The article discusses the main problems encountered when assessing the style of the works written for the state maturity examination of Lithuanian language and literature. On the basis of the analysis of maturity examination works written in the period of 2013–2015, attempts are made to find the answers to the most important questions: whether the written maturity examination essays comply with the requirements for styles (sub-styles) they are assigned to and what functional style they have to be ascribed to, what relation of stylistics with rhetoric is like and how an essay is (or has to be) composed, as well as whether assessment of style in essays is always justified. The article consistently presents how the main requirements for a stylistic language are introduced in the Lithuanian language textbooks for 11th-12th forms, as well as discusses the cases of unmotivated and inaccurate marking of style errors in essays, identified during the research on empiric data. The conclusions are drawn that, regrettably, the conception of the essay written in the state maturity examination of Lithuanian language and literature has not been properly considered and has remained unclear till now. The existing agreement that an argumentative essay of state maturity examination is of publicist style and a literary essay has to be of science popularisation sub-style reveal the theoretical incompleteness and the absence of systematic approach to the problem. Teachers and researchers have to come to a unanimous agreement on the style, sub-style and genre of the examination essay. The examination evaluators have to approach each essay as an original work rather than to assess it following the established text writing rules. It is necessary to determine the deviations from style and to reduce the gap between the teaching process and assessment. Keywords: essay, rhetoric, culture of style, stylistics, state maturity examination. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2016.2
{"title":"Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros valstybinio brandos egzamino rašinių stiliaus problemos","authors":"Irena Smetonienė, Ona Petrėnienė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2016.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2016.2","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the main problems encountered when assessing the style of the works written for the state maturity examination of Lithuanian language and literature. On the basis of the analysis of maturity examination works written in the period of 2013–2015, attempts are made to find the answers to the most important questions: whether the written maturity examination essays comply with the requirements for styles (sub-styles) they are assigned to and what functional style they have to be ascribed to, what relation of stylistics with rhetoric is like and how an essay is (or has to be) composed, as well as whether assessment of style in essays is always justified. The article consistently presents how the main requirements for a stylistic language are introduced in the Lithuanian language textbooks for 11th-12th forms, as well as discusses the cases of unmotivated and inaccurate marking of style errors in essays, identified during the research on empiric data. The conclusions are drawn that, regrettably, the conception of the essay written in the state maturity examination of Lithuanian language and literature has not been properly considered and has remained unclear till now. The existing agreement that an argumentative essay of state maturity examination is of publicist style and a literary essay has to be of science popularisation sub-style reveal the theoretical incompleteness and the absence of systematic approach to the problem. Teachers and researchers have to come to a unanimous agreement on the style, sub-style and genre of the examination essay. The examination evaluators have to approach each essay as an original work rather than to assess it following the established text writing rules. It is necessary to determine the deviations from style and to reduce the gap between the teaching process and assessment. Keywords: essay, rhetoric, culture of style, stylistics, state maturity examination. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2016.2","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67242311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Meta-Linguistic Units as the Primary Tool for Integrating New Unassimilated Loanwords and Their Equivalents into a Text","authors":"Jurgita Girčienė","doi":"10.15823/zz.2016.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/zz.2016.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67241376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Loanwords of Computing","authors":"Sonata Vaičiakauskienė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2016.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2016.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67242108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Comma use in Latvian and English complex sentences differs significantly and this can cause major problems to Latvian users of English. In particular, the dependent clause that follows the independent clause is normally separated by a comma in Latvian complex sentences (Blinkena, 2009), whereas comma use/non-use in English complex sentences (Downing, Locke, 2006) depends on the semantic relation between the independent and the dependent clause. These comma use differences, as previous research reveals (Farneste, 2006b), can cause challenges in English complex sentence punctuation to students whose native language is Latvian. The goal of this study is to research Latvian students’ punctuation of English complex sentences extracted from a corpus of essays. The analysis covers the cases of nominal and relative dependent clauses that are tightly related to the independent clause they follow. Normally, as Downing and Locke (2006) note, such dependent clauses are not separated by a comma in English texts. The analysis shows that a strong semantic relation between the clauses has been relevantly recognised by students in numerous examples, which they have relevantly punctuated. However, the results also reveal unnecessary separations of relative and nominal clauses from the independent clause by a comma. These findings call for the focusing of students’ attention on the role of the semantic relation of clauses in English complex sentence punctuation by contrasting these sentences with the relevant complex sentences found in Latvian texts. In addition, further analysis of various sentence types and their punctuation in student-composed texts of different communicative purposes is required.
{"title":"Complex Sentences and their Punctuation in English Texts Composed by Latvian Students","authors":"Zigrīda Vinčela","doi":"10.15823/zz.2016.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/zz.2016.5","url":null,"abstract":"Comma use in Latvian and English complex sentences differs significantly and this can cause major problems to Latvian users of English. In particular, the dependent clause that follows the independent clause is normally separated by a comma in Latvian complex sentences (Blinkena, 2009), whereas comma use/non-use in English complex sentences (Downing, Locke, 2006) depends on the semantic relation between the independent and the dependent clause. These comma use differences, as previous research reveals (Farneste, 2006b), can cause challenges in English complex sentence punctuation to students whose native language is Latvian. The goal of this study is to research Latvian students’ punctuation of English complex sentences extracted from a corpus of essays. The analysis covers the cases of nominal and relative dependent clauses that are tightly related to the independent clause they follow. Normally, as Downing and Locke (2006) note, such dependent clauses are not separated by a comma in English texts. The analysis shows that a strong semantic relation between the clauses has been relevantly recognised by students in numerous examples, which they have relevantly punctuated. However, the results also reveal unnecessary separations of relative and nominal clauses from the independent clause by a comma. These findings call for the focusing of students’ attention on the role of the semantic relation of clauses in English complex sentence punctuation by contrasting these sentences with the relevant complex sentences found in Latvian texts. In addition, further analysis of various sentence types and their punctuation in student-composed texts of different communicative purposes is required.","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67242172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lithuanian and Latvian Occlusives: Duration and FFT Spectra of the Release Phase","authors":"Jolita Urbanavičienė, Inese Indričāne","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2016.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2016.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67242100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Classification of Thomas S. Kuhn’s Scientific Paradigms in the Interpretation by Margaret Masterman","authors":"Aurimas Okunauskas","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2015.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2015.29","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67240800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Problems of Legitimation of Social Phenomena","authors":"Liutauras Degėsys","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2015.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2015.28","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67240385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyses the historical influences of the ethical stage of Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy. By analysing the pseudonymous work Either / Or, it is argued that the ethical stage is much more closely related to Kantian ethics rather that G. Hegel’s ethical theory. In his three letters the pseudonymous author Judge William proposes an ethical project, which has overtones of both I. Kant and G. Hegel. Nevertheless, the article argues that the key elements and influences generate from I. Kant. Already the first two letters of Judge William allow to reinterpret his ethical project as much more Kantian than Hegelian. For Judge William, differently to G. Hegel and similarly to I. Kant, ethical will is significant, because it performs the function of individual’s selfdetermination. Also Judge William has in common with I. Kant the view of the very possibility to think good and evil – they both are skeptical towards such a possibility, as they think that the division between good and evil is absolute, thus, not subject to rational analysis. Also, for Judge William duty is found and determined inwardly, and not synchronized with the universal ethical system, as Hegel suggests. Finally, the third letter fo Judge William clearly shows a much more intimate conceptual relation of his ethics with Kantian ethics rather than Hegel’s theory. Finally, it is argued that both for Kant and Judge William the notion of God is merely a rational postulate which is invoked in order to play a normative role in ethics. Keywords : Kierkegaard, Judge William, Hegel, Kant, ethics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2015.30
{"title":"Immanuelio Kanto etikos įtaka Søreno Kierkegaard’o etinės stadijos sampratai","authors":"Viktoras Bachmetjevas","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2015.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2015.30","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the historical influences of the ethical stage of Soren Kierkegaard’s philosophy. By analysing the pseudonymous work Either / Or, it is argued that the ethical stage is much more closely related to Kantian ethics rather that G. Hegel’s ethical theory. In his three letters the pseudonymous author Judge William proposes an ethical project, which has overtones of both I. Kant and G. Hegel. Nevertheless, the article argues that the key elements and influences generate from I. Kant. Already the first two letters of Judge William allow to reinterpret his ethical project as much more Kantian than Hegelian. For Judge William, differently to G. Hegel and similarly to I. Kant, ethical will is significant, because it performs the function of individual’s selfdetermination. Also Judge William has in common with I. Kant the view of the very possibility to think good and evil – they both are skeptical towards such a possibility, as they think that the division between good and evil is absolute, thus, not subject to rational analysis. Also, for Judge William duty is found and determined inwardly, and not synchronized with the universal ethical system, as Hegel suggests. Finally, the third letter fo Judge William clearly shows a much more intimate conceptual relation of his ethics with Kantian ethics rather than Hegel’s theory. Finally, it is argued that both for Kant and Judge William the notion of God is merely a rational postulate which is invoked in order to play a normative role in ethics. Keywords : Kierkegaard, Judge William, Hegel, Kant, ethics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/zz.2015.30","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67240733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is based on the Deleuzean concept of the deterritorialization of refrain, using unformed sound and an investigation into how it works in the multimedia project Silver Dust. The experimental video project created by Lithuanian artist Andrius Sarapovas is interdisciplinary, comprising of music, dance, and poetry. In the project, different art lines run separately, parallel or in different directions, are full of cracks, and at the same time create unity through the invisible links. Our question is: How does G. Deleuze and F. Guattari’s mention of “raw sounds” in What is Philosophy? stimulate the appearance of the art’s machine, vibration and clinches between the different art lines in the composition Silver Dust? Using Deleuzoguattarian concepts of crack and flesh, the arrangement of composition, the rearrangement of characters in art machine, and the acting of a dark precursor is analyzed. The conclusion is that A. Sarapovas tries to compound raw sound / noise, unexpectedly coming into music and poetry and the raw view in image (image behind the scene) and allows for their interconnection during the montage, opening up the conditions for vibrations and couplings between heterogeneous elements and division. Consequently, sounds are held as G. Deleuze and F. Guattari state, in their “extinction”, “production and development” by the multimedia art machine.
本文以德勒兹的叠句去疆域化概念为基础，运用未成形的声音，并对其在多媒体项目《银尘》中的作用进行了研究。立陶宛艺术家Andrius Sarapovas创作的实验性视频项目是跨学科的，包括音乐，舞蹈和诗歌。在项目中，不同的艺术线条分别、平行或不同的方向运行，充满裂缝，同时又通过看不见的联系创造出统一。我们的问题是:德勒兹(G. Deleuze)和瓜塔里(F. Guattari)在《什么是哲学》(What is Philosophy)一书中提到的“原始声音”是怎么回事?在作品《银尘》中，不同的艺术线条之间激发艺术机器的外观、振动和咬合?运用“裂纹”和“肉”的概念，分析了作品的构图安排、艺术机器中人物的重新排列以及黑暗前体的作用。结论是A. Sarapovas试图混合原始的声音/噪音，意外地进入音乐和诗歌以及图像中的原始视图(场景后面的图像)，并允许它们在蒙太奇中相互连接，为异类元素和分裂之间的振动和耦合开辟条件。因此，声音就像德勒兹(G. Deleuze)和瓜塔里(F. Guattari)所说的那样，被多媒体艺术机器“灭绝”、“生产和发展”。
{"title":"Unformed Sound in Multimedia Composition: Andrius Šarapovas’ Project Silver Dust","authors":"L. Duoblienė","doi":"10.15823/ZZ.2015.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/ZZ.2015.27","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is based on the Deleuzean concept of the deterritorialization of refrain, using unformed sound and an investigation into how it works in the multimedia project Silver Dust. The experimental video project created by Lithuanian artist Andrius Sarapovas is interdisciplinary, comprising of music, dance, and poetry. In the project, different art lines run separately, parallel or in different directions, are full of cracks, and at the same time create unity through the invisible links. Our question is: How does G. Deleuze and F. Guattari’s mention of “raw sounds” in What is Philosophy? stimulate the appearance of the art’s machine, vibration and clinches between the different art lines in the composition Silver Dust? Using Deleuzoguattarian concepts of crack and flesh, the arrangement of composition, the rearrangement of characters in art machine, and the acting of a dark precursor is analyzed. The conclusion is that A. Sarapovas tries to compound raw sound / noise, unexpectedly coming into music and poetry and the raw view in image (image behind the scene) and allows for their interconnection during the montage, opening up the conditions for vibrations and couplings between heterogeneous elements and division. Consequently, sounds are held as G. Deleuze and F. Guattari state, in their “extinction”, “production and development” by the multimedia art machine.","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67240229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Traces of God in the World and Lithuanian Christianity","authors":"Augustinas Dainys","doi":"10.15823/zz.2015.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15823/zz.2015.31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30077,"journal":{"name":"Zmogus ir Zodis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67240783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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