Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113621
Yanjie Sun , Yuheng Ni , Ruize Zhou , Zhenye Wang , Xiang Gao , Xiaoling Ma , Jianhong Gao , Hui Chen , Fujun Zhang , Zhitian Liu
Three-dimensional (3D) perylene diimide (PDI) oligomers effectively suppress the excessive aggregation inherent to PDI monomers, yet their photovoltaic performance is often hampered by low electron mobility resulting from the distorted molecular structure. In this work, a new fluorinated PDI trimer (F-PDI3) was synthesized, alongside its non-fluorinated analogue (Ph-PDI) for comparative analysis. The F-PDI3 based device exhibited an electron mobility of 7.62 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is 1.5 times higher than that of Ph-PDI based device (5.07 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1). This enhanced electron mobility, along with more favorable morphology contributed to enhanced charge generation and suppressed recombination. As a result, the PM6:F-PDI3 OSCs achieved a superior PCE value of 8.29 %, ranking among the top-performing PDI-based OSCs. This study demonstrates that fluorination as a potent strategy for enhancing the electron mobility of 3D PDI acceptor materials, thus improves their photovoltaic performance.
{"title":"Investigating fluorination effects in a perylene diimide trimer for organic solar cells","authors":"Yanjie Sun , Yuheng Ni , Ruize Zhou , Zhenye Wang , Xiang Gao , Xiaoling Ma , Jianhong Gao , Hui Chen , Fujun Zhang , Zhitian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) perylene diimide (PDI) oligomers effectively suppress the excessive aggregation inherent to PDI monomers, yet their photovoltaic performance is often hampered by low electron mobility resulting from the distorted molecular structure. In this work, a new fluorinated PDI trimer (F-PDI3) was synthesized, alongside its non-fluorinated analogue (Ph-PDI) for comparative analysis. The F-PDI3 based device exhibited an electron mobility of 7.62 × 10<sup>−4</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, which is 1.5 times higher than that of Ph-PDI based device (5.07 × 10<sup>−4</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>). This enhanced electron mobility, along with more favorable morphology contributed to enhanced charge generation and suppressed recombination. As a result, the PM6:F-PDI3 OSCs achieved a superior PCE value of 8.29 %, ranking among the top-performing PDI-based OSCs. This study demonstrates that fluorination as a potent strategy for enhancing the electron mobility of 3D PDI acceptor materials, thus improves their photovoltaic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113618
Zece Zhu , Runjing Yang , Ruiqi Mo , Ze-Yu Zhang , Di Tian , Ai-Guo Shen
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion holds significant potential for enhancing semiconductor photocatalysis by converting low-energy photons into higher-energy emissions. However, the practical application of TTA is often limited by the poor solubility of conventional annihilators, which restricts light absorption and upconversion performance. In this study, a novel annihilator (DPA1) based on 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) was developed by introducing branched alkyl chains, and diphenylmethane was identified as an optimal high-refractive-index solvent. This combination markedly improved the stability of annihilator solutions at high concentrations. Increasing the annihilator concentration in the TTA system effectively suppressed oxygen-induced triplet quenching and back-energy transfer to the sensitizer, resulting in a lower excitation threshold (Ith) and a higher upconversion efficiency (ФUC = 14.3 %), facilitating light energy utilization without deaeration. This optimized upconversion system enabled WO3 to more efficiently utilize visible light for generating hydroxyl radicals. We anticipate that high-concentration annihilator systems will provide bright upconversion luminescence and find broad applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and related fields.
{"title":"High-concentration annihilators for efficient green-to-blue photon upconversion and photocatalytic production of hydroxyl radicals","authors":"Zece Zhu , Runjing Yang , Ruiqi Mo , Ze-Yu Zhang , Di Tian , Ai-Guo Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion holds significant potential for enhancing semiconductor photocatalysis by converting low-energy photons into higher-energy emissions. However, the practical application of TTA is often limited by the poor solubility of conventional annihilators, which restricts light absorption and upconversion performance. In this study, a novel annihilator (<strong>DPA1</strong>) based on 9,10-diphenylanthracene (<strong>DPA</strong>) was developed by introducing branched alkyl chains, and diphenylmethane was identified as an optimal high-refractive-index solvent. This combination markedly improved the stability of annihilator solutions at high concentrations. Increasing the annihilator concentration in the TTA system effectively suppressed oxygen-induced triplet quenching and back-energy transfer to the sensitizer, resulting in a lower excitation threshold (<strong><em>I</em></strong><sub>th</sub>) and a higher upconversion efficiency (<em>Ф</em><sub>UC</sub> = 14.3 %), facilitating light energy utilization without deaeration. This optimized upconversion system enabled WO<sub>3</sub> to more efficiently utilize visible light for generating hydroxyl radicals. We anticipate that high-concentration annihilator systems will provide bright upconversion luminescence and find broad applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113618"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113612
Wen-Xuan Chen, Sheng-Huei Hsiao
A novel dietheramine containing a carbazolyltriphenylamine (CzTPA) unit, specifically 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-4”-(carbazol-9-yl)triphenylamine, was synthesized along with its derived poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s. The optoelectronic properties of the resulting polymers were thoroughly investigated. Both the poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s demonstrated excellent solubility in many organic solvents, allowing them to be solution-cast into flexible thin films. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from 243 to 282 °C, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed no significant weight loss before 450 °C. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results revealed that these poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s exhibited two oxidation waves at around 1.09–1.19 V and 1.62–1.78 V. The first redox process is quasi-reversible, whereas the second one is irreversible. As the applied voltage gradually increases from 0.0 V to 1.8 V, the polymer films coated on ITO glass displayed noticeable color changes, transitioning from colorless in the neutral state to pale blue and light Prussian blue in the oxidized states. These polymers demonstrated good electrochemical and electrochromic stability in their first oxidation states. The incorporation of phenoxy linkages between the imide ring and the CzTPA unit enhances solubility and processability while simultaneously improving the electrochemical and electrochromic stability of the resulting poly (ether imide)s.
{"title":"Electrochemical and electrochromic properties of poly(ether amide)s and poly(ether imide)s with carbazolyltriphenylamine redox chromophores","authors":"Wen-Xuan Chen, Sheng-Huei Hsiao","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel dietheramine containing a carbazolyltriphenylamine (CzTPA) unit, specifically 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-4”-(carbazol-9-yl)triphenylamine, was synthesized along with its derived poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s. The optoelectronic properties of the resulting polymers were thoroughly investigated. Both the poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s demonstrated excellent solubility in many organic solvents, allowing them to be solution-cast into flexible thin films. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed glass transition temperatures (<em>T</em><sub>g</sub>) ranging from 243 to 282 °C, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed no significant weight loss before 450 °C. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results revealed that these poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s exhibited two oxidation waves at around 1.09–1.19 V and 1.62–1.78 V. The first redox process is quasi-reversible, whereas the second one is irreversible. As the applied voltage gradually increases from 0.0 V to 1.8 V, the polymer films coated on ITO glass displayed noticeable color changes, transitioning from colorless in the neutral state to pale blue and light Prussian blue in the oxidized states. These polymers demonstrated good electrochemical and electrochromic stability in their first oxidation states. The incorporation of phenoxy linkages between the imide ring and the CzTPA unit enhances solubility and processability while simultaneously improving the electrochemical and electrochromic stability of the resulting poly (ether imide)s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113612"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113617
Kai Huang , Haoda Zhang , Nabeela Channar , Sen Zhou , Xiaoming Yang
Long-wavelength solid-state carbon dots have raised the considerable interest of researchers owing to their distinct long-wavelength emissions. However, achieving the controlled synthesis of solid-state, anti-self-quenching and long-wavelength carbon dots using the facile and low-cost methods remains a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Here, we successfully prepared two kinds of solid-state carbon dots with the fluorescence emissions spanning a broad spectrum from blue to red. We further elucidated the mechanism of the red-shifting fluorescence for Red-CDs@PA as the increased sp2 conjugated domain within the carbon core and the high level of graphitic nitrogen doping. These two factors synergistically reduced the optical bandgap from 3.52 eV of Blue-CDs@PA to 1.83 eV of Red-CDs@PA, thus resulting in the red-shifting fluorescence. By comparatively analyzing the phosphorescence of three CDs including Blue-CDs@PA, CDs@TPA and CDs@IPA, we provided the evidence that the increased intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed by the ortho-carboxyls enhanced the triplet-exciton stability and decreased the non-radiative transitions, thus facilitating Blue-CDs@PA to emit the longer wavelength phosphorescence. Additionally, leveraging their superior fluorescent properties, we utilized both CDs to prepare multicolor LED. Notably, the WLED fabricated by combining the blue and red CDs exhibited a favorable performance, validating their potential for the practical illumination. Therefore, this study provided a facile strategy for preparing the tunable FL-emitting CDs, demonstrating the great potential of these CDs in the field of LED preparation.
{"title":"Long-wavelength solid-state carbon dots by regulating sp2-conjugated domain and graphitic nitrogen doping for white LED","authors":"Kai Huang , Haoda Zhang , Nabeela Channar , Sen Zhou , Xiaoming Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-wavelength solid-state carbon dots have raised the considerable interest of researchers owing to their distinct long-wavelength emissions. However, achieving the controlled synthesis of solid-state, anti-self-quenching and long-wavelength carbon dots using the facile and low-cost methods remains a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Here, we successfully prepared two kinds of solid-state carbon dots with the fluorescence emissions spanning a broad spectrum from blue to red. We further elucidated the mechanism of the red-shifting fluorescence for Red-CDs@PA as the increased sp<sup>2</sup> conjugated domain within the carbon core and the high level of graphitic nitrogen doping. These two factors synergistically reduced the optical bandgap from 3.52 eV of Blue-CDs@PA to 1.83 eV of Red-CDs@PA, thus resulting in the red-shifting fluorescence. By comparatively analyzing the phosphorescence of three CDs including Blue-CDs@PA, CDs@TPA and CDs@IPA, we provided the evidence that the increased intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed by the ortho-carboxyls enhanced the triplet-exciton stability and decreased the non-radiative transitions, thus facilitating Blue-CDs@PA to emit the longer wavelength phosphorescence. Additionally, leveraging their superior fluorescent properties, we utilized both CDs to prepare multicolor LED. Notably, the WLED fabricated by combining the blue and red CDs exhibited a favorable performance, validating their potential for the practical illumination. Therefore, this study provided a facile strategy for preparing the tunable FL-emitting CDs, demonstrating the great potential of these CDs in the field of LED preparation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113617"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113619
Xiaolei Zhao , Yiwei Wang , Zhirong Zhu , Xianqiang Kong , Wei Huang
The microenvironmental polarity of lysosomes in cancer cells is lower than that in normal cells. Harnessing this feature to design the lysosome-targeting fluorescent probe that achieves enrichment and therapeutic effects at tumor sites holds significant importance. Herein, based on the azo-hydrazone tautomerism strategy, we developed a lysosome-targeting, polarity-activated near-infrared (NIR) theranostic probe TPPY-NH. The presence of a distinctive hydrazone proton in the probe grants it high sensitivity toward environmental polarity. Namely, in a weakly polar environment, TPPY-NH predominantly exists in the fluorescent hydrazone form (–NH–N = ). As environmental polarity increases, it gradually converts to the azo form (-NN-) with potent photothermal properties. The balanced coexistence of the fluorescent hydrazone and photothermal azo species not only enables reliable discrimination between cancer and normal cells by leveraging the polarity difference of their lysosomes, but also achieves specific tumor visualization at the organ level, ultimately realizing photothermal imaging (PTI) and therapy of orthotopic tumors in vivo. The azo-hydrazone tautomerism-based TPPY-NH probe provides a highly promising integrated platform for real-time cancer diagnosis and non-invasive photothermal therapy (PTT).
癌细胞中溶酶体的微环境极性低于正常细胞。利用这一特点来设计溶酶体靶向荧光探针，在肿瘤部位实现富集和治疗效果具有重要意义。在此，基于偶氮腙互变异构策略，我们开发了一种溶酶体靶向，极性激活的近红外（NIR）治疗探针TPPY-NH。探针中独特的腙质子的存在使其对环境极性具有很高的灵敏度。即，在弱极性环境中，TPPY-NH主要以荧光腙形式存在（-NH-N =）。随着环境极性的增加，它逐渐转化为偶氮形式（- nn -），具有强大的光热性质。荧光腙和光热偶氮平衡共存，不仅可以利用其溶酶体的极性差异对癌细胞和正常细胞进行可靠的区分，而且可以在器官水平上实现特异性肿瘤可视化，最终实现原位肿瘤的体内光热成像（PTI）和治疗。基于偶氮腙互变异构的tpy - nh探针为实时癌症诊断和无创光热治疗（PTT）提供了一个非常有前途的集成平台。
{"title":"A lysosome-targeting near-infrared optical probe conferring polarity-induced azo-hydrazone coexistence for photothermal therapy","authors":"Xiaolei Zhao , Yiwei Wang , Zhirong Zhu , Xianqiang Kong , Wei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microenvironmental polarity of lysosomes in cancer cells is lower than that in normal cells. Harnessing this feature to design the lysosome-targeting fluorescent probe that achieves enrichment and therapeutic effects at tumor sites holds significant importance. Herein, based on the azo-hydrazone tautomerism strategy, we developed a lysosome-targeting, polarity-activated near-infrared (NIR) theranostic probe <strong>TPPY-NH</strong>. The presence of a distinctive hydrazone proton in the probe grants it high sensitivity toward environmental polarity. Namely, in a weakly polar environment, <strong>TPPY-NH</strong> predominantly exists in the fluorescent hydrazone form (–NH–N = ). As environmental polarity increases, it gradually converts to the azo form (-N<img>N-) with potent photothermal properties. The balanced coexistence of the fluorescent hydrazone and photothermal azo species not only enables reliable discrimination between cancer and normal cells by leveraging the polarity difference of their lysosomes, but also achieves specific tumor visualization at the organ level, ultimately realizing photothermal imaging (PTI) and therapy of orthotopic tumors in vivo. The azo-hydrazone tautomerism-based <strong>TPPY-NH</strong> probe provides a highly promising integrated platform for real-time cancer diagnosis and non-invasive photothermal therapy (PTT).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113619"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113614
Wangen Zhu , Ji Chen , Xin Gao , Junxian Chen , Jiaying Yan , Yong Qi , Nuonuo Zhang
Small-molecule dyes still dominate traditional fields but are urgently in need of upgrading due to limitations in environmental adaptability, insufficient color fastness, and single functionality. Macromolecular dyes address the migration issue and enhance color fastness through polymerization, while expanding application scenarios via functional integration. Among them, poly (siloxane)-based macromolecular dyes are notable for their outstanding performance in weather resistance, color fastness, and functional diversity, owing to the high stability of the Si–O backbone, the modifiability of side chains, and the low surface energy characteristics. These dyes have become the core technological direction in the high-end dye market, particularly demonstrating irreplaceable advantages in outdoor coatings, smart textiles, and optoelectronic materials. This review classifies poly (siloxane)-based macromolecular dyes into two categories based on chromophore structure: non-luminescent synthetic chromophore-containing poly (siloxane) macromolecular dyes and fluorescent/phosphorescent chromophore-containing macromolecular dyes. The synthetic methods, characteristics, research progress, and application prospects of these two types of dyes are systematically reviewed, aiming to provide a reference for the follow-up research, development, and application of poly (siloxane)-based macromolecular dyes.
{"title":"Synthesis and applications of poly(siloxane)-based macromolecular dyes containing non-luminescent synthetic chromophores and fluorescent/phosphorescent dye chromophores","authors":"Wangen Zhu , Ji Chen , Xin Gao , Junxian Chen , Jiaying Yan , Yong Qi , Nuonuo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small-molecule dyes still dominate traditional fields but are urgently in need of upgrading due to limitations in environmental adaptability, insufficient color fastness, and single functionality. Macromolecular dyes address the migration issue and enhance color fastness through polymerization, while expanding application scenarios via functional integration. Among them, poly (siloxane)-based macromolecular dyes are notable for their outstanding performance in weather resistance, color fastness, and functional diversity, owing to the high stability of the Si–O backbone, the modifiability of side chains, and the low surface energy characteristics. These dyes have become the core technological direction in the high-end dye market, particularly demonstrating irreplaceable advantages in outdoor coatings, smart textiles, and optoelectronic materials. This review classifies poly (siloxane)-based macromolecular dyes into two categories based on chromophore structure: non-luminescent synthetic chromophore-containing poly (siloxane) macromolecular dyes and fluorescent/phosphorescent chromophore-containing macromolecular dyes. The synthetic methods, characteristics, research progress, and application prospects of these two types of dyes are systematically reviewed, aiming to provide a reference for the follow-up research, development, and application of poly (siloxane)-based macromolecular dyes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113614"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113616
Xiangrui Li , Ruiqi Sun , Xia Lan , Yan Fu , Ben Zhong Tang , Zujin Zhao
With the potential to achieve a theoretical exciton utilization efficiency of 100 %, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have garnered considerable attention in the field of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In particular, TADF emitters based on through-space charge transfer (TSCT) mechanism have emerged as one of the major focuses of recent studies. Herein, three U-shaped folded TADF emitters are successfully constructed with 11,12-dihydroindolo[2,3-a]carbazole as bridging unit to link electron acceptor of xanthone and different electron donors. With the enhancement of the electron-donating strength of donors, the radiative transition characteristic evolves from through-bond charge transfer (TBCT) to TSCT transition, enabling effective modulation of emission wavelengths and efficiencies of the molecule. The face-to-face stacking pattern of the electron donor and acceptor facilitates the formation of TSCT transition. All the emitters exhibit outstanding photoluminescence quantum efficiencies and small singlet-triplet energy gaps, leading to fast reverse intersystem crossing and thus efficient TADF behaviors. Efficient sky-blue and yellow OLEDs are fabricated based on these emitters, which afford high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 21.24 %, and 20.36 % with the emission peaks at 498 and 546 nm, respectively. These results could provide applicable guidance for the design of efficient TSCT-type TADF emitters.
{"title":"Robust U-shaped folded TADF emitters with prominent through-space charge transfer feature","authors":"Xiangrui Li , Ruiqi Sun , Xia Lan , Yan Fu , Ben Zhong Tang , Zujin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the potential to achieve a theoretical exciton utilization efficiency of 100 %, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have garnered considerable attention in the field of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In particular, TADF emitters based on through-space charge transfer (TSCT) mechanism have emerged as one of the major focuses of recent studies. Herein, three U-shaped folded TADF emitters are successfully constructed with 11,12-dihydroindolo[2,3-<em>a</em>]carbazole as bridging unit to link electron acceptor of xanthone and different electron donors. With the enhancement of the electron-donating strength of donors, the radiative transition characteristic evolves from through-bond charge transfer (TBCT) to TSCT transition, enabling effective modulation of emission wavelengths and efficiencies of the molecule. The face-to-face stacking pattern of the electron donor and acceptor facilitates the formation of TSCT transition. All the emitters exhibit outstanding photoluminescence quantum efficiencies and small singlet-triplet energy gaps, leading to fast reverse intersystem crossing and thus efficient TADF behaviors. Efficient sky-blue and yellow OLEDs are fabricated based on these emitters, which afford high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 21.24 %, and 20.36 % with the emission peaks at 498 and 546 nm, respectively. These results could provide applicable guidance for the design of efficient TSCT-type TADF emitters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113616"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113610
Weibai Bian , Yuchen Ba , Jinhua Liu , Zhenyu Wu , Han Chen , Shakeel Zeb , Keyuan Cheng , Yan Liu
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on viologen derivatives suffer from slow color-changing speed and liquid electrolyte leakage. Herein, flexible mixed electrochromic devices (MECDs) were constructed by integrating high-conductivity MXene and semi-solid poly (deep eutectic solvent, DES) gels. MXene/PET composite films were prepared via spin-coating, and quaternary DES containing acrylamide was used to synthesize poly (DES) gels through photopolymerization, which were then assembled with viologen derivatives (BuMprV and BuEbuV) to form MECD 1 and MECD 2. The MECDs showed stable electrochromic performance: MECD 1 and MECD 2 exhibited visible light modulation efficiencies of 30.8 % and 14.1 %, respectively, featuring three-color transitions (yellow-green-cyan for MECD 1 and yellow-brown-purple for MECD 2). After 1000 coloring/bleaching cycles, MECD-1 (BuMPrV, 609 nm) shows minor degradation, with bleached-state transmittance decreasing ∼7 % and colored-state transmittance increasing ∼10 %, slightly reducing optical contrast. In MECD-2 (BuEBuV), bleached-state transmittance decreases ∼11–12 % and colored-state increases ∼12 %, indicating moderate contrast degradation. MXene films accelerated the bleaching speed of MECD 1 and MECD 2 by 180.2 s and 75.4 s compared to conventional viologen ECDs. Energy-saving simulation tests revealed that MECD 1 reduced temperature rise by 4.2 °C compared to ordinary glass with excellent thermal insulation, showing potential in portable and flexible thermal insulation materials. The MECDs produced with BuEBuV and BuMPrV-based viologen/poly (DES) gel electrolytes have excellent long-term electrochromic stability, retaining highly reversible coloration and bleaching behavior for 1000 continuous cycles with a cycle duration of 200 s. This work provides a new strategy for developing high-performance flexible ECDs by combining MXene and poly (DES) gels.
{"title":"Design and performance investigation of flexible ECDs based on asymmetric viologen derivatives/2D Mxene/Poly(DES)Gels","authors":"Weibai Bian , Yuchen Ba , Jinhua Liu , Zhenyu Wu , Han Chen , Shakeel Zeb , Keyuan Cheng , Yan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on viologen derivatives suffer from slow color-changing speed and liquid electrolyte leakage. Herein, flexible mixed electrochromic devices (MECDs) were constructed by integrating high-conductivity MXene and semi-solid poly (deep eutectic solvent, DES) gels. MXene/PET composite films were prepared via spin-coating, and quaternary DES containing acrylamide was used to synthesize poly (DES) gels through photopolymerization, which were then assembled with viologen derivatives (BuMprV and BuEbuV) to form MECD 1 and MECD 2. The MECDs showed stable electrochromic performance: MECD 1 and MECD 2 exhibited visible light modulation efficiencies of 30.8 % and 14.1 %, respectively, featuring three-color transitions (yellow-green-cyan for MECD 1 and yellow-brown-purple for MECD 2). After 1000 coloring/bleaching cycles, MECD-1 (BuMPrV, 609 nm) shows minor degradation, with bleached-state transmittance decreasing ∼7 % and colored-state transmittance increasing ∼10 %, slightly reducing optical contrast. In MECD-2 (BuEBuV), bleached-state transmittance decreases ∼11–12 % and colored-state increases ∼12 %, indicating moderate contrast degradation. MXene films accelerated the bleaching speed of MECD 1 and MECD 2 by 180.2 s and 75.4 s compared to conventional viologen ECDs. Energy-saving simulation tests revealed that MECD 1 reduced temperature rise by 4.2 °C compared to ordinary glass with excellent thermal insulation, showing potential in portable and flexible thermal insulation materials. The MECDs produced with BuEBuV and BuMPrV-based viologen/poly (DES) gel electrolytes have excellent long-term electrochromic stability, retaining highly reversible coloration and bleaching behavior for 1000 continuous cycles with a cycle duration of 200 s. This work provides a new strategy for developing high-performance flexible ECDs by combining MXene and poly (DES) gels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113610"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113609
Anna C.M. Cintra , Lívia M.M. de Barros , Teófanes B. Serna , Dora G. Felipe , Laila A.A. Teófilo , Lara R. Gomes , Belchiolina B. Fonseca , Acácio A. Andrade , Viviane Pilla
This work evaluated the characteristics of a fluorescent chitosan-based biopolymer blended with anthocyanin, aiming to promote the development of biofilms for functional food packaging. The thermo-optical parameters of the chitosan/anthocyanin blend films were determined using the mode-mismatched pump-probe thermal lens (TL) technique. The fluorescence spectra and time-resolved fluorescence measurements corroborated the TL results. Chitosan films with different weight ratios of anthocyanin/chitosan (wtAnth/wtChi between 0 and 2.73) were prepared for potential applications in food encapsulation and functional packaging. The photophysical parameters of thermal diffusivity (D), fluorescence quantum efficiency (η), and fluorescence lifetime (τ) were determined. Both D and τ decreased by approximately 40 % with increasing concentrations of the natural dye incorporated into the biofilms. The antifungal activity of the chitosan/anthocyanin coatings (wtAnth/wtChi between 0 and 13.33) was monitored on minimally processed strawberries for over 19 days, along with the visual aspects and shelf life of the treated strawberries. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of the coatings developed from biopolymers and natural dyes against S. aureus and E. coli was evaluated. Promising results were achieved regarding the inhibition of S. aureus growth with an acidified chitosan/anthocyanin blend coating (16.3 mm halo vs. 21 mm with the positive control gentamicin), highlighting their potential as alternatives to conventional food packaging and as tools for improving food safety.
{"title":"Thermo-optical characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of chitosan/anthocyanin-blend films for potential applications in functional food packaging","authors":"Anna C.M. Cintra , Lívia M.M. de Barros , Teófanes B. Serna , Dora G. Felipe , Laila A.A. Teófilo , Lara R. Gomes , Belchiolina B. Fonseca , Acácio A. Andrade , Viviane Pilla","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work evaluated the characteristics of a fluorescent chitosan-based biopolymer blended with anthocyanin, aiming to promote the development of biofilms for functional food packaging. The thermo-optical parameters of the chitosan/anthocyanin blend films were determined using the mode-mismatched pump-probe thermal lens (TL) technique. The fluorescence spectra and time-resolved fluorescence measurements corroborated the TL results. Chitosan films with different weight ratios of anthocyanin/chitosan (wt<sub>Anth</sub>/wt<sub>Chi</sub> between 0 and 2.73) were prepared for potential applications in food encapsulation and functional packaging. The photophysical parameters of thermal diffusivity (<em>D</em>), fluorescence quantum efficiency (<em>η</em>), and fluorescence lifetime (<em>τ</em>) were determined. Both <em>D</em> and <em>τ</em> decreased by approximately 40 % with increasing concentrations of the natural dye incorporated into the biofilms. The antifungal activity of the chitosan/anthocyanin coatings (wt<sub>Anth</sub>/wt<sub>Chi</sub> between 0 and 13.33) was monitored on minimally processed strawberries for over 19 days, along with the visual aspects and shelf life of the treated strawberries. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of the coatings developed from biopolymers and natural dyes against <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>E. coli</em> was evaluated. Promising results were achieved regarding the inhibition of <em>S. aureus</em> growth with an acidified chitosan/anthocyanin blend coating (16.3 mm halo vs. 21 mm with the positive control gentamicin), highlighting their potential as alternatives to conventional food packaging and as tools for improving food safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113609"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113606
Fuyun Sun , Lei Fang , Wei Bao , Kuanjun Fang
Reactive dye inkjet printing with advantages of cleanliness, high efficiency, and excellent image clarity is commonly used for the coloring of high-quality textiles such as proteins and cellulose. However, pretreatment before printing and washing after printing still consumes a large amount of chemicals, water, and energy. To address this issue, a novel reactive red 218 ink based on hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI-R218 ink) was developed for the pretreatment-free and washing-free inkjet printing. Results showed that the PEI-R218 ink exhibited excellent jetting performance. During inkjet printing, PEI could control the migration and fixation of dye molecules on fibers through spatial effect and electrostatic interaction, achieving excellent coloring and imaging effects on untreated fabrics. The dye fixation rate exceeded 98.7 % through the synergistic effects of electrostatic attraction, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Due to pretreatment-free process and ultra-high dye fixation rate, there are low excess chemical residue on the printed fabrics, avoiding subsequent washing processes. Compared with the traditional ink, the most prominent advantage of the new ink is the excellent imaging and coloring performance, which shortens the process of inkjet printing and reduces the consumption of chemicals, water, and energy. This work has forward-looking significance for promoting a green and low-carbon economy in the printing and dyeing industry.
{"title":"Hyperbranched polyethyleneimine modified reactive dye ink for pretreatment-free and wash-free inkjet printing of cotton fabric","authors":"Fuyun Sun , Lei Fang , Wei Bao , Kuanjun Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reactive dye inkjet printing with advantages of cleanliness, high efficiency, and excellent image clarity is commonly used for the coloring of high-quality textiles such as proteins and cellulose. However, pretreatment before printing and washing after printing still consumes a large amount of chemicals, water, and energy. To address this issue, a novel reactive red 218 ink based on hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI-R218 ink) was developed for the pretreatment-free and washing-free inkjet printing. Results showed that the PEI-R218 ink exhibited excellent jetting performance. During inkjet printing, PEI could control the migration and fixation of dye molecules on fibers through spatial effect and electrostatic interaction, achieving excellent coloring and imaging effects on untreated fabrics. The dye fixation rate exceeded 98.7 % through the synergistic effects of electrostatic attraction, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Due to pretreatment-free process and ultra-high dye fixation rate, there are low excess chemical residue on the printed fabrics, avoiding subsequent washing processes. Compared with the traditional ink, the most prominent advantage of the new ink is the excellent imaging and coloring performance, which shortens the process of inkjet printing and reduces the consumption of chemicals, water, and energy. This work has forward-looking significance for promoting a green and low-carbon economy in the printing and dyeing industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113606"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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