A. Angelbeck, G. Wisner, A. Greiner, E. Hasselmark, R. Freeman, H. Reynolds
Figure sensor control of a deformable mirror has been developed which allows for closed-loop control of an arbitrary figure on the mirror. Figure sensing is implemented through the use of an optical heterodyne-type interferometer which monitors the optical figure (contour) of the mirror. Error signals are generated in a dedicated minicomputer by comparing the measured contour and the desired contour.
{"title":"Figure sensor control of a deformable mirror","authors":"A. Angelbeck, G. Wisner, A. Greiner, E. Hasselmark, R. Freeman, H. Reynolds","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.thf5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.thf5","url":null,"abstract":"Figure sensor control of a deformable mirror has been developed which allows for closed-loop control of an arbitrary figure on the mirror. Figure sensing is implemented through the use of an optical heterodyne-type interferometer which monitors the optical figure (contour) of the mirror. Error signals are generated in a dedicated minicomputer by comparing the measured contour and the desired contour.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125510752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Range-gated TV cameras used in conjunction with pulsed scene irradiators offer distinct advantages over their passive counterparts for night-time viewing of terrestrial scenes at long range. Besides being independent of natural scene lighting, active TV cameras can be considered for use with very small fields of view without need of the large objective lenses required by passive systems. Since any camera f-number increases with viewfield decrease may be offset by increase in scene irradiation if source and sensor viewfields are matched.
{"title":"Range-gated active TV system tradeoffs","authors":"F. A. Rosell","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.thc2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.thc2","url":null,"abstract":"Range-gated TV cameras used in conjunction with pulsed scene irradiators offer distinct advantages over their passive counterparts for night-time viewing of terrestrial scenes at long range. Besides being independent of natural scene lighting, active TV cameras can be considered for use with very small fields of view without need of the large objective lenses required by passive systems. Since any camera f-number increases with viewfield decrease may be offset by increase in scene irradiation if source and sensor viewfields are matched.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121096344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a highly responsive on-line approach to the production of complex photomasks. The pattern is generated on a refreshable display element (master) from which larger copies are projection printed. By using a refreshable master, the pattern information can be stored on computer tape, and all handling and storage of glass masters are eliminated.
{"title":"Liquid crystal artwork generator","authors":"R. A. Heinz, R. Klaiber, R. C. Oehrle","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.tud5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.tud5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a highly responsive on-line approach to the production of complex photomasks. The pattern is generated on a refreshable display element (master) from which larger copies are projection printed. By using a refreshable master, the pattern information can be stored on computer tape, and all handling and storage of glass masters are eliminated.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124346763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, alkaline-earth fluoride materials have been developed for use as high performance optical components in lasers operating in the spectral range from 2 μm to 5 μm (for example, HF and DF lasers). However, as in the cases of high power Nd glass and CO2 lasers, damage to optical components due to extremely high optical fluxes has proved a severe system limitation. Suitable 2–5-μm optical materials for damage resistant optics have not yet been evaluated systematically using a well-controlled laser source in this spectral region. In this paper we will discuss the properties of candidate optical materials for high-power 2–5-μm laser systems and present experimental data on damage resistance for the best obtainable samples. This information describing the laser–light-material interaction will provide electrooptical system engineers with data essential to the design of reliable high-power 2–5-μm lasers.
{"title":"Damage resistant optical components for 2-5-μm laser systems","authors":"K. Leung, C. Tang, M. Bass, M. Soileau","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.wa4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.wa4","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, alkaline-earth fluoride materials have been developed for use as high performance optical components in lasers operating in the spectral range from 2 μm to 5 μm (for example, HF and DF lasers). However, as in the cases of high power Nd glass and CO2 lasers, damage to optical components due to extremely high optical fluxes has proved a severe system limitation. Suitable 2–5-μm optical materials for damage resistant optics have not yet been evaluated systematically using a well-controlled laser source in this spectral region. In this paper we will discuss the properties of candidate optical materials for high-power 2–5-μm laser systems and present experimental data on damage resistance for the best obtainable samples. This information describing the laser–light-material interaction will provide electrooptical system engineers with data essential to the design of reliable high-power 2–5-μm lasers.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"397 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121259321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The practice of medicine today is intimately dependent upon an increasing number and range of medical laboratory tests performed in hospitals, clinics, and doctor’s offices. Some of these are examinations that have been automated, notably in biochemistry, but most of the tests that require classification or evaluation of cells still are performed manually. This includes cytologic examinations for cancer cells, differential blood and bone marrow counts, examinations of the urinary sediment, bacteriologic examinations, chromosome karyotyping, blood typing and cross-matching, and research examinations of potential clinical application, such as tissue typing or immunofluorescence. While human judgment may always be needed to interpret, if not to carry out many of these examinations, it is likely that automated instruments can and will become ever more important laboratory aids. Some simple tests are now routinely performed by automated devices that combine blood handling and diluting technology with particle counters; but other laboratory examinations of cellular specimens will require more complex instrumentation than the simple single-parameter measurements of the kind used for cell counting. To perform these tasks, other instruments are being designed that carry out simultaneous multiparameter measurements on individual cells in an effort to distinguish different cell types.
{"title":"Flow systems diagnostic technology: a review","authors":"L. Kamentsky","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.tue1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.tue1","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of medicine today is intimately dependent upon an increasing number and range of medical laboratory tests performed in hospitals, clinics, and doctor’s offices. Some of these are examinations that have been automated, notably in biochemistry, but most of the tests that require classification or evaluation of cells still are performed manually. This includes cytologic examinations for cancer cells, differential blood and bone marrow counts, examinations of the urinary sediment, bacteriologic examinations, chromosome karyotyping, blood typing and cross-matching, and research examinations of potential clinical application, such as tissue typing or immunofluorescence. While human judgment may always be needed to interpret, if not to carry out many of these examinations, it is likely that automated instruments can and will become ever more important laboratory aids. Some simple tests are now routinely performed by automated devices that combine blood handling and diluting technology with particle counters; but other laboratory examinations of cellular specimens will require more complex instrumentation than the simple single-parameter measurements of the kind used for cell counting. To perform these tasks, other instruments are being designed that carry out simultaneous multiparameter measurements on individual cells in an effort to distinguish different cell types.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122635794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Design characteristics and performance of a low-temperature multipass White cell are described. The optical pathlength can be varied from 40 m to 2000 m, and absorption measurements can be made under controlled temperature environment between 160 K and ambient temperature. The special feature of its construction, which combines White cell optics for laser applied spectroscopy and accurate temperature control, is that it allows the study of molecular fine structure of many species of both chemical and atmospheric interest. Spectroscopic measurements under conditions in which the temperature of the absorbing species is accurately known and pressure broadening is minimized provide information on molecular fine structure, populations of excited states, line intensities, and transition probabilities.
{"title":"Design and performance of a low-temperature multiple-reflection absorption cell","authors":"J. E. Griggs, M. Henke, J. P. Aldridge, K. Kim","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.thd6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.thd6","url":null,"abstract":"Design characteristics and performance of a low-temperature multipass White cell are described. The optical pathlength can be varied from 40 m to 2000 m, and absorption measurements can be made under controlled temperature environment between 160 K and ambient temperature. The special feature of its construction, which combines White cell optics for laser applied spectroscopy and accurate temperature control, is that it allows the study of molecular fine structure of many species of both chemical and atmospheric interest. Spectroscopic measurements under conditions in which the temperature of the absorbing species is accurately known and pressure broadening is minimized provide information on molecular fine structure, populations of excited states, line intensities, and transition probabilities.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117108543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A differential phase measuring device is described that is suited for measuring, at high frame rate, the two-dimensional optical phase and intensity distributions of a high power laser beam. This device is insensitive to the fluctuations in amplitude, polarization, and wavelength that are characteristic of high power laser radiation.
{"title":"Sliding reference interferometer","authors":"M. Skolnick, H. Robertson","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.tuf9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.tuf9","url":null,"abstract":"A differential phase measuring device is described that is suited for measuring, at high frame rate, the two-dimensional optical phase and intensity distributions of a high power laser beam. This device is insensitive to the fluctuations in amplitude, polarization, and wavelength that are characteristic of high power laser radiation.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131056773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1968, Hughes Aircraft Company began investigating techniques for cutting single layers of apparel fabrics at a speed, accuracy, and cost required for economic application in the apparel industry. Forty-two methods were studied, and lasercutting was selected as the most promising. In 1969, Hughes began developing a lasercutting system.
{"title":"Lasercutting: current and future applications","authors":"R. Salyer","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.tub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.tub2","url":null,"abstract":"In 1968, Hughes Aircraft Company began investigating techniques for cutting single layers of apparel fabrics at a speed, accuracy, and cost required for economic application in the apparel industry. Forty-two methods were studied, and lasercutting was selected as the most promising. In 1969, Hughes began developing a lasercutting system.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128152550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hard surface photomasks consisting of thin opaque metallic or dielectric films on glass substrates are increasing in popularity as a result of the durability and high resolution they provide in the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits. Although in many cases the surfaces are reflective, sufficient absorption of optical radiation occurs to permit machining of these films via melting and/or evaporation, thus permitting modification or repair of processed masks using laser-based machines. The primary requirements of such systems are the ability to (1) machine the opaque film without affecting the substrate and (2) provide the precision and resolution dictated by the mask patterns.
{"title":"Laser machining of micron-dimension rectangular holes on thin film photomasks","authors":"M. Cohen, R. Kaplan","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.tub5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.tub5","url":null,"abstract":"Hard surface photomasks consisting of thin opaque metallic or dielectric films on glass substrates are increasing in popularity as a result of the durability and high resolution they provide in the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits. Although in many cases the surfaces are reflective, sufficient absorption of optical radiation occurs to permit machining of these films via melting and/or evaporation, thus permitting modification or repair of processed masks using laser-based machines. The primary requirements of such systems are the ability to (1) machine the opaque film without affecting the substrate and (2) provide the precision and resolution dictated by the mask patterns.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121602437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a laser that was designed for application to differential absorption lidar, dial, experiments. The laser produces two nearly simultaneous pulses of light with each pulse having independently tunable wavelengths. These features reduce the problems associated with previous dial laser techniques.
{"title":"Two-wavelength double-pulse tunable dye laser for dial applications","authors":"E. Browell","doi":"10.1364/cleos.1976.wf5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/cleos.1976.wf5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a laser that was designed for application to differential absorption lidar, dial, experiments. The laser produces two nearly simultaneous pulses of light with each pulse having independently tunable wavelengths. These features reduce the problems associated with previous dial laser techniques.","PeriodicalId":301658,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Laser and Electrooptical Systems","volume":"71 17","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113933145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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