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Specific Criminal Profiling and Interrogation Techniques as Forensic Psychology Methods in Hungarian Law Enforcement 在匈牙利执法中作为法医心理学方法的特定犯罪侧写和审讯技术
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.7
Ákos Erdélyi
One of the applied areas of criminal psychology, the forensic psychology presents how the knowledge of psychology can be applied in the most optimal way in order to effectively detect individual crimes. A trend has appeared in law enforcement agencies for psychologists to carry out special activities in the criminal field. One specific activity is criminal profiling and the other is the development of the most effective interrogation techniques. Now I attempt to present these two specific criminal tasks of psychology. I present a literature review on how forensic psychology can be used during profiling and the planning of special interrogations. Despite the fact that offender profiling is not new for law enforcement agencies, its clinical trend has begun to appear and spread independently in recent years. The application of psychology in the planning of individual interrogations is a much more researched field and used during weekday work.
作为犯罪心理学的应用领域之一,法医心理学展示了如何以最优的方式应用心理学知识,以有效地侦查个别犯罪。在执法机构中,心理学家在刑事领域开展专项活动已经成为一种趋势。一项具体的活动是犯罪侧写,另一项是发展最有效的审讯技术。现在,我试图提出心理学的这两个具体的犯罪任务。我提出了一个关于法医心理学如何在侧写和特殊审讯计划中使用的文献综述。尽管罪犯侧写对执法机构来说并不新鲜,但近年来,它的临床趋势已经开始出现并独立传播。心理学在个人审讯计划中的应用是一个研究较多的领域,并在工作日工作中使用。
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引用次数: 0
Is It Appropriate to Use Restorative Justice in Cases of Domestic Violence? 在家庭暴力案件中使用恢复性司法是否合适?
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.14
Laura Schmidt
Domestic violence (DV) is sometimes called a hidden crime because in many cases victims do not report the offence to the police. DV includes child abuse, intimate partner violence and elder abuse and comes in many forms, such as physical, sexual, emotional or financial abuse. Using restorative justice (RJ) methods in cases of DV is a highly controversial topic.4 However, in many countries around the world restorative practices are used in these cases with appropriate safeguarding in place. The aim of this article is to explore the different types of RJ methods and the different types of DV cases where these methods might be used with the potential benefits and challenges being discussed. Relevant articles and case studies were analysed to present previously conducted research on the topic of DV and RJ. The available literature shows that certain RJ practices are appropriate in certain types of DV cases but they need to be evaluated on an individual basis as these types of cases are very complex and need to be screened thoroughly before any kind of intervention. However, in addressing the concerns surrounding the use of RJ in DV cases, it is vital to listen to the victims themselves, by first giving them a voice. In conclusion, professionals working with victims and offenders of DV cases need to work more closely with others who work in RJ in order to make the process safer and to utilise the potential benefits of the process.
家庭暴力有时被称为隐性犯罪,因为在许多情况下,受害者不会向警方报案。家庭暴力包括虐待儿童、亲密伴侣暴力和虐待老人,并有多种形式,如身体、性、情感或经济虐待。在家庭暴力案件中使用恢复性司法(RJ)方法是一个极具争议的话题然而,世界上许多国家在这些情况下采用了恢复性做法,并采取了适当的保护措施。本文的目的是探讨不同类型的RJ方法和不同类型的DV案例,在这些案例中,这些方法可能被使用,并讨论潜在的好处和挑战。对相关文章和案例研究进行了分析,以介绍以前对DV和RJ主题进行的研究。现有文献表明,某些RJ做法适用于某些类型的家庭暴力病例,但需要根据个人情况进行评估,因为这些类型的病例非常复杂,需要在进行任何干预之前进行彻底筛查。然而,在解决关于在家庭暴力案件中使用RJ的问题时,听取受害者自己的意见是至关重要的,首先要给他们一个发言权。总之,与家庭暴力案件的受害者和罪犯打交道的专业人员需要与在家庭暴力案件中工作的其他人更密切地合作,以使这一过程更安全,并利用这一过程的潜在好处。
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引用次数: 0
A Brief History of the Evolution of the Hungarian Police Anti-Terror Units (1987–2010) 匈牙利警察反恐部队演变简史(1987-2010)
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.15
Dávid Kiss
This paper will attempt to cover the history and evolution of the Hungarian anti-terror capability and the evolution of the dedicated Hungarian police anti-terror units from 1987 up to 2010 from a historical perspective. By using interviews and memoires of former unit members, contemporary manuals and media sources, and presenting the legal background, this paper will attempt to highlight the historical significance, the cultural heritage, and the tactical methodology behind the evolution of the Hungarian stance on terrorism and anti-terrorism from its most acute aspect, the boots on the ground and the operators behind the orders. This paper also includes a brief history and description on the different uniforms, equipment and weapon systems, highlighting the changes in tactical approaches, and varying opportunities in obtaining or developing more modern and advanced technology.
本文将试图从历史的角度涵盖匈牙利反恐能力的历史和演变,以及1987年至2010年匈牙利警察反恐部队的演变。通过对前部队成员的采访和回忆录,当代手册和媒体来源,并呈现法律背景,本文将试图从最尖锐的方面,地面上的靴子和命令背后的操作员,突出匈牙利对恐怖主义和反恐立场演变背后的历史意义,文化遗产和战术方法。本文还包括对不同制服、装备和武器系统的简要历史和描述,突出了战术方法的变化,以及获得或开发更现代和先进技术的不同机会。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of the Public Prosecutor in the Investigation 检控官在调查中的角色
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.3
V. Vári
The study describes the prosecutor’s role in the initiation phase of the criminal procedure: in the preparatory procedure, the powers, tasks, management and supervision activities authorised by the Criminal Procedure Act are presented in detail. In the investigative stages following the preparatory procedure, the study includes an overview and precise delimitation of the conditions under which we can speak separately about the preliminary investigation and the inspection stage. This section emphasises the differences concerning the relationship between the investigating authority and the prosecutor’s office, depending on whether it is a preliminary investigation or an inspection phase. At the end of the study, the prosecutor’s guidance typical of the inspection phase will be described. Precisely fixing the specific powers of the Criminal Procedure Act, determined for the prosecutor to carry out the management tasks of the investigation effectively.
研究报告描述了检察官在刑事诉讼启动阶段的作用:在准备程序中,详细介绍了《刑事诉讼法》授权的权力、任务、管理和监督活动。在筹备程序之后的调查阶段,研究报告包括概述和精确界定我们可以分别讨论初步调查和视察阶段的条件。本节强调调查机关和检察官办公室之间关系的差异,视乎是初步调查阶段还是检查阶段而定。在研究结束时,将描述检察官对检查阶段的典型指导。准确确定刑事诉讼法的具体权力,为检察官有效履行侦查管理任务奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Hungarian Penitentiary System and Its Transformation Processes 2019冠状病毒病大流行对匈牙利监狱系统的影响及其转型过程
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.1
Orsolya Czenczer
The Covid-19 epidemic has put significant pressure on national penitentiary services all over the world to control the impacts that the pandemic has on closed prison environments. The prison services of the member states of the Council of Europe have responded with incredible speed and effectiveness with preventive and administrative measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The objective of the Council of Europe, EuroPris and other international organisations, was to support the member states’ responses to the situation in prisons by facilitating the exchange of information and best practices. The present study examines the statements and recommendations of the most important bodies and committees of the Council of Europe, in parallel with measures and solutions implemented in Hungary, in the light of international recommendations. The paper is based on a descriptive analysis of the Council of Europe expectations and recommendations and their applicability in the Hungarian prison system. Hungary has successfully processed and incorporated mostly all of the expectation of the international parties, in fact, he took further steps to make the pandemic’s outreached contacts of prisoners and relatives more colourful and active. Prevention and control measures adopted in timely manner were effective also in Hungary, as well in other Council of Europe member state. This study highlights the critical importance of fast and reasonable actions of international control bodies and the open and cooperative response of the national prison services.
新冠肺炎疫情给世界各地的国家监狱系统带来了巨大压力,需要控制疫情对封闭监狱环境的影响。欧洲委员会成员国的监狱部门以令人难以置信的速度和效力作出反应,采取了预防和行政措施,以防止病毒的传播。欧洲委员会、europri和其他国际组织的目标是通过促进信息和最佳做法的交流,支持成员国对监狱状况的反应。本研究报告审查了欧洲委员会最重要的机构和委员会的声明和建议,并参照国际建议审查了匈牙利所执行的措施和解决办法。该文件基于对欧洲委员会的期望和建议及其在匈牙利监狱系统中的适用性的描述性分析。匈牙利已经成功地处理和纳入了国际各方的大部分期望,事实上,他采取了进一步的步骤,使大流行病的囚犯和亲属的外联接触更加丰富多彩和积极。匈牙利以及欧洲委员会其他成员国及时采取的防控措施也取得了成效。这项研究强调了国际管制机构采取迅速和合理行动以及国家监狱服务部门作出公开和合作反应的极端重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Law Enforcement Officials’ Opinion on the Security Situation and Cooperation on the Danube 执法官员对多瑙河安全形势与合作的意见
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.4
Ádám Kalmár
The aim of the study is to analyse the bilateral and multilateral law enforcement cooperation between the Danube Member States and the relevant international stakeholders. A key issue for the security of the European Union and the Schengen area is the joint strengthening of the security of the Danube river. In the most important transnational maritime areas (Black Sea, Baltic Sea), there is a regulation based on the operation of a common centre for law enforcement coordination, which allows a rapid and efficient exchange of information between the Member States in order to combat organised crime. The Danube is one of Europe’s most important waterways, but the absence of a multilateral international agreement on the cooperation and coordination signed by all the Member States to ensure continuous cooperation and exchange of information is believed to have a negative impact on border security. The research was carried out by an online questionnaire survey among 201 persons in staff from the participating organisations of 10 Danube Member States during the DARIF joint operation, which was conducted from 12–16 September 2022 and extended until 30 September 2022. The questionnaire was prepared in Hungarian, English, and in German, Slovak, Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian languages, to encourage respondents to participate in the survey. The questionnaire survey among the Danube law enforcement agencies confirmed that the lack of a permanent Law Enforcement Coordination Centre and Cooperation Forum is a significant security deficit in the countries of the Danube Region. The creation of a network of national contact points specialising in international information exchange on the Danube is necessary; it is not sufficient to make better use of the existing network of direct information exchange channels (e.g. Police and Customs Cooperation Centres).
这项研究的目的是分析多瑙河成员国与相关国际利益攸关方之间的双边和多边执法合作。欧盟和申根地区安全的一个关键问题是共同加强多瑙河的安全。在最重要的跨国海域(黑海、波罗的海),有一项以共同执法协调中心运作为基础的条例,使会员国之间能够迅速和有效地交换信息,以打击有组织犯罪。多瑙河是欧洲最重要的水道之一,但缺乏由所有成员国签署的多边国际合作与协调协议,以确保持续的合作和信息交流,这被认为对边境安全产生了负面影响。该研究是通过在线问卷调查对10个多瑙河成员国参与组织的201名工作人员进行的,该联合行动于2022年9月12日至16日进行,并延长至2022年9月30日。问卷以匈牙利语、英语、德语、斯洛伐克语、克罗地亚语、塞尔维亚语、罗马尼亚语、保加利亚语和乌克兰语编写,以鼓励答复者参与调查。在多瑙河执法机构之间进行的问卷调查证实,缺乏常设执法协调中心和合作论坛是多瑙河区域各国的一个重大安全缺陷。必须建立一个专门从事多瑙河国际信息交流的国家联络点网络;更好地利用现有的直接信息交流渠道网络(例如警察和海关合作中心)是不够的。
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引用次数: 0
A Renewed Schengen Evaluation Mechanism in the Light of the Schengen Reforms 基于申根改革的新申根评估机制
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.5
Lénárd Zsákai
The aim of the study is to identify the reasons, background and possible impacts of the international intention to reform the functioning of the Schengen area and to introduce a renewed Schengen evaluation and monitoring mechanism turned on by adopting a new Council regulation. In this article, the author examines the report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the functioning of the mechanism. The complex report presents comprehensive and detailed results of the first multi-annual evaluation programme, prepared and published by the European Commission in 2021, taking into account the feedback of Member States and relevant cooperating agencies and EU bodies. The study also examined two important elements of the Schengen renewal process, the EU strategy towards a fully functioning and resilient Schengen area and the preceding points of the new Scheval Regulation, which entered into force on 1 October 2021. The research concludes that recurring national shortcomings and divergent practices between Member States are likely to result from inconsistent implementation of the Schengen rules, which may have an impact on the overall functioning of the Schengen area as a whole. In addition to many other demands for change in the Schengen area, the states and EU institutions concerned have decided that the Schengen evaluation and monitoring mechanism needs to be renewed and undergo significant changes for the future. From a scientific point of view, the author concluded that in the field of law enforcement sciences, and especially in border management research, the renewal of the Schengen evaluation mechanism should be followed closely, as it is synergistic with several other related research issues (e.g. border management, border management education, etc.). With thorough research in this field, scientific works and scientific representation, the Hungarian law enforcement science is expected to be strengthened in the international scientific dimension.
这项研究的目的是确定改革申根地区运作的国际意图的原因、背景和可能的影响,并通过采用新的理事会条例引入新的申根评估和监测机制。在本文中,作者审查了委员会向理事会和欧洲议会提交的关于该机制运作的报告。这份复杂的报告介绍了欧盟委员会于2021年编写和发布的第一个多年度评估计划的全面详细结果,同时考虑了成员国和相关合作机构以及欧盟机构的反馈。该研究还考察了申根续签过程的两个重要因素,即欧盟建立一个全面运作和有弹性的申根地区的战略,以及将于2021年10月1日生效的新《申根条例》的前几点。研究得出的结论是,成员国之间反复出现的国家缺陷和不同的做法很可能是由于申根规则执行不一致造成的,这可能会对整个申根地区的整体运作产生影响。除了对申根地区改革的许多其他要求外,有关国家和欧盟机构已经决定,申根评估和监督机制需要更新,并为未来进行重大改革。从科学的角度出发,笔者认为,在执法科学领域,特别是在边境管理研究领域,申根评估机制的更新应密切关注,因为它与其他几个相关研究问题(如边境管理、边境管理教育等)具有协同作用。随着在这一领域的深入研究、科学工作和科学代表,匈牙利的执法科学有望在国际科学方面得到加强。
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引用次数: 0
Inside Victims, Outside Offenders: A Case Study on Crime Reporting 内部受害者,外部罪犯:犯罪报告案例研究
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.9
M. Füstös
In political and media rhetoric throughout Europe, migrants and refugees are often linked to crime; especially to gender-based crimes. This paper, focusing on Hungary, examines whether media discourses perpetuate this image and to what extent do other attributes of offenders (such as ethnicity and class) influence the way the media represent those involved in rape cases. The 720 articles sampled for this study were analysed using qualitative content analysis and critical discourse analysis, with Lindgren and Lundström’s model on inside victims/offenders and outside victims/offenders and Nils Christie’s theory on ideal victims being applied to the findings. Results show that the media in Hungary is more likely to grant victim status to those who are insiders (Hungarian, white, middle class) when their offenders are outsiders (migrant, Roma, lower class), while socially marginalised offenders are automatically externalised. The paper also shows that marginalised people are externalised collectively, while insiders are externalised individually. The application of Christie’s theory further strengthens the relational hypothesis that the ideal (or outsider) offender makes the ideal victim.
在整个欧洲的政治和媒体言论中,移民和难民往往与犯罪联系在一起;尤其是针对性别犯罪。本文以匈牙利为研究对象,考察了媒体话语是否延续了这一形象,以及罪犯的其他属性(如种族和阶级)在多大程度上影响了媒体对强奸案参与者的报道方式。本研究取样的720篇文章采用定性内容分析和批判话语分析进行分析,Lindgren和Lundström关于内部受害者/罪犯和外部受害者/罪犯的模型以及Nils Christie关于理想受害者的理论被应用于研究结果。结果表明,匈牙利的媒体更有可能将受害者身份赋予内部人(匈牙利人、白人、中产阶级),而犯罪者是局外人(移民、罗姆人、下层阶级),而社会边缘化的犯罪者则自动被外部化。本文还表明,边缘化人群是集体外部化的,而局内人是个体外部化的。克里斯蒂理论的运用进一步强化了理想(或局外人)罪犯构成理想受害者的关系假设。
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引用次数: 0
Criminal Law Means for Counteraction to Corruption in Ukraine and Poland 乌克兰和波兰反腐败的刑法手段
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2023.1.2
Vasyl Franchuk
During the scientific research of any criminal-legal phenomenon or process, it is considered necessary to conduct an analysis of the origin of this phenomenon in a foreign country. This provides an opportunity not only to grasp the essence and understand the content of the subject of research, but also to develop effective countermeasures and borrow foreign experience. This becomes especially important in matters of combating corruption, when the criminal acts of officials reach not only domestic, but also international scales.Scientists’ positions, as well as the provisions of the current legislation in Ukraine and the Republic of Poland concerning the definition of the criminal law provisions for liability for corruption offenses are being researched, which is made on the relevant differences regarding the legislative enactment of the concept of “corruption” and its definition in the criminal law theory. Accordingly, a comparative approach to the methods of legislative consolidation of anti-corruption provides an opportunity to understand the social conditioning of the emergence of this phenomenon.Taking into account the integration processes in all spheres of life activity of society, the difference in the method of normative consolidation of actions forming such a phenomenon as corruption was revealed. This, in turn, not only indicates different forms of legislative fixation of the concept of the phenomenon, but also causes difficulties in the exchange of law enforcement practice, which causes a number of problems for both the relevant law enforcement agencies and ordinary citizens. A clear division and distinction between provisions on liability for corruption and corruption-related offenses was revealed.Taking into account the position of the domestic criminal law doctrine, the analysis of the current Polish legislation provided an opportunity to formulate real options for borrowing foreign experience to solve the specified problems.
在对任何刑事法律现象或程序进行科学研究时,都有必要对该现象在国外的起源进行分析。这不仅为把握研究课题的实质和理解研究内容提供了契机,也为制定有效的对策和借鉴国外经验提供了契机。当官员的犯罪行为不仅达到国内规模,而且达到国际规模时,这一点在反腐败问题上变得尤为重要。研究了科学家的立场以及乌克兰和波兰共和国现行立法中关于腐败犯罪责任的刑法规定的定义,对刑法理论中“腐败”概念的立法制定及其定义的相关差异进行了探讨。因此,对反腐败立法巩固方法的比较研究为理解这一现象产生的社会条件提供了机会。考虑到社会生活活动所有领域的一体化进程,在形成腐败等现象的规范巩固行动的方法上存在差异。这反过来又表明了概念的立法固定形式不同的现象,而且给执法实践的交流造成困难,给有关执法机构和普通公民都带来了一些问题。对腐败和腐败相关犯罪的责任规定进行了明确的划分和区分。考虑到国内刑法学说的立场,对波兰现行立法的分析提供了一个机会,为借鉴外国经验来解决具体问题制定实际选择办法。
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引用次数: 0
A reintegrációs őrizet garanciaelemei
Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.32577/mr.2022.3.8
R. Bogotyán
A reintegrációs őrizet mint a büntetések, az intézkedések és a szabálysértési elzárás végrehajtásáról szóló 2013. évi CCXL. törvény (Bv. tv.) egyik jelentős nóvuma, több mint hat éve tölti be küldetését a hazai reintegráció platformján. A jogintézmény részben külföldi példákon, nagyrészt pedig a magyar rendőrség által is eredményesen, az elektronikus távfelügyeleti eszközökkel végrehajtott bűnügyi felügyeleten alapszik.2 Eredményességének titka számos tényező mellett abban is gyökeredzik, hogy szoros együttműködést követel és követelt meg az illetékes büntetés-végrehajtási és rendőrségi szakemberek között. A rendszer a fizikai kontrollfunkció és a helymeghatározási technológiák töretlen fejlődésén alapszik, aminek segítségével ma már a rendvédelemben is elérhetővé váltak azon eszközök, amelyek folyamatos távfelügyeleti lehetőséget biztosítanak az érintett személy (jelen esetben a szabadságvesztésre ítélt fogvatartott) felett.
重返社会拘留,作为2013年关于执行判决、措施和犯罪拘留的第CCXL号法案(Bv. tv.)的重要创新,六年多来一直在国内重返社会平台上履行其使命。2 其成功秘诀在于,除其他许多因素外,它要求并一直要求相关监狱和警方专业人员之间的密切合作。该系统的基础是物理控制和定位技术的不断发展,这些技术现已为执法部门提供了远距离监控相关人员(此处指被判处监禁的囚犯)的手段。
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引用次数: 0
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Magyar Rendészet
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