Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113605
Hanfei Xiang , Zhefeng Wang , Yonghe Zhang , Ruirui Liu , Xin Li , Zuojue Lei , Wenxing Liang , Peng Zhang , Zhenghua Ju
A novel pyridine derivative (264) with a donor-acceptor1-acceptor2 (D-A1-A2) configuration was synthesized by connecting carbazole with two pyridine units. The compound 264 showed a strong solvent-polarity-dependent emission behavior, suggesting an evident intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) due to the incorporation of two acceptor moieties. Upon exposure to HCl vapor, its absorption and fluorescence spectra showed distinct redshift, which was attributed to the protonation of the pyridine groups. Compared to the N atom in the A1 group, the N atom in the A2 group was identified as the optimal site for the protonation due to the high stability, high electronegativity, and minimal steric hindrance. Furthermore, a doped system with Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the host and 264 as the guest exhibited room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), with a long lifetime of 304 ms at 472 nm and a quantum yield of 12.3 % for 0.3 % 264@PVA. Theoretical calculations revealed that the D-A1-A2 configuration enabled a hybrid LE-ICT character in the triplet excited states, which enhanced spin-orbit coupling (SOC), thus promoting efficient intersystem crossing (ISC). Compared to the dihedral angle θ1, the dihedral angle θ2 showed a more significant and non-monotonic effect on the ISC rate.
{"title":"A D-A-A pyridine derivative: synthesis, luminescent behaviors, and structure-property relationships","authors":"Hanfei Xiang , Zhefeng Wang , Yonghe Zhang , Ruirui Liu , Xin Li , Zuojue Lei , Wenxing Liang , Peng Zhang , Zhenghua Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel pyridine derivative (264) with a donor-acceptor1-acceptor2 (D-A1-A2) configuration was synthesized by connecting carbazole with two pyridine units. The compound 264 showed a strong solvent-polarity-dependent emission behavior, suggesting an evident intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) due to the incorporation of two acceptor moieties. Upon exposure to HCl vapor, its absorption and fluorescence spectra showed distinct redshift, which was attributed to the protonation of the pyridine groups. Compared to the N atom in the A1 group, the N atom in the A2 group was identified as the optimal site for the protonation due to the high stability, high electronegativity, and minimal steric hindrance. Furthermore, a doped system with Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the host and 264 as the guest exhibited room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), with a long lifetime of 304 ms at 472 nm and a quantum yield of 12.3 % for 0.3 % 264@PVA. Theoretical calculations revealed that the D-A1-A2 configuration enabled a hybrid LE-ICT character in the triplet excited states, which enhanced spin-orbit coupling (SOC), thus promoting efficient intersystem crossing (ISC). Compared to the dihedral angle θ<sub>1</sub>, the dihedral angle θ<sub>2</sub> showed a more significant and non-monotonic effect on the ISC rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113605"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113607
Hao-Sen Liao , Wen-Bo Hu , Bao-Yue Wang , Dong Chen , Ruo-Tong Zhao , Jia-Hao Liu , Hai-Jun Chi , Yan-Li Lv , Zhuo Li , Bo Zhao , Xiao Li
Molecular regulation engineering plays a crucial role in the development of blue/deep-blue luminescent materials among organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Based on this, a series of blue phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazole (PO) derivatives (PO-pDPA, PO-mDPA, PO-MeDPA, PO-MeCz, and PO-DMeCz) are successfully developed based on the donor-π-acceptor type molecular framework. All materials have been demonstrated to possess hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) excited-state properties through theoretical calculations and photophysical studies. Through systematic molecular structural modifications, these fluorophores achieve emissive colors tuning from blue to deep-blue emissions with the photoluminescence quantum yields of 22 %–51 % in neat film. As a result, the non-doped OLEDs based on the PO-based derivatives exhibit blue/deep-blue electroluminescence (EL) emission of 420–456 nm and obtain good device performances with the maximum external quantum efficiency of 3.14 %–5.44 %. Particularly, the PO-DMeCz-based device shows a deep-blue emission with the coordinate of (0.158, 0.061), which is the first reported deep-blue non-doped OLED based on PO derivatives. Moreover, the PO-DMeCz-hosted yellow phosphorescent OLEDs achieve the outstanding EL performances of 19.95 %, 55.67 cd A−1, and 49.93 lm W−1, respectively. This work presents valuable guidance for developing efficient deep-blue PO derivatives by molecular regulation engineering.
{"title":"Revealing molecular regulation engineering in phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazole-based hybridized local and charge transfer fluorophores towards realizing efficient blue to deep-blue non-doped OLEDs","authors":"Hao-Sen Liao , Wen-Bo Hu , Bao-Yue Wang , Dong Chen , Ruo-Tong Zhao , Jia-Hao Liu , Hai-Jun Chi , Yan-Li Lv , Zhuo Li , Bo Zhao , Xiao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular regulation engineering plays a crucial role in the development of blue/deep-blue luminescent materials among organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Based on this, a series of blue phenanthro[9,10-<em>d</em>]oxazole (PO) derivatives (<strong>PO-pDPA</strong>, <strong>PO-mDPA</strong>, <strong>PO-MeDPA</strong>, <strong>PO-MeCz</strong>, and <strong>PO-DMeCz</strong>) are successfully developed based on the donor-π-acceptor type molecular framework. All materials have been demonstrated to possess hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) excited-state properties through theoretical calculations and photophysical studies. Through systematic molecular structural modifications, these fluorophores achieve emissive colors tuning from blue to deep-blue emissions with the photoluminescence quantum yields of 22 %–51 % in neat film. As a result, the non-doped OLEDs based on the PO-based derivatives exhibit blue/deep-blue electroluminescence (EL) emission of 420–456 nm and obtain good device performances with the maximum external quantum efficiency of 3.14 %–5.44 %. Particularly, the <strong>PO-DMeCz</strong>-based device shows a deep-blue emission with the coordinate of (0.158, 0.061), which is the first reported deep-blue non-doped OLED based on PO derivatives. Moreover, the <strong>PO-DMeCz</strong>-hosted yellow phosphorescent OLEDs achieve the outstanding EL performances of 19.95 %, 55.67 cd A<sup>−1,</sup> and 49.93 lm W<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. This work presents valuable guidance for developing efficient deep-blue PO derivatives by molecular regulation engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113603
Yu-jie Zhang, Linke Li, Ying-ying Chen
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), a key member of the reactive sulfur family, is an important gaseous signaling molecule that plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological processes. In biological systems, The two main forms of SO2 in biological systems are sulfate (SO32−) and bisulfite (HSO3−). Abnormal concentrations of these compounds are closely associated with several diseases, including lung injury, cancer, and respiratory disorders. In recent years, SO32− and HSO3− have gained prominence as research issues in chemical biology and sensor technology due to their important role in redox signaling and their association with many disease processes. Small-molecule fluorescent probes have emerged as crucial tools for the sensitive and precise detection of these reactive sulfur species. Their high sensitivity, excellent spatial and temporal resolution, and good biocompatibility allow for real-time visualization of active molecules within living systems. In this context, various fluorescent probes targeting SO32−/HSO3− have been developed using specific recognition mechanisms. These probes have been effectively utilized to investigate the distribution, dynamic changes, and biological functions of these reactive species at both the single-cell level and throughout whole organisms. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of these small-molecule fluorescent probes reported in the past five years, this review summarizes their design strategies, detection mechanisms and biological applications. Importantly, we aim for this review to contribute to the development of a new generation of high-quality fluorescent probes for monitoring SO32−/HSO3− fluctuations in biological systems.
{"title":"High-sensitivity detection of Sulfites/Hydrosulfites: Recent advances in small-molecule fluorescent probes","authors":"Yu-jie Zhang, Linke Li, Ying-ying Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), a key member of the reactive sulfur family, is an important gaseous signaling molecule that plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological processes. In biological systems, The two main forms of SO<sub>2</sub> in biological systems are sulfate (SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>) and bisulfite (HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>). Abnormal concentrations of these compounds are closely associated with several diseases, including lung injury, cancer, and respiratory disorders. In recent years, SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> and HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> have gained prominence as research issues in chemical biology and sensor technology due to their important role in redox signaling and their association with many disease processes. Small-molecule fluorescent probes have emerged as crucial tools for the sensitive and precise detection of these reactive sulfur species. Their high sensitivity, excellent spatial and temporal resolution, and good biocompatibility allow for real-time visualization of active molecules within living systems. In this context, various fluorescent probes targeting SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>/HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> have been developed using specific recognition mechanisms. These probes have been effectively utilized to investigate the distribution, dynamic changes, and biological functions of these reactive species at both the single-cell level and throughout whole organisms. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of these small-molecule fluorescent probes reported in the past five years, this review summarizes their design strategies, detection mechanisms and biological applications. Importantly, we aim for this review to contribute to the development of a new generation of high-quality fluorescent probes for monitoring SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>/HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> fluctuations in biological systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113603"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113600
Manuel A. Treto Suárez , Yoan Hidalgo Rosa , Karel Mena Ulecia , Ximena Zarate , Eduardo Schott
The development of optical chemosensors for anion detection has grown rapidly in recent years; however, dual-anion sensors remain scarce, and many reported systems rely on UV excitation, limiting their applicability under environmental conditions. In this work, we present a comprehensive theoretical protocol to elucidate the photophysical and transduction mechanisms of a reported dual-anion sensor based on 1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde functionalized with benzothiazole-2-acetonitrile (D2-CH3). Ground-state (S0) and excited-state (singlet and triplet) properties were investigated using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), complemented by multiconfigurational post-Hartree–Fock calculations at the CASSCF/NEVPT2 level. The parent sensor exhibits colorimetric and fluorometric responses toward AsO2− and CN−, which are rationalized in terms of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) mechanisms, respectively. Building on this mechanistic understanding, eleven new candidate sensors were theoretically designed and analyzed through three functionalization strategies: substitution at the dihydroquinoline unit (D2-R), the benzothiazole unit (B2-R), or both (DB2-R), using R = –CH3, –NH2, –SH, and –OH. The free sensors and their interactions with AsO2−, CN-, and OH- were systematically examined. Simulated absorption and emission spectra, oscillator strengths, electron-transfer and radiative kinetic parameters, interaction energy analyses, and structural stability assessments collectively reveal the relationships between molecular structure, transduction mechanisms, and optical response. The results demonstrate that moderately electron-donating substituents effectively shift absorption into the visible region without compromising dual-anion selectivity. All proposed systems are predicted to selectively detect CN− via a CHEF mechanism, while four candidates (D2-OH, D2-SH, B2-SH, and B2–NH2) are identified as promising UV-free dual-anion sensors. Overall, this work establishes a robust theoretical framework to guide the rational design of next-generation dual-anion optical sensors with improved visible-light performance.
{"title":"Enhancing a dual anion chemosensor through structural modifications: Theoretical insights to tune their optical properties","authors":"Manuel A. Treto Suárez , Yoan Hidalgo Rosa , Karel Mena Ulecia , Ximena Zarate , Eduardo Schott","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of optical chemosensors for anion detection has grown rapidly in recent years; however, dual-anion sensors remain scarce, and many reported systems rely on UV excitation, limiting their applicability under environmental conditions. In this work, we present a comprehensive theoretical protocol to elucidate the photophysical and transduction mechanisms of a reported dual-anion sensor based on 1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde functionalized with benzothiazole-2-acetonitrile (D2-CH<sub>3</sub>). Ground-state (S<sub>0</sub>) and excited-state (singlet and triplet) properties were investigated using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), complemented by multiconfigurational post-Hartree–Fock calculations at the CASSCF/NEVPT2 level. The parent sensor exhibits colorimetric and fluorometric responses toward AsO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> and CN<sup>−</sup>, which are rationalized in terms of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) mechanisms, respectively. Building on this mechanistic understanding, eleven new candidate sensors were theoretically designed and analyzed through three functionalization strategies: substitution at the dihydroquinoline unit (<strong>D2-R</strong>), the benzothiazole unit (<strong>B2-R</strong>), or both (<strong>DB2-R</strong>), using R = –CH<sub>3</sub>, –NH<sub>2</sub>, –SH, and –OH. The free sensors and their interactions with AsO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, CN<sub>-</sub>, and OH<sub>-</sub> were systematically examined. Simulated absorption and emission spectra, oscillator strengths, electron-transfer and radiative kinetic parameters, interaction energy analyses, and structural stability assessments collectively reveal the relationships between molecular structure, transduction mechanisms, and optical response. The results demonstrate that moderately electron-donating substituents effectively shift absorption into the visible region without compromising dual-anion selectivity. All proposed systems are predicted to selectively detect CN<sup>−</sup> via a CHEF mechanism, while four candidates (<strong>D2-OH</strong>, <strong>D2-SH</strong>, <strong>B2-SH</strong>, and <strong>B2–NH<sub>2</sub></strong>) are identified as promising UV-free dual-anion sensors. Overall, this work establishes a robust theoretical framework to guide the rational design of next-generation dual-anion optical sensors with improved visible-light performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113600"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113563
Yiyun Song , Yuanyuan Liu , Jing Pang , Hongmei Yu , Shaoyan Wang , Wei Chen
The development of smart fluorescent hydrogels that exhibit multi-dimensional responses and possess dynamic adjustment capabilities is urgently needed to meet the complexity and security requirements of advanced encryption. Carbon dots (CDs) that exhibit different fluorescence depending on the polarity of the solvent can achieve this functionality. Herein, a series of low-cost, biocompatible leaf-derived carbon dots (LD-CDs) were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal treatment of leaves from Viola philippica, cherry blossom, Forsythia suspensa, and Quercus dentata. These LD-CDs display bright blue-green emission in water, red emission in ethanol or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and this property is reversible. This is due to the different aggregation states induced by the solvents. Taking advantage of this reversible property, LD-CDs were encapsulated in an agar/sodium alginate (AGSA) double-network hydrogel for the first time, resulting in a solvent-responsive smart fluorescent hydrogel (LD-CDs@AGSA) that can be used for information encryption. By utilizing the different DMSO response dynamics of the four types of LD-CDs, a binary encryption logic (blue-green = "0", red = "1") was established, achieving multi-level spatiotemporal information encoding. More importantly, a pioneering 3D gel assembly strategy was developed to fabricate a stereoscopic "gel koi" model. In this model, hydrogel units with different response rates are precisely arranged in three dimensional space, significantly enhancing information storage capacity and the complexity of decryption. This work combines sustainable biomass-derived nanomaterials with solvent-responsive fluorescence and 3D spatial encryption, providing a green, economical, and highly secure platform for advanced anti-counterfeiting, rewritable data storage, and dynamic photonic displays.
{"title":"Leaf-derived carbon dots with reversible solvatochromic fluorescence for 3D high-security encryption in smart hydrogels","authors":"Yiyun Song , Yuanyuan Liu , Jing Pang , Hongmei Yu , Shaoyan Wang , Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of smart fluorescent hydrogels that exhibit multi-dimensional responses and possess dynamic adjustment capabilities is urgently needed to meet the complexity and security requirements of advanced encryption. Carbon dots (CDs) that exhibit different fluorescence depending on the polarity of the solvent can achieve this functionality. Herein, a series of low-cost, biocompatible leaf-derived carbon dots (LD-CDs) were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal treatment of leaves from <em>Viola philippica</em>, cherry blossom, <em>Forsythia suspensa</em>, and <em>Quercus dentata</em>. These LD-CDs display bright blue-green emission in water, red emission in ethanol or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and this property is reversible. This is due to the different aggregation states induced by the solvents. Taking advantage of this reversible property, LD-CDs were encapsulated in an agar/sodium alginate (AGSA) double-network hydrogel for the first time, resulting in a solvent-responsive smart fluorescent hydrogel (LD-CDs@AGSA) that can be used for information encryption. By utilizing the different DMSO response dynamics of the four types of LD-CDs, a binary encryption logic (blue-green = \"0\", red = \"1\") was established, achieving multi-level spatiotemporal information encoding. More importantly, a pioneering 3D gel assembly strategy was developed to fabricate a stereoscopic \"gel koi\" model. In this model, hydrogel units with different response rates are precisely arranged in three dimensional space, significantly enhancing information storage capacity and the complexity of decryption. This work combines sustainable biomass-derived nanomaterials with solvent-responsive fluorescence and 3D spatial encryption, providing a green, economical, and highly secure platform for advanced anti-counterfeiting, rewritable data storage, and dynamic photonic displays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113563"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113601
Yin-Si Sun , Sai-Ping Geng , Si-Jun Zhen , Lv-Xi Qu , Neng-Fang She
Latent fingerprints (LFPs) play a crucial role in forensic identification. However, conventional detection methods often face challenges such as low contrast and toxicity. Existing fluorescent probes also have certain limitations, including aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). The use of molecules exhibiting dual-state emission (DSE) properties offers a promising solution to these issues. In this study, we designed and synthesized three DSE fluorescent derivatives—NDTPA, NDSF, and NDPH—based on 2,7-naphthyridine and triphenylamine (TPA) to overcome these challenges. These derivatives exhibit excellent DSE properties. The introduction of diverse π-bridge structures effectively modulates their luminescence, thereby minimizing interference from complex background colors and ensuring optimal detection performance across various colored substrates. Using montmorillonite (MMT) as a matrix, composite powders (NDTPA-MMT, NDSF-MMT, and NDPH-MMT) were prepared for LFP imaging. These composites enable rapid and highly sensitive visualization of fingerprints on a wide range of substrates, including tin foil, glass, plastic, wood, coins, CD, ceramic and leather. They reveal features up to Level III (sweat pores) with exceptionally high contrast. In addition, the composite powders offer several advantages, including low cost, simple preparation, and convenient storage. These attributes present a promising strategy for high-resolution latent fingerprint detection and hold broad potential for forensic applications.
{"title":"Dual-state emission fluorescent probe based on 2,7-naphthyridine for visualization of third-level details in fingerprints","authors":"Yin-Si Sun , Sai-Ping Geng , Si-Jun Zhen , Lv-Xi Qu , Neng-Fang She","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Latent fingerprints (LFPs) play a crucial role in forensic identification. However, conventional detection methods often face challenges such as low contrast and toxicity. Existing fluorescent probes also have certain limitations, including aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). The use of molecules exhibiting dual-state emission (DSE) properties offers a promising solution to these issues. In this study, we designed and synthesized three DSE fluorescent derivatives—<strong><em>NDTPA</em></strong>, <strong><em>NDSF</em></strong>, and <strong><em>NDPH</em></strong>—based on 2,7-naphthyridine and triphenylamine (TPA) to overcome these challenges. These derivatives exhibit excellent DSE properties. The introduction of diverse π-bridge structures effectively modulates their luminescence, thereby minimizing interference from complex background colors and ensuring optimal detection performance across various colored substrates. Using montmorillonite (MMT) as a matrix, composite powders (<strong><em>NDTPA-MMT</em></strong>, <strong><em>NDSF-MMT</em></strong>, and <strong><em>NDPH-MMT</em></strong>) were prepared for LFP imaging. These composites enable rapid and highly sensitive visualization of fingerprints on a wide range of substrates, including tin foil, glass, plastic, wood, coins, CD, ceramic and leather. They reveal features up to Level III (sweat pores) with exceptionally high contrast. In addition, the composite powders offer several advantages, including low cost, simple preparation, and convenient storage. These attributes present a promising strategy for high-resolution latent fingerprint detection and hold broad potential for forensic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113601"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113602
Zhen-Kun Sun , Feng-Yan Yao , Wen-Qiang Wu , Yong-Jun Tao , Tian-Jiao Gao , Jian-Yong Liu , Lijing Zheng
Hypoxia within solid tumors significantly impairs the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT), which relies on oxygen to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we turn this limitation into a therapeutic advantage by developing a hypoxia-activatable prodrug, BAP, which integrates a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based photosensitizer with paclitaxel (PTX) via a reductively cleavable azobenzene linker. Upon light irradiation, this photosensitizing prodrug mediates photodynamic action that consumes local oxygen, thereby aggravating tumor hypoxia. This heightened hypoxic state facilitates rapid cleavage of the azobenzene linker, resulting in the release of PTX specifically within tumors. As a consequence, tumor cells that survive PDT are effectively eliminated. Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrated the superior antitumor performance of BAP, which operates through a synergistic mechanism combining BODIPY-driven PDT and hypoxia-triggered chemotherapy. This study presents a novel strategy that not only addresses the challenge of hypoxia in PDT but also leverages it to achieve controlled combination therapy, offering a promising platform for synergistic cancer treatment.
{"title":"A hypoxia-responsive prodrug for specific drug release and synergistic chemo-photodynamic cancer therapy","authors":"Zhen-Kun Sun , Feng-Yan Yao , Wen-Qiang Wu , Yong-Jun Tao , Tian-Jiao Gao , Jian-Yong Liu , Lijing Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypoxia within solid tumors significantly impairs the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT), which relies on oxygen to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we turn this limitation into a therapeutic advantage by developing a hypoxia-activatable prodrug, BAP, which integrates a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based photosensitizer with paclitaxel (PTX) via a reductively cleavable azobenzene linker. Upon light irradiation, this photosensitizing prodrug mediates photodynamic action that consumes local oxygen, thereby aggravating tumor hypoxia. This heightened hypoxic state facilitates rapid cleavage of the azobenzene linker, resulting in the release of PTX specifically within tumors. As a consequence, tumor cells that survive PDT are effectively eliminated. Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrated the superior antitumor performance of BAP, which operates through a synergistic mechanism combining BODIPY-driven PDT and hypoxia-triggered chemotherapy. This study presents a novel strategy that not only addresses the challenge of hypoxia in PDT but also leverages it to achieve controlled combination therapy, offering a promising platform for synergistic cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113602"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113590
Paula Nabais , Mara Espírito Santo , Mila Crippa , Natércia Teixeira , Dominique Cardon
For millennia, organic dyes have been used in artworks such as textiles and have great artistic and historic value. They may provide clues to the understanding of the technology behind an artwork's production. The characterization of natural organic colourants in artworks is still a challenge to this day, and of the natural dyes used in cultural heritage, yellows are some of the most difficult to identify.
This paper explores the potential of combining molecular fluorescence in the visible range with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection, to disclose historical dye formulations.
By analysing historically accurate reconstructions following recipes from two 18th c. French master dyers, Antoine Janot and Paul Gout, it was possible to demonstrate that molecular fluorescence is highly sensitive to the presence of specific dye ingredients and different use of recipes. Luteolin (Lut) and Luteolin 7-O-glucoside (Lut-7-O-glc) were identified as the main compounds, with the first being extracted in higher amounts, especially in Janot's variations. The analytical data demonstrated that molecular fluorescence is very sensitive to recipe differences: the presence of tartar correlated with a higher Lut presence, and the use of lime induced a slight shift in the emission maxima, even without affecting the spectral shape due to the exhaustion of molecules in the dye bath. Moreover, our findings revealed technological insights, showing that Paul Gout's optimized recipes achieved comparable yellow tonality to Janot's using a lower percentage of weld. This will provide key knowledge on the technological processes for dyeing with weld from these 18th c. French masters, while creating a molecular fluorescence database for the analysis of artworks.
几千年来，有机染料一直用于纺织品等艺术品，具有很高的艺术和历史价值。它们可能为理解艺术品生产背后的技术提供线索。时至今日，艺术作品中天然有机色素的特征仍然是一个挑战，在文化遗产中使用的天然染料中，黄色是最难识别的。本文探讨了将可见范围内的分子荧光与高效液相色谱和二极管阵列检测相结合，揭示历史染料配方的潜力。通过分析两位18世纪法国染色大师Antoine Janot和Paul Gout的配方，历史上准确的重建有可能证明分子荧光对特定染料成分的存在和不同配方的使用高度敏感。木犀草素（Lut）和木犀草素7- o -葡糖苷（Lut-7- o -glc）是主要的化合物，其中木犀草素的含量较高，尤其是在雅诺氏变种中。分析数据表明，分子荧光对配方差异非常敏感：酒石的存在与较高的Lut存在相关，石灰的使用诱导了发射最大值的轻微变化，即使没有由于染料浴中分子耗尽而影响光谱形状。此外，我们的研究结果揭示了技术见解，表明Paul Gout的优化配方使用较低的焊缝百分比实现了与Janot相当的黄色色调。这将提供这些18世纪法国大师的焊接染色技术过程的关键知识，同时创建一个用于艺术品分析的分子荧光数据库。
{"title":"Disclosing the dyeing formulations of weld yellows from 18th-century recipe books with molecular fluorescence","authors":"Paula Nabais , Mara Espírito Santo , Mila Crippa , Natércia Teixeira , Dominique Cardon","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For millennia, organic dyes have been used in artworks such as textiles and have great artistic and historic value. They may provide clues to the understanding of the technology behind an artwork's production. The characterization of natural organic colourants in artworks is still a challenge to this day, and of the natural dyes used in cultural heritage, yellows are some of the most difficult to identify.</div><div>This paper explores the potential of combining molecular fluorescence in the visible range with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection, to disclose historical dye formulations.</div><div>By analysing historically accurate reconstructions following recipes from two 18th c. French master dyers, Antoine Janot and Paul Gout, it was possible to demonstrate that molecular fluorescence is highly sensitive to the presence of specific dye ingredients and different use of recipes. Luteolin (Lut) and Luteolin 7-<em>O</em>-glucoside (Lut-7-<em>O</em>-glc) were identified as the main compounds, with the first being extracted in higher amounts, especially in Janot's variations. The analytical data demonstrated that molecular fluorescence is very sensitive to recipe differences: the presence of tartar correlated with a higher Lut presence, and the use of lime induced a slight shift in the emission maxima, even without affecting the spectral shape due to the exhaustion of molecules in the dye bath. Moreover, our findings revealed technological insights, showing that Paul Gout's optimized recipes achieved comparable yellow tonality to Janot's using a lower percentage of weld. This will provide key knowledge on the technological processes for dyeing with weld from these 18th c. French masters, while creating a molecular fluorescence database for the analysis of artworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113590"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The discovery of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has revolutionized the research of luminescent materials, where the restriction of intramolecular motion model serves as a guiding principle for the design of AIE luminogens (AIEgens). Recent studies have uncovered an intriguing anti-heavy atom effect on their photophysical behavior; however, the role of halogen position remains underexplored. Herein, we synthesize a series of chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrakis (4-(phenyl ethynyl) phenyl) ethane (ClTPPE) derivatives to systematically elucidate how chlorine substitution modulates their photophysical properties. The ClTPPE derivatives exhibit ultrahigh fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF), among which o-ClTPPE achieves an exceptional ΦF value of 86.5 % in the solid state, attributed to chlorine-based intermolecular contacts. Theoretical and crystallographic analyses reveal that the chlorine substitution plays a key role in enhancing molecular packing rigidity and significantly minimizing non-radiative decay, thereby synergistically enhancing the AIE property. This work establishes design principles for chlorine-mediated noncovalent engineering, providing a rational framework for the optimization of halogenated AIEgens.
{"title":"Ultrahigh fluorescence efficiency via halogen-based bonding regulation in regioisomeric chloro-tetraphenylethylene derivatives","authors":"Zifeng Huang , Xiaohua Liu , Xiaoyang Zhao , Fabien Silly , Xinrui Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The discovery of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has revolutionized the research of luminescent materials, where the restriction of intramolecular motion model serves as a guiding principle for the design of AIE luminogens (AIEgens). Recent studies have uncovered an intriguing anti-heavy atom effect on their photophysical behavior; however, the role of halogen position remains underexplored. Herein, we synthesize a series of chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrakis (4-(phenyl ethynyl) phenyl) ethane (ClTPPE) derivatives to systematically elucidate how chlorine substitution modulates their photophysical properties. The ClTPPE derivatives exhibit ultrahigh fluorescence quantum yields (<em>Φ</em><sub>F</sub>), among which <em>o</em>-ClTPPE achieves an exceptional <em>Φ</em><sub>F</sub> value of 86.5 % in the solid state, attributed to chlorine-based intermolecular contacts. Theoretical and crystallographic analyses reveal that the chlorine substitution plays a key role in enhancing molecular packing rigidity and significantly minimizing non-radiative decay, thereby synergistically enhancing the AIE property. This work establishes design principles for chlorine-mediated noncovalent engineering, providing a rational framework for the optimization of halogenated AIEgens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113588"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aromatic polyamides (aramids) featuring dual triarylamine cores in the repeating unit were synthesized through phosphorylation polyamidation using 4,4′-oxydibenzoic acid and three bis(triarylamine)-diamine monomers, each with varying aromatic π-bridges, specifically 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, and pyrene-1,6-diyl groups. These aramids demonstrated excellent solubility in polar organic solvents, enabling the formation of flexible and robust films via solution casting. They demonstrated significant thermal stability, characterized by moderate glass transition temperatures (236–262 °C), negligible weight loss below 400 °C, and high char yields (exceeding 60 % at 800 °C in nitrogen). The polymer films displayed reversible redox processes and pronounced color changes during cyclic voltammetry scanning within the range of 0–1.2 V. The structural effects of the aromatic π-bridges between the triarylamine cores on both the oxidation potential and electrochromic stability of the aramids were investigated. Notably, for aramids with greater separation between the triarylamine centers, the oxidation onset potential increased, while electrochromic stability decreased.
{"title":"Effects of π-bridges on the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of bis(triarylamine)-based aramids","authors":"Sheng-Huei Hsiao , Yaw-Terng Chern , Qun Zhang , Meng-Dong Lee , Nien-Chen Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aromatic polyamides (aramids) featuring dual triarylamine cores in the repeating unit were synthesized through phosphorylation polyamidation using 4,4′-oxydibenzoic acid and three bis(triarylamine)-diamine monomers, each with varying aromatic π-bridges, specifically 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, and pyrene-1,6-diyl groups. These aramids demonstrated excellent solubility in polar organic solvents, enabling the formation of flexible and robust films via solution casting. They demonstrated significant thermal stability, characterized by moderate glass transition temperatures (236–262 °C), negligible weight loss below 400 °C, and high char yields (exceeding 60 % at 800 °C in nitrogen). The polymer films displayed reversible redox processes and pronounced color changes during cyclic voltammetry scanning within the range of 0–1.2 V. The structural effects of the aromatic π-bridges between the triarylamine cores on both the oxidation potential and electrochromic stability of the aramids were investigated. Notably, for aramids with greater separation between the triarylamine centers, the oxidation onset potential increased, while electrochromic stability decreased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113585"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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