warming potentials from 0.35 to 7.62 kg CO2-eq/m3, with photo-ED lowest (0.076–1.47) and BMED highest (up to 67.9). PEME's 2.37–2.42 kg CO2-eq/kg H2 emissions are far below SMR's 10.8 kg CO2-eq/kg H2, confirming its decarbonization potential. This review reveals that EMTs are competitive compared to conventional systems when optimized for renewable integration, selective recovery, and material innovation. Electricity input, membrane cost, and salinity remain key performance drivers, emphasizing the need for integrated TEA-LCA frameworks to scale EMTs toward circular water-energy systems.
电化学膜技术（emt）在海水淡化、资源回收和清洁能源发电方面具有可持续发展的前景，但其大规模应用仍受到经济和环境挑战的限制。技术经济分析（TEA）和生命周期评估（LCA）提供了相对于反渗透（RO）、多级闪蒸（MSF）和蒸汽甲烷重整（SMR）的可持续性和竞争力的补充见解。TEA结果显示，在低盐度条件下，ED和MCDI最具成本效益（0.10 - 0.39美元/立方米），优于RO（0.4-0.8美元/立方米），产水成本为0.10 - 6.68美元/立方米。RED和混合ED-RO系统的成本介于中间（0.22-3.41美元/立方米），而BMED工艺的化学回收成本介于0.24美元至4.6美元/公斤之间。在制氢方面，PEME达到3.0-7.1美元/kg H2，优于SMR(≈10-12美元/kg)，基于bmed的二氧化碳捕集成本低至0.25-1.08美元/kg CO2。emt的能耗范围为0.4至2.5 kWh/m3，低于热过程（5-25 kWh/m3），与RO （1.5-3 kWh/m3）相当。光电渗析等可再生能源系统进一步降低了能源强度，而BMED需要更高的输入（高达12.6 kWh/m3）来抵消副产品的增值。LCA结果显示，全球变暖潜能值在0.35 ~ 7.62 kg CO2-eq/m3之间，其中光电ed最低（0.076 ~ 1.47），BMED最高（高达67.9）。PEME的2.37-2.42 kg co2当量/kg H2排放量远低于SMR的10.8 kg co2当量/kg H2，证实了其脱碳潜力。这篇综述表明，与传统系统相比，emt在可再生能源整合、选择性回收和材料创新方面具有竞争力。电力投入、膜成本和盐度仍然是关键的性能驱动因素，强调需要集成TEA-LCA框架来将emt扩展到循环水能系统。
{"title":"A comprehensive review of the sustainability of electrochemical technologies combined with membrane processes: Technoeconomic and life cycle assessments","authors":"Adewale Giwa , Hussein Kehinde Amusa","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochemical membrane technologies (EMTs) represent promising sustainable alternatives for desalination, resource recovery, and clean energy generation, though their large-scale deployment remains limited by economic and environmental challenges. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) provide complementary insights into their sustainability and competitiveness relative to reverse osmosis (RO), multi-stage flash (MSF), and steam methane reforming (SMR). TEA results show water production costs ranging from $0.10 to $6.68/m<sup>3</sup>, with ED and MCDI being most cost-effective ($0.10–0.39/m<sup>3</sup>), outperforming RO ($0.4–0.8/m<sup>3</sup>) under low-salinity conditions. RED and hybrid ED-RO systems show intermediate costs ($0.22–3.41/m<sup>3</sup>), while BMED processes for chemical recovery range between $0.24 and $4.6/kg. In hydrogen generation, PEME achieves $3.0–7.1/kg H<sub>2</sub>, outperforming SMR (≈$10–12/kg), and BMED-based CO<sub>2</sub> capture costs as low as $0.25–1.08/kg CO<sub>2</sub>. Energy consumption across EMTs ranges from 0.4 to 2.5 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>, lower than thermal processes (5–25 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>) and comparable to RO (1.5–3 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>). Renewable-powered systems such as photo-electrodialysis further reduce energy intensity, while BMED demands higher inputs (up to 12.6 kWh/m<sup>3</sup>) offset by byproduct valorization. LCA findings show global warming potentials from 0.35 to 7.62 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/m<sup>3</sup>, with photo-ED lowest (0.076–1.47) and BMED highest (up to 67.9). PEME's 2.37–2.42 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/kg H<sub>2</sub> emissions are far below SMR's 10.8 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/kg H<sub>2</sub>, confirming its decarbonization potential. This review reveals that EMTs are competitive compared to conventional systems when optimized for renewable integration, selective recovery, and material innovation. Electricity input, membrane cost, and salinity remain key performance drivers, emphasizing the need for integrated TEA-LCA frameworks to scale EMTs toward circular water-energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119811"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119822
Aqsa Kanwal , Song Luo , Kaiyang Li , Solomon-Oshioke Agbedor , Xiaohe Tian , Bo Liu , Cuie Wen , Hong Wu
Water scarcity currently affects millions of people worldwide, driving urgent demand for efficient and cost-effective desalination technologies. MXene-based membranes have garnered significant attention among novel 2D materials due to their tunable surface chemistry (O, –OH, F, Cl groups), high hydrophilicity, and exceptional physicochemical properties. However, challenges such as membrane fouling, the permeability–selectivity trade-off, structural degradation, and inadequate long-term stability hinder their desalination performance. Modification of MXene materials has emerged as a key strategy to overcome these limitations. Although significant achievements have been made in recent years, a comprehensive review summarizing the latest advances in MXene-based membranes was greatly needed. In the current review, we bridge this knowledge gap by critically evaluating recent breakthroughs in advanced modification techniques encompassing surface-functionalization, hybridization, and chemical-modification strategies that enable precise nanochannel engineering, enhanced ion selectivity, swelling resistance, and superior antifouling properties. Separation mechanisms are discussed in detail, clarifying how size sieving, Donnan exclusion, and surface adsorption jointly govern water and ion transport in MXene-based desalination systems. The approaches to synthesis of MXene nanosheets and membrane structures are also briefly described. In addition, we examine key performance metrics such as water flux, salt rejection, selectivity, and stability under operational conditions, with quantitative benchmarks from recent studies demonstrating significant advantages of modified MXene membranes over conventional polymeric nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Moreover, this review discusses critical challenges and future prospects for modified MXene membranes, highlighting the need for stable interlayer designs, eco-friendly synthesis methods, and scalable fabrication while addressing key hurdles such as elevated synthesis costs, safety risks from fluoride etchants, constrained MAX phase precursor supply, and difficulties in achieving uniform large-scale production. By systematically connecting specific modifications directly to desalination-relevant metrics and performance targets, this review provides a clear pathway toward commercially viable, sustainable MXene membranes for next-generation desalination.
{"title":"Pioneering MXene membranes for next-generation desalination: A review of functionalization, hybridization, and chemical modifications","authors":"Aqsa Kanwal , Song Luo , Kaiyang Li , Solomon-Oshioke Agbedor , Xiaohe Tian , Bo Liu , Cuie Wen , Hong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water scarcity currently affects millions of people worldwide, driving urgent demand for efficient and cost-effective desalination technologies. MXene-based membranes have garnered significant attention among novel 2D materials due to their tunable surface chemistry (<img>O, –OH, <img>F, <img>Cl groups), high hydrophilicity, and exceptional physicochemical properties. However, challenges such as membrane fouling, the permeability–selectivity trade-off, structural degradation, and inadequate long-term stability hinder their desalination performance. Modification of MXene materials has emerged as a key strategy to overcome these limitations. Although significant achievements have been made in recent years, a comprehensive review summarizing the latest advances in MXene-based membranes was greatly needed. In the current review, we bridge this knowledge gap by critically evaluating recent breakthroughs in advanced modification techniques encompassing surface-functionalization, hybridization, and chemical-modification strategies that enable precise nanochannel engineering, enhanced ion selectivity, swelling resistance, and superior antifouling properties. Separation mechanisms are discussed in detail, clarifying how size sieving, Donnan exclusion, and surface adsorption jointly govern water and ion transport in MXene-based desalination systems. The approaches to synthesis of MXene nanosheets and membrane structures are also briefly described. In addition, we examine key performance metrics such as water flux, salt rejection, selectivity, and stability under operational conditions, with quantitative benchmarks from recent studies demonstrating significant advantages of modified MXene membranes over conventional polymeric nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Moreover, this review discusses critical challenges and future prospects for modified MXene membranes, highlighting the need for stable interlayer designs, eco-friendly synthesis methods, and scalable fabrication while addressing key hurdles such as elevated synthesis costs, safety risks from fluoride etchants, constrained MAX phase precursor supply, and difficulties in achieving uniform large-scale production. By systematically connecting specific modifications directly to desalination-relevant metrics and performance targets, this review provides a clear pathway toward commercially viable, sustainable MXene membranes for next-generation desalination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119822"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145940001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119832
Shibo Guo , Jianquan Luo , Weijie Song , Yinhua Wan , Hongchao Gao , Mingbo Ji , Xiangrong Chen
Nanofiltration (NF) membranes have been extensively applied in lithium extraction from salt lakes and the treatment of mining wastewater. However, current research on the selective separation performance of NF membranes is predominantly focused on chloride systems, with significantly fewer studies addressing the separation of metal ions in sulfate systems. In this study, three commercially available NF membranes were modified to carry positive charge through EDC/NHS activation of surface carboxyl groups, followed by grafting with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The feasibility and separation mechanisms of these positively charged NF membranes for metal ion separation in sulfate systems were investigated, with emphasis on the synergistic effects of size exclusion and Donnan exclusion. Compared to the pristine membranes, the modified ones exhibited a reduction in water flux but a significant improvement in the Mg2+/Li+ separation factor. Among them, the modified NF7 membrane achieved the highest separation factor, exceeding 95. The results indicate that membrane pore size is the dominant factor in sulfate-system separation, while the positive charge contributes more significantly only within an appropriate pore size range. Furthermore, the modified NF7 membrane demonstrated excellent operational stability for treating Mg2+/Li+ mixed sulfate solutions, maintaining high separation performance under various Mg2+/Li+ ratios, total salt concentrations, and pH levels. During a 24-hour continuous test, it sustained a stable flux of approximately 15.5 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 while retaining a high separation factor. The Li+ purity in the permeate was significantly enhanced, reaching 93.5 % after two-stage filtration. This study offers valuable insights and a practical framework for the selective separation of metal ions in sulfate systems using positively charged nanofiltration membranes.
{"title":"Precision sieving of sulfates using positively charged nanofiltration membranes","authors":"Shibo Guo , Jianquan Luo , Weijie Song , Yinhua Wan , Hongchao Gao , Mingbo Ji , Xiangrong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofiltration (NF) membranes have been extensively applied in lithium extraction from salt lakes and the treatment of mining wastewater. However, current research on the selective separation performance of NF membranes is predominantly focused on chloride systems, with significantly fewer studies addressing the separation of metal ions in sulfate systems. In this study, three commercially available NF membranes were modified to carry positive charge through EDC/NHS activation of surface carboxyl groups, followed by grafting with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The feasibility and separation mechanisms of these positively charged NF membranes for metal ion separation in sulfate systems were investigated, with emphasis on the synergistic effects of size exclusion and Donnan exclusion. Compared to the pristine membranes, the modified ones exhibited a reduction in water flux but a significant improvement in the Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Li<sup>+</sup> separation factor. Among them, the modified NF7 membrane achieved the highest separation factor, exceeding 95. The results indicate that membrane pore size is the dominant factor in sulfate-system separation, while the positive charge contributes more significantly only within an appropriate pore size range. Furthermore, the modified NF7 membrane demonstrated excellent operational stability for treating Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Li<sup>+</sup> mixed sulfate solutions, maintaining high separation performance under various Mg<sup>2+</sup>/Li<sup>+</sup> ratios, total salt concentrations, and pH levels. During a 24-hour continuous test, it sustained a stable flux of approximately 15.5 L·m<sup>−2</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>·bar<sup>−1</sup> while retaining a high separation factor. The Li<sup>+</sup> purity in the permeate was significantly enhanced, reaching 93.5 % after two-stage filtration. This study offers valuable insights and a practical framework for the selective separation of metal ions in sulfate systems using positively charged nanofiltration membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119832"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2026.119847
Xiaojiao Qi , Jiahui Zhu , Yuan Yuan , Jing Yu , Qi Liu , Jingyuan Liu , Yingwei Wang , Ying Xu , Jun Wang
Uranium is a key fuel for nuclear energy, but its extraction and utilization cause uranyl ion entering aquatic environments, threatening human health. Thus, efficient uranium adsorption and detection methods are of great importance. Here, we prepared a Eu-MOF/PAN fiber membrane by electrospinning Europium (III) metal–organic framework (Eu-MOF) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), then surface grafting modification with chitosan (CS) to obtain Eu-MOF/PAN-CS which exhibited simultaneously adsorb and detect uranyl ions. Notably, this composite material exhibited excellent detection sensitivity, with the detection limit of 9.9 nM and saturation adsorption capacity of up to 282.7 mg/g. In addition, Eu-MOF/PAN-CS showed high detection accuracy in complex water samples such as Dalian seawater and simulated nuclear wastewater, with results consistent with using the ICP-MS. This work innovatively incorporated Eu-MOFs into electrospun membranes, resolving the instability and recovery challenges. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the recovery rate for U(VI) remained 81.88 %, which proves that Eu-MOF/PAN-CS is an excellent uranium enrichment and detection material.
{"title":"Porous electrospun membranes with regenerable bifunctionality for on-site uranium detection and efficient capture","authors":"Xiaojiao Qi , Jiahui Zhu , Yuan Yuan , Jing Yu , Qi Liu , Jingyuan Liu , Yingwei Wang , Ying Xu , Jun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2026.119847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2026.119847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uranium is a key fuel for nuclear energy, but its extraction and utilization cause uranyl ion entering aquatic environments, threatening human health. Thus, efficient uranium adsorption and detection methods are of great importance. Here, we prepared a Eu-MOF/PAN fiber membrane by electrospinning Europium (III) metal–organic framework (Eu-MOF) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), then surface grafting modification with chitosan (CS) to obtain Eu-MOF/PAN-CS which exhibited simultaneously adsorb and detect uranyl ions. Notably, this composite material exhibited excellent detection sensitivity, with the detection limit of 9.9 nM and saturation adsorption capacity of up to 282.7 mg/g. In addition, Eu-MOF/PAN-CS showed high detection accuracy in complex water samples such as Dalian seawater and simulated nuclear wastewater, with results consistent with using the ICP-MS. This work innovatively incorporated Eu-MOFs into electrospun membranes, resolving the instability and recovery challenges. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the recovery rate for U(VI) remained 81.88 %, which proves that Eu-MOF/PAN-CS is an excellent uranium enrichment and detection material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119847"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2025.119824
Vinay Arya , Ankit Agarwal , Chirodeep Bakli
Reducing specific energy consumption for water desalination remains a central challenge for achieving sustainable freshwater production. Electroosmotic flow (EOF) inside graphene nanochannels underpins a promising pathway for electrically regulated desalination membranes, energy storage, and osmotic energy harvesting. However, molecular dynamics studies capture nanoscale details; they are computationally intensive, and continuum approaches break down at nanoscale dimensions. In this work, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) predicts electroosmotic velocities, charge densities, and density profiles within nanochannels relevant to water purification applications. The training data are obtained from molecular simulations, spanning confinements of 1.75 nm −7.9 nm and electric fields up to 1.1 V/nm, surface charge densities up to −0.12C/m2, and ionic concentrations corresponding to regimes of brackish and seawater desalination. The PINN model embeds the continuum framework of 1-D electroosmotic equations in the most fundamental form to ensure physical consistency while learning with limited data. The model reproduces MD results with strong agreement, with electroosmotic velocity predictions achieving an . This PINN approach reduces computational time from hours to minutes, offering a scalable tool for nanofluidic design. Notably, the framework enables the rapid evaluation of key desalination performance metrics, such as water flux versus energy cost, and the identification of optimal regimes. By bridging the atomistic and continuum scales, this work not only models EOF within graphene nanoconfinements but also highlights the potential of physics-informed modelling in the rational design of high-performance desalination systems.
{"title":"Physics-informed machine learning for electroosmotic flow in graphene nanochannels: Towards next-generation desalination membranes","authors":"Vinay Arya , Ankit Agarwal , Chirodeep Bakli","doi":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.desal.2025.119824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reducing specific energy consumption for water desalination remains a central challenge for achieving sustainable freshwater production. Electroosmotic flow (EOF) inside graphene nanochannels underpins a promising pathway for electrically regulated desalination membranes, energy storage, and osmotic energy harvesting. However, molecular dynamics studies capture nanoscale details; they are computationally intensive, and continuum approaches break down at nanoscale dimensions. In this work, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) predicts electroosmotic velocities, charge densities, and density profiles within nanochannels relevant to water purification applications. The training data are obtained from molecular simulations, spanning confinements of 1.75 nm −7.9 nm and electric fields up to 1.1 V/nm, surface charge densities up to −0.12C/m<sup>2</sup>, and ionic concentrations corresponding to regimes of brackish and seawater desalination. The PINN model embeds the continuum framework of 1-D electroosmotic equations in the most fundamental form to ensure physical consistency while learning with limited data. The model reproduces MD results with strong agreement, with electroosmotic velocity predictions achieving an <span><math><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>></mo><mn>0.97</mn></math></span>. This PINN approach reduces computational time from hours to minutes, offering a scalable tool for nanofluidic design. Notably, the framework enables the rapid evaluation of key desalination performance metrics, such as water flux versus energy cost, and the identification of optimal regimes. By bridging the atomistic and continuum scales, this work not only models EOF within graphene nanoconfinements but also highlights the potential of physics-informed modelling in the rational design of high-performance desalination systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":299,"journal":{"name":"Desalination","volume":"623 ","pages":"Article 119824"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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