Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113574
Xuteng Lang , Xin Meng , Xiaohan Zheng , Jian Tang , Ensheng Zhang , Yuanchun He , Xiaoxiang Zhang , Ziping Cao , X. Lang , X. Meng , X. Zheng , J. Tang , E. Zhang , Y. He , Z. Cao , Z. Zhang
Structural engineering is pivotal for modulating emission mechanisms in organic luminescent materials. By introducing twisted electron-donating groups and varying the modes of chiral scaffold incorporation, we present the synthesis and analysis of two novel luminophores, (S)-BiNpIm and (S,S)-EtBiNpIm. Photophysical studies reveal marked differences in emission wavelengths, a distinction attributable to fundamental variations in their emission pathways. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and theoretical calculations provide compelling evidence for both through-bond charge transfer (TBCT) and through-space charge transfer (TSCT) processes. Notably, the spatially parallel arrangement of electron donors in (S,S)-EtBiNpIm interrupts conventional TBCT pathways, resulting in distinctive TSCT behavior. Both compounds display pronounced chiroptical activity in the excited state, as evidenced by circularly polarized luminescence measurements. Furthermore, these materials exhibit reversible, stimuli-responsive luminescence modulation upon acid-base treatment, highly sensitive acid detection in organic phases, and the capacity to serve as efficient emitters in LED devices. Collectively, these findings offer valuable insight into the fine-tuning of chiral luminescence via strategic molecular engineering of charge transfer processes, thereby advancing the development of responsive chiral materials for optoelectronic and sensing applications.
{"title":"Tuning charge transfer pathways through chiral binaphthyl structural engineering: Molecular design and versatile applications","authors":"Xuteng Lang , Xin Meng , Xiaohan Zheng , Jian Tang , Ensheng Zhang , Yuanchun He , Xiaoxiang Zhang , Ziping Cao , X. Lang , X. Meng , X. Zheng , J. Tang , E. Zhang , Y. He , Z. Cao , Z. Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural engineering is pivotal for modulating emission mechanisms in organic luminescent materials. By introducing twisted electron-donating groups and varying the modes of chiral scaffold incorporation, we present the synthesis and analysis of two novel luminophores, (<em>S</em>)-<strong>BiNpIm</strong> and (<em>S</em>,<em>S</em>)-<strong>EtBiNpIm</strong>. Photophysical studies reveal marked differences in emission wavelengths, a distinction attributable to fundamental variations in their emission pathways. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and theoretical calculations provide compelling evidence for both through-bond charge transfer (TBCT) and through-space charge transfer (TSCT) processes. Notably, the spatially parallel arrangement of electron donors in (<em>S</em>,<em>S</em>)-<strong>EtBiNpIm</strong> interrupts conventional TBCT pathways, resulting in distinctive TSCT behavior. Both compounds display pronounced chiroptical activity in the excited state, as evidenced by circularly polarized luminescence measurements. Furthermore, these materials exhibit reversible, stimuli-responsive luminescence modulation upon acid-base treatment, highly sensitive acid detection in organic phases, and the capacity to serve as efficient emitters in LED devices. Collectively, these findings offer valuable insight into the fine-tuning of chiral luminescence via strategic molecular engineering of charge transfer processes, thereby advancing the development of responsive chiral materials for optoelectronic and sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herein, a series of four chiral-amide-bonded anthracene-porphyrin hybrids and six of their metallocomplexes (M = Ni, Mn, Zn) were prepared and characterized. When the chiral L/d-alanine and/or L/d-phenylalanine units were introduced, the chiral-optical responses were clearly observed in the soret-band of porphyrins and their metallocomplexes. In addition, the UV-light-controlled [4 + 4] cycloaddition reactions of anthracene substituents could be facilely achieved and the photo-dimers were confirmed. More interestingly, the transformation speed of UV-light-controlled [4 + 4] cycloadditions were also modulated by chiral linkages and/or metal-centers, and the extension of chiral-optical responses were observed at the [4 + 4] cycloaddition dimer regions.
{"title":"Chiral-amide-bonded anthracene-porphyrin hybrids and their metallocomplexes (M = Ni, Mn, Zn): Synthesis, properties and light-induced [4+4] cycloadditions","authors":"Yingjie Niu, Honglin Zhang, Tingting Gu, Minzhi Li, Weihua Zhu, Xu Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, a series of four chiral-amide-bonded anthracene-porphyrin hybrids and six of their metallocomplexes (M = Ni, Mn, Zn) were prepared and characterized. When the chiral L/<span>d</span>-alanine and/or L/<span>d</span>-phenylalanine units were introduced, the chiral-optical responses were clearly observed in the soret-band of porphyrins and their metallocomplexes. In addition, the UV-light-controlled [4 + 4] cycloaddition reactions of anthracene substituents could be facilely achieved and the photo-dimers were confirmed. More interestingly, the transformation speed of UV-light-controlled [4 + 4] cycloadditions were also modulated by chiral linkages and/or metal-centers, and the extension of chiral-optical responses were observed at the [4 + 4] cycloaddition dimer regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purely organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have emerged as a promising class of emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) owing to their potential for complete utilization of both singlet and triplet excitons. Compared with heavy-metal-based phosphorescent complexes containing iridium, osmium, or platinum, purely organic RTP materials offer distinct advantages, including structural tunability, low toxicity, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and facile large-scale synthesis, making them attractive for next-generation display and lighting technologies. However, their practical application has long been constrained by the intrinsic difficulty of generating and stabilizing phosphorescence at room temperature, as purely organic compounds typically exhibit efficient phosphorescence only under cryogenic conditions or in oxygen-free environments. To address these limitations, extensive molecular engineering strategies—such as heteroatom incorporation, functional group modulation, host–guest systems, and crystallization-induced rigidification—have been developed to enhance intersystem crossing and suppress nonradiative decay. As a result, a diverse range of RTP-active small molecules, dendrimers, and polymers has been reported and successfully applied in OLEDs as either emitters or sensitizers. Notably, several of these materials have achieved impressive device efficiencies, including external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 24.91 % for 3,2-PIC-XT in non-doped OLEDs and 32.73 % for the dual-emissive through-space conjugated emitter 2,3-PICz-XT. In addition, the RTP dendrimer BPSAF-DCz exhibited a maximum EQE of 25.1 % in solution-processed OLEDs. Despite these advances, the efficiencies and operational stabilities of RTP-based OLEDs remain far behind those of other triplet-harvesting technologies, particularly thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Nevertheless, organic RTP systems remain of fundamental and technological importance because they provide a distinct triplet-emission mechanism, enable long-lived and dual-emissive behaviors, and offer valuable design insights for controlling triplet excitons in metal-free systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of molecular design strategies, synthetic approaches, and structure–property relationships of purely organic RTP materials for OLED applications, summarizing key photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent characteristics, and highlighting current challenges and future opportunities toward high-performance RTP-based OLEDs.
{"title":"Purely organic room-temperature phosphorescent materials for OLEDs: Molecular design, photophysics, and device strategies","authors":"Eswaran Kamaraj , Deepti Kolli , Ramarao Abburi , Awais Khalid , H.H. Hegazy , I.S. Yahia , Rajavaram Ramaraghavulu , Raja Venkatesan , Mallesham Godumala","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Purely organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials have emerged as a promising class of emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) owing to their potential for complete utilization of both singlet and triplet excitons. Compared with heavy-metal-based phosphorescent complexes containing iridium, osmium, or platinum, purely organic RTP materials offer distinct advantages, including structural tunability, low toxicity, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and facile large-scale synthesis, making them attractive for next-generation display and lighting technologies. However, their practical application has long been constrained by the intrinsic difficulty of generating and stabilizing phosphorescence at room temperature, as purely organic compounds typically exhibit efficient phosphorescence only under cryogenic conditions or in oxygen-free environments. To address these limitations, extensive molecular engineering strategies—such as heteroatom incorporation, functional group modulation, host–guest systems, and crystallization-induced rigidification—have been developed to enhance intersystem crossing and suppress nonradiative decay. As a result, a diverse range of RTP-active small molecules, dendrimers, and polymers has been reported and successfully applied in OLEDs as either emitters or sensitizers. Notably, several of these materials have achieved impressive device efficiencies, including external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 24.91 % for 3,2-PIC-XT in non-doped OLEDs and 32.73 % for the dual-emissive through-space conjugated emitter 2,3-PICz-XT. In addition, the RTP dendrimer BPSAF-DCz exhibited a maximum EQE of 25.1 % in solution-processed OLEDs. Despite these advances, the efficiencies and operational stabilities of RTP-based OLEDs remain far behind those of other triplet-harvesting technologies, particularly thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Nevertheless, organic RTP systems remain of fundamental and technological importance because they provide a distinct triplet-emission mechanism, enable long-lived and dual-emissive behaviors, and offer valuable design insights for controlling triplet excitons in metal-free systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of molecular design strategies, synthetic approaches, and structure–property relationships of purely organic RTP materials for OLED applications, summarizing key photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent characteristics, and highlighting current challenges and future opportunities toward high-performance RTP-based OLEDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113604"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113581
Hany M. Abd El-Lateef , Mai M. Khalaf , Manal F. Abou Taleb , Mahmoud A. Abdelaziz , Mohamed Gouda
The prime objectives of this research are to synthesize strontium ferrite (SrFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), to determine their photocatalytic activity on the Congo red dye, as well as their antibacterial activity. The factors of photocatalytic activity were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). SrFe2O4 MNPs were synthesized using the sol-gel auto-combustion process and subsequently characterized by XRD, XPS, VSM, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was determined under visible light at varying dye concentrations, catalyst dosages, pH levels, and reaction times. RSM (Box-Behnken) design was used to simulate process optimization. Antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well-diffusion method with selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while toxicity was assessed by the Microtox® assay. Likewise, SrFe2O4MNPs obtained were found to possess a well-formed crystalline hexagonal morphology and exhibited a narrow size distribution of about 20–30 nm,and were found to possess band gap energies of about 2.03 eV and were also ferromagnetic, allowing for easy magnetic separation. Completely 100 % degradation of CR was achieved under visible light at the optimized conditions. The excellent stability of the photocatalyst, coupled with a 82.6% degradation efficiency, was observed even after five consecutive cycles. In addition, SrFe2O4 MNPs exhibited potent bacteriostatic activity, with inhibition zones of approximately 31 mm in a dose-dependent response against E. coli, and a relatively low toxicity, even after undergoing the dye degradation process, as confirmed by the toxicity assessment. Such promising findings declare that SrFe2O4 MNPs are an effective, recyclable, and ecologically safe photocatalyst that is active in visible light, with additional superior antibacterial properties, thereby highlighting their relevance in sustainable wastewater management.
{"title":"Visible-light activated strontium ferrite nanoparticles for efficient degradation of toxic dyes and antibacterial performance in wastewater: A response surface methodology approach","authors":"Hany M. Abd El-Lateef , Mai M. Khalaf , Manal F. Abou Taleb , Mahmoud A. Abdelaziz , Mohamed Gouda","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prime objectives of this research are to synthesize strontium ferrite (SrFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), to determine their photocatalytic activity on the Congo red dye, as well as their antibacterial activity. The factors of photocatalytic activity were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). SrFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> MNPs were synthesized using the sol-gel auto-combustion process and subsequently characterized by XRD, XPS, VSM, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was determined under visible light at varying dye concentrations, catalyst dosages, pH levels, and reaction times. RSM (Box-Behnken) design was used to simulate process optimization. Antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well-diffusion method with selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while toxicity was assessed by the Microtox® assay. Likewise, SrFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>MNPs obtained were found to possess a well-formed crystalline hexagonal morphology and exhibited a narrow size distribution of about 20–30 nm,and were found to possess band gap energies of about 2.03 eV and were also ferromagnetic, allowing for easy magnetic separation. Completely 100 % degradation of CR was achieved under visible light at the optimized conditions. The excellent stability of the photocatalyst, coupled with a 82.6% degradation efficiency, was observed even after five consecutive cycles. In addition, SrFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> MNPs exhibited potent bacteriostatic activity, with inhibition zones of approximately 31 mm in a dose-dependent response against <em>E. coli</em>, and a relatively low toxicity, even after undergoing the dye degradation process, as confirmed by the toxicity assessment. Such promising findings declare that SrFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> MNPs are an effective, recyclable, and ecologically safe photocatalyst that is active in visible light, with additional superior antibacterial properties, thereby highlighting their relevance in sustainable wastewater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113581"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113610
Weibai Bian , Yuchen Ba , Jinhua Liu , Zhenyu Wu , Han Chen , Shakeel Zeb , Keyuan Cheng , Yan Liu
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on viologen derivatives suffer from slow color-changing speed and liquid electrolyte leakage. Herein, flexible mixed electrochromic devices (MECDs) were constructed by integrating high-conductivity MXene and semi-solid poly (deep eutectic solvent, DES) gels. MXene/PET composite films were prepared via spin-coating, and quaternary DES containing acrylamide was used to synthesize poly (DES) gels through photopolymerization, which were then assembled with viologen derivatives (BuMprV and BuEbuV) to form MECD 1 and MECD 2. The MECDs showed stable electrochromic performance: MECD 1 and MECD 2 exhibited visible light modulation efficiencies of 30.8 % and 14.1 %, respectively, featuring three-color transitions (yellow-green-cyan for MECD 1 and yellow-brown-purple for MECD 2). After 1000 coloring/bleaching cycles, MECD-1 (BuMPrV, 609 nm) shows minor degradation, with bleached-state transmittance decreasing ∼7 % and colored-state transmittance increasing ∼10 %, slightly reducing optical contrast. In MECD-2 (BuEBuV), bleached-state transmittance decreases ∼11–12 % and colored-state increases ∼12 %, indicating moderate contrast degradation. MXene films accelerated the bleaching speed of MECD 1 and MECD 2 by 180.2 s and 75.4 s compared to conventional viologen ECDs. Energy-saving simulation tests revealed that MECD 1 reduced temperature rise by 4.2 °C compared to ordinary glass with excellent thermal insulation, showing potential in portable and flexible thermal insulation materials. The MECDs produced with BuEBuV and BuMPrV-based viologen/poly (DES) gel electrolytes have excellent long-term electrochromic stability, retaining highly reversible coloration and bleaching behavior for 1000 continuous cycles with a cycle duration of 200 s. This work provides a new strategy for developing high-performance flexible ECDs by combining MXene and poly (DES) gels.
{"title":"Design and performance investigation of flexible ECDs based on asymmetric viologen derivatives/2D Mxene/Poly(DES)Gels","authors":"Weibai Bian , Yuchen Ba , Jinhua Liu , Zhenyu Wu , Han Chen , Shakeel Zeb , Keyuan Cheng , Yan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on viologen derivatives suffer from slow color-changing speed and liquid electrolyte leakage. Herein, flexible mixed electrochromic devices (MECDs) were constructed by integrating high-conductivity MXene and semi-solid poly (deep eutectic solvent, DES) gels. MXene/PET composite films were prepared via spin-coating, and quaternary DES containing acrylamide was used to synthesize poly (DES) gels through photopolymerization, which were then assembled with viologen derivatives (BuMprV and BuEbuV) to form MECD 1 and MECD 2. The MECDs showed stable electrochromic performance: MECD 1 and MECD 2 exhibited visible light modulation efficiencies of 30.8 % and 14.1 %, respectively, featuring three-color transitions (yellow-green-cyan for MECD 1 and yellow-brown-purple for MECD 2). After 1000 coloring/bleaching cycles, MECD-1 (BuMPrV, 609 nm) shows minor degradation, with bleached-state transmittance decreasing ∼7 % and colored-state transmittance increasing ∼10 %, slightly reducing optical contrast. In MECD-2 (BuEBuV), bleached-state transmittance decreases ∼11–12 % and colored-state increases ∼12 %, indicating moderate contrast degradation. MXene films accelerated the bleaching speed of MECD 1 and MECD 2 by 180.2 s and 75.4 s compared to conventional viologen ECDs. Energy-saving simulation tests revealed that MECD 1 reduced temperature rise by 4.2 °C compared to ordinary glass with excellent thermal insulation, showing potential in portable and flexible thermal insulation materials. The MECDs produced with BuEBuV and BuMPrV-based viologen/poly (DES) gel electrolytes have excellent long-term electrochromic stability, retaining highly reversible coloration and bleaching behavior for 1000 continuous cycles with a cycle duration of 200 s. This work provides a new strategy for developing high-performance flexible ECDs by combining MXene and poly (DES) gels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113610"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113571
Dengchao Li , Qiumin Han , Yuxin Chen , Yanni Zhu , Ruifeng Mao
A novel fluorescent probe (TCF-MA) for highly selective detection of cysteine over homocysteine and glutathione was developed using TCF-NH2 as a fluorophore and maleimide as a recognition group, respectively. The structure of TCF-MA was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the absorption peak of TCF-MA solution was at 400 nm, while adding cysteine to probe solution, fluorescent intensity was significant enhancement at 580 nm under excited wavelength of 440 nm with 140 nm Stokes shift. The probe exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity towards cysteine with a detection limit of 0.26 μM. The proposed response mechanism was validated by theoretical calculation and HPLC trace the reaction process. In addition, application of TCF-MA in test papers, SDS-PAGE and food samples were also investigated. Therefore, the probe can be a potential tool for highly detection of cysteine over homocysteine and glutathione in samples.
{"title":"A novel maleimide based fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of cysteine over homocysteine and glutathione and its application in test paper, protein staining and food samples","authors":"Dengchao Li , Qiumin Han , Yuxin Chen , Yanni Zhu , Ruifeng Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel fluorescent probe (TCF-MA) for highly selective detection of cysteine over homocysteine and glutathione was developed using TCF-NH<sub>2</sub> as a fluorophore and maleimide as a recognition group, respectively. The structure of TCF-MA was characterized by <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR and HRMS spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the absorption peak of TCF-MA solution was at 400 nm, while adding cysteine to probe solution, fluorescent intensity was significant enhancement at 580 nm under excited wavelength of 440 nm with 140 nm Stokes shift. The probe exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity towards cysteine with a detection limit of 0.26 μM. The proposed response mechanism was validated by theoretical calculation and HPLC trace the reaction process. In addition, application of TCF-MA in test papers, SDS-PAGE and food samples were also investigated. Therefore, the probe can be a potential tool for highly detection of cysteine over homocysteine and glutathione in samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113571"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113583
Xin Xu , Lu Liu , Changxu Zhu , He Xu , Wei Zhou , Qi Tian , Ben Zhong Tang , Zhiming Wang
In order to fully utilize solar energy through photosensitive organic materials, the most effective method is to increase the effective conjugation degree of molecules for expanding their absorption spectrum; however, this strategy is usually accompanied by complex synthesis and processing difficulties. Here, we propose a new strategy for utilizing the strong intermolecular interactions of simple cationic-radical materials to construct a tighter stacking pattern in the aggregated state, thereby broadening the absorption coverage. By stepwise diminishing the steric hindrance of cationic radicals/counteranions in phenazine-cationic radicals, DMPZ-I exhibits the tightest stacking structure among the three derivatives, with an absorption spectrum broadened to 1500 nm and a cationic radical molecular weight of merely 210.1 g/mol. Moreover, DMPZ-I with the tightest radical-based π-aggregates exhibits remarkable photothermal characteristics and significant antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus.
{"title":"Functionality enhancement in radical-based aggregates via tighter stacking pattern","authors":"Xin Xu , Lu Liu , Changxu Zhu , He Xu , Wei Zhou , Qi Tian , Ben Zhong Tang , Zhiming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to fully utilize solar energy through photosensitive organic materials, the most effective method is to increase the effective conjugation degree of molecules for expanding their absorption spectrum; however, this strategy is usually accompanied by complex synthesis and processing difficulties. Here, we propose a new strategy for utilizing the strong intermolecular interactions of simple cationic-radical materials to construct a tighter stacking pattern in the aggregated state, thereby broadening the absorption coverage. By stepwise diminishing the steric hindrance of cationic radicals/counteranions in phenazine-cationic radicals, DMPZ-I exhibits the tightest stacking structure among the three derivatives, with an absorption spectrum broadened to 1500 nm and a cationic radical molecular weight of merely 210.1 g/mol. Moreover, DMPZ-I with the tightest radical-based <em>π</em>-aggregates exhibits remarkable photothermal characteristics and significant antibacterial properties against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113583"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113612
Wen-Xuan Chen, Sheng-Huei Hsiao
A novel dietheramine containing a carbazolyltriphenylamine (CzTPA) unit, specifically 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-4”-(carbazol-9-yl)triphenylamine, was synthesized along with its derived poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s. The optoelectronic properties of the resulting polymers were thoroughly investigated. Both the poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s demonstrated excellent solubility in many organic solvents, allowing them to be solution-cast into flexible thin films. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from 243 to 282 °C, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed no significant weight loss before 450 °C. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results revealed that these poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s exhibited two oxidation waves at around 1.09–1.19 V and 1.62–1.78 V. The first redox process is quasi-reversible, whereas the second one is irreversible. As the applied voltage gradually increases from 0.0 V to 1.8 V, the polymer films coated on ITO glass displayed noticeable color changes, transitioning from colorless in the neutral state to pale blue and light Prussian blue in the oxidized states. These polymers demonstrated good electrochemical and electrochromic stability in their first oxidation states. The incorporation of phenoxy linkages between the imide ring and the CzTPA unit enhances solubility and processability while simultaneously improving the electrochemical and electrochromic stability of the resulting poly (ether imide)s.
{"title":"Electrochemical and electrochromic properties of poly(ether amide)s and poly(ether imide)s with carbazolyltriphenylamine redox chromophores","authors":"Wen-Xuan Chen, Sheng-Huei Hsiao","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel dietheramine containing a carbazolyltriphenylamine (CzTPA) unit, specifically 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)-4”-(carbazol-9-yl)triphenylamine, was synthesized along with its derived poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s. The optoelectronic properties of the resulting polymers were thoroughly investigated. Both the poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s demonstrated excellent solubility in many organic solvents, allowing them to be solution-cast into flexible thin films. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed glass transition temperatures (<em>T</em><sub>g</sub>) ranging from 243 to 282 °C, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed no significant weight loss before 450 °C. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results revealed that these poly (ether amide)s and poly (ether imide)s exhibited two oxidation waves at around 1.09–1.19 V and 1.62–1.78 V. The first redox process is quasi-reversible, whereas the second one is irreversible. As the applied voltage gradually increases from 0.0 V to 1.8 V, the polymer films coated on ITO glass displayed noticeable color changes, transitioning from colorless in the neutral state to pale blue and light Prussian blue in the oxidized states. These polymers demonstrated good electrochemical and electrochromic stability in their first oxidation states. The incorporation of phenoxy linkages between the imide ring and the CzTPA unit enhances solubility and processability while simultaneously improving the electrochemical and electrochromic stability of the resulting poly (ether imide)s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113612"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113617
Kai Huang , Haoda Zhang , Nabeela Channar , Sen Zhou , Xiaoming Yang
Long-wavelength solid-state carbon dots have raised the considerable interest of researchers owing to their distinct long-wavelength emissions. However, achieving the controlled synthesis of solid-state, anti-self-quenching and long-wavelength carbon dots using the facile and low-cost methods remains a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Here, we successfully prepared two kinds of solid-state carbon dots with the fluorescence emissions spanning a broad spectrum from blue to red. We further elucidated the mechanism of the red-shifting fluorescence for Red-CDs@PA as the increased sp2 conjugated domain within the carbon core and the high level of graphitic nitrogen doping. These two factors synergistically reduced the optical bandgap from 3.52 eV of Blue-CDs@PA to 1.83 eV of Red-CDs@PA, thus resulting in the red-shifting fluorescence. By comparatively analyzing the phosphorescence of three CDs including Blue-CDs@PA, CDs@TPA and CDs@IPA, we provided the evidence that the increased intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed by the ortho-carboxyls enhanced the triplet-exciton stability and decreased the non-radiative transitions, thus facilitating Blue-CDs@PA to emit the longer wavelength phosphorescence. Additionally, leveraging their superior fluorescent properties, we utilized both CDs to prepare multicolor LED. Notably, the WLED fabricated by combining the blue and red CDs exhibited a favorable performance, validating their potential for the practical illumination. Therefore, this study provided a facile strategy for preparing the tunable FL-emitting CDs, demonstrating the great potential of these CDs in the field of LED preparation.
{"title":"Long-wavelength solid-state carbon dots by regulating sp2-conjugated domain and graphitic nitrogen doping for white LED","authors":"Kai Huang , Haoda Zhang , Nabeela Channar , Sen Zhou , Xiaoming Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-wavelength solid-state carbon dots have raised the considerable interest of researchers owing to their distinct long-wavelength emissions. However, achieving the controlled synthesis of solid-state, anti-self-quenching and long-wavelength carbon dots using the facile and low-cost methods remains a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Here, we successfully prepared two kinds of solid-state carbon dots with the fluorescence emissions spanning a broad spectrum from blue to red. We further elucidated the mechanism of the red-shifting fluorescence for Red-CDs@PA as the increased sp<sup>2</sup> conjugated domain within the carbon core and the high level of graphitic nitrogen doping. These two factors synergistically reduced the optical bandgap from 3.52 eV of Blue-CDs@PA to 1.83 eV of Red-CDs@PA, thus resulting in the red-shifting fluorescence. By comparatively analyzing the phosphorescence of three CDs including Blue-CDs@PA, CDs@TPA and CDs@IPA, we provided the evidence that the increased intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed by the ortho-carboxyls enhanced the triplet-exciton stability and decreased the non-radiative transitions, thus facilitating Blue-CDs@PA to emit the longer wavelength phosphorescence. Additionally, leveraging their superior fluorescent properties, we utilized both CDs to prepare multicolor LED. Notably, the WLED fabricated by combining the blue and red CDs exhibited a favorable performance, validating their potential for the practical illumination. Therefore, this study provided a facile strategy for preparing the tunable FL-emitting CDs, demonstrating the great potential of these CDs in the field of LED preparation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113617"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113587
Riccardo Punis , Alfonso Zoleo
The preparation of different green-bluish copper pigments via synthetic routes is reported in several treatises, from antiquity to the beginning of 19th century. The most famous preparation is the one for the production of verdigris, a bright green pigment resulting from the corrosion of pure copper plate by vinegar. The recipes are numerous, and many differences in terms of ingredients and procedures emerge from a comparative study. Such a variety of preparations corresponds to a chemical variety. Many works have already investigated such systems with the most common spectroscopic techniques (e.g., ATR-IR, Raman, etc.). However, recently the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has emerged as a new tool for the investigation of these pigments, since new and more complete information on the chemistry of such systems can be gained. In this work, three different recipes have been selected as more representative, reproduced, and characterized with EPR, micro-ATR-IR and micro-Raman spectroscopies. Our experiments highlight the advantages in the use of EPR, with respect to simple Raman and IR investigations. In particular, the EPR spectroscopy evidenced the presence of different bimetallic and monometallic species in the samples, allowing us to differentiate and characterize the Cu(II)-complexes among the studied samples.
{"title":"Implementation of EPR spectroscopy for the study of different synthetic copper green-bluish pigments obtained from antique recipes","authors":"Riccardo Punis , Alfonso Zoleo","doi":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.113587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The preparation of different green-bluish copper pigments via synthetic routes is reported in several treatises, from antiquity to the beginning of 19th century. The most famous preparation is the one for the production of verdigris, a bright green pigment resulting from the corrosion of pure copper plate by vinegar. The recipes are numerous, and many differences in terms of ingredients and procedures emerge from a comparative study. Such a variety of preparations corresponds to a chemical variety. Many works have already investigated such systems with the most common spectroscopic techniques (e.g., ATR-IR, Raman, etc.). However, recently the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has emerged as a new tool for the investigation of these pigments, since new and more complete information on the chemistry of such systems can be gained. In this work, three different recipes have been selected as more representative, reproduced, and characterized with EPR, micro-ATR-IR and micro-Raman spectroscopies. Our experiments highlight the advantages in the use of EPR, with respect to simple Raman and IR investigations. In particular, the EPR spectroscopy evidenced the presence of different bimetallic and monometallic species in the samples, allowing us to differentiate and characterize the Cu(II)-complexes among the studied samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":302,"journal":{"name":"Dyes and Pigments","volume":"249 ","pages":"Article 113587"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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