Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.56260/sciena.v2i5.102
Resti Rahmadika Akbar, Meta Z Oktora, Reza Afriyan Indra
Pendahuluan: Anemia pada ibu hamil lebih berisiko melahirkan Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR). Data dari World Health Organization didapatkan sebesar 60–80% Angka Kematian Bayi disebabkan karena BBLR. Risiko sepsis umbilikalis, gangguan pada mata ikterus neonatorum dan infeksi pada saluran nafas dapat terjadi pada bayi dengan berat lahir rendah. Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar hemoglobin ibu hamil trimester III dengan berat lahir bayi di RSUP. Dr M Djamil Padang. Metode: . Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan cross sectional, dengan data sekunder berupa rekam medik di RSUP. Dr M. Djamil Padang tahun 2018. Populasi target yaitu pasien ibu hamil yang diperiksa kadar hemoglobin trimester III dan melahirkan di RSUP. Dr M Djamil Padang tahun 2018. Jumlah sampel 56 orang dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Pengolahan data menggunakan komputerisasi program SPSS versi 24.0. Data univariat disajikan dalam bentuk rerata ± standar deviasi, median (min-maks) dan analisis bivariat diuji dengan spearman rho. Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan hubungan kadar hemoglobin trimester III dengan berat lahir bayi dengan nilai p<0,001 dan r= 0,539, dikategorikan cukup kuat, usia ibu paling banyak adalah 26-35 tahun yaitu 31 orang (55,4%), kadar Hb ibu hamil dengan median (min-maks) 10,50 (7-14) g/dl, berat lahir bayi rata-rata yaitu 2579,46 gr ±536,04. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan kadar hemoglobin ibu hamil trimester III dengan berat lahir bayi.
前期:产前贫血比产前低出生体重婴儿的风险更大。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)的数据显示，由BBLR引起的婴儿死亡率为60 - 80%。有肚脐败血症的风险，新生儿黄疸和呼吸道感染可能发生在出生体重较低的婴儿身上。研究目的:确定妊娠3期孕妇血红蛋白与婴儿出生体重之间的关系。贾米尔·巴特博士。方法:。研究方法是使用横断面，有RSUP病史的次要数据。贾米尔博士，2018年。目标人群是孕妇患者，他们检查了孕妇的血红蛋白含量3次，并在RSUP中生产。M贾米尔·巴东博士，2018年。使用简单的随机抽样技术进行了56个样本的数量。使用SPSS版本24.0计算机处理数据。因式的形式呈现数据平均±标准差,中位数(min-maks)和斯皮尔曼rho二元分析测试。结果:血红蛋白水平关系这项研究得到的结果,用婴儿出生体重怀孕三世p<价值;0.001和r = 0.539分类不够强壮,最多的母亲是26-35岁31人(55,4%),Hb孕妇和中位数水平(min-maks) 50 (7-14) g / dl,婴儿出生体重平均即2579.46 gr±536.04。结论:孕妇的血红蛋白水平与婴儿出生的体重之间存在联系。
{"title":"Hubungan Kadar Hemoglobin Ibu Hamil Trimester III dengan Berat Lahir Bayi di RSUP. DR M Djamil Padang","authors":"Resti Rahmadika Akbar, Meta Z Oktora, Reza Afriyan Indra","doi":"10.56260/sciena.v2i5.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56260/sciena.v2i5.102","url":null,"abstract":"Pendahuluan: Anemia pada ibu hamil lebih berisiko melahirkan Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR). Data dari World Health Organization didapatkan sebesar 60–80% Angka Kematian Bayi disebabkan karena BBLR. Risiko sepsis umbilikalis, gangguan pada mata ikterus neonatorum dan infeksi pada saluran nafas dapat terjadi pada bayi dengan berat lahir rendah. Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar hemoglobin ibu hamil trimester III dengan berat lahir bayi di RSUP. Dr M Djamil Padang. Metode: . Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan cross sectional, dengan data sekunder berupa rekam medik di RSUP. Dr M. Djamil Padang tahun 2018. Populasi target yaitu pasien ibu hamil yang diperiksa kadar hemoglobin trimester III dan melahirkan di RSUP. Dr M Djamil Padang tahun 2018. Jumlah sampel 56 orang dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Pengolahan data menggunakan komputerisasi program SPSS versi 24.0. Data univariat disajikan dalam bentuk rerata ± standar deviasi, median (min-maks) dan analisis bivariat diuji dengan spearman rho. Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan hubungan kadar hemoglobin trimester III dengan berat lahir bayi dengan nilai p<0,001 dan r= 0,539, dikategorikan cukup kuat, usia ibu paling banyak adalah 26-35 tahun yaitu 31 orang (55,4%), kadar Hb ibu hamil dengan median (min-maks) 10,50 (7-14) g/dl, berat lahir bayi rata-rata yaitu 2579,46 gr ±536,04. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan kadar hemoglobin ibu hamil trimester III dengan berat lahir bayi.","PeriodicalId":30503,"journal":{"name":"Academicus International Scientific Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134960198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Latar Belakan. Depresi merupakan gangguan psikologis yang sering dikaitkan dengan stresor jangka panjang seperti penyakit kronis, diantaranya diabetes melitus. Diabetes melitus didefinisikan sebagai suatu penyakit atau gangguan metabolisme yang ditandai dengan tingginya kadar gula insufisiensi insulin dapat disebabkan oleh gangguan produksi insulin oleh sel-sel β langerhans kelenjar pankreas atau disebabkan kurang responsifnya sel- sel tubuh terhadap insulin. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Gambaran Tingkat Depresi Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Tanjung pinang Tahun 2022. Metode Penelitian ini adalah suatu penelitian deskriptif dengan populasi seluruh pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Puskesmas Tanjung pinang berjumlah 56 responden, pengumpulan data menggunakan consecutive sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan data primer dengan teknik wawancara menggunakan kuesioner Beck Depression Inventory-II. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 56 responden. Hasil Dari 56 responden didapatkan bahwa sebanyak 28 orang (50.0%) tidak ada gejala depresi, 10 orang (17.9%) mengalami depresi ringan, 12 orang (21.4%) mengalami depresi sedang dan 6 orang (10.7%) mengalami depresi berat.
{"title":"Gambaran Tingkat Depresi Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Tanjung Pinang Tahun 2022","authors":"Mutiara Anissa, Cindy Artiwi Putri, Gangga Mahatma","doi":"10.56260/sciena.v2i5.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56260/sciena.v2i5.103","url":null,"abstract":"Latar Belakan. Depresi merupakan gangguan psikologis yang sering dikaitkan dengan stresor jangka panjang seperti penyakit kronis, diantaranya diabetes melitus. Diabetes melitus didefinisikan sebagai suatu penyakit atau gangguan metabolisme yang ditandai dengan tingginya kadar gula insufisiensi insulin dapat disebabkan oleh gangguan produksi insulin oleh sel-sel β langerhans kelenjar pankreas atau disebabkan kurang responsifnya sel- sel tubuh terhadap insulin. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Gambaran Tingkat Depresi Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Tanjung pinang Tahun 2022. Metode Penelitian ini adalah suatu penelitian deskriptif dengan populasi seluruh pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Puskesmas Tanjung pinang berjumlah 56 responden, pengumpulan data menggunakan consecutive sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan data primer dengan teknik wawancara menggunakan kuesioner Beck Depression Inventory-II. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 56 responden. Hasil Dari 56 responden didapatkan bahwa sebanyak 28 orang (50.0%) tidak ada gejala depresi, 10 orang (17.9%) mengalami depresi ringan, 12 orang (21.4%) mengalami depresi sedang dan 6 orang (10.7%) mengalami depresi berat.","PeriodicalId":30503,"journal":{"name":"Academicus International Scientific Journal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135720817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.56260/sciena.v2i4.100
Dhina Lydia Lestari
Penyakit jantung bawaaan (PJB) atau defek jantung bawaan merupakan kelainan struktur jantung dan pembuluh darah yang muncul sejak lahir dan menjadi penyebab utama kematian anak dari semua kelainan bawaan. PJB dapat diartikan juga sebagai abnormalitas struktur makroskopis jantung atau pembuluh darah besar intratoraks yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Diagnosis PJB biasanya dilakukan dengan anamnesis; pemeriksaan fisik yang meliputi pemeriksaan inspeksi, palpasi dan auskultasi, pemeriksaan pulse oximetry, elektrokardiografi (EKG), dan foto rontgen dada.30Pemeriksaan lanjutan (untuk penyakit jantung bawaan) mencakup ekokardiografi dan kateterisasi jantung. Penatalaksanaan penyakit jantung bawaan pada anak-anak tergantung pada jenis masalah jantung tertentu dan seberapa parahnya. Kadang-kadang penyakit jantung bawaan mungkin tidak memiliki efek jangka panjang pada kesehatan anak dan mungkin tidak perlu pengobatan.
{"title":"Penyakit Jantung Bawaan pada Anak","authors":"Dhina Lydia Lestari","doi":"10.56260/sciena.v2i4.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56260/sciena.v2i4.100","url":null,"abstract":"Penyakit jantung bawaaan (PJB) atau defek jantung bawaan merupakan kelainan struktur jantung dan pembuluh darah yang muncul sejak lahir dan menjadi penyebab utama kematian anak dari semua kelainan bawaan. PJB dapat diartikan juga sebagai abnormalitas struktur makroskopis jantung atau pembuluh darah besar intratoraks yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Diagnosis PJB biasanya dilakukan dengan anamnesis; pemeriksaan fisik yang meliputi pemeriksaan inspeksi, palpasi dan auskultasi, pemeriksaan pulse oximetry, elektrokardiografi (EKG), dan foto rontgen dada.30Pemeriksaan lanjutan (untuk penyakit jantung bawaan) mencakup ekokardiografi dan kateterisasi jantung. Penatalaksanaan penyakit jantung bawaan pada anak-anak tergantung pada jenis masalah jantung tertentu dan seberapa parahnya. Kadang-kadang penyakit jantung bawaan mungkin tidak memiliki efek jangka panjang pada kesehatan anak dan mungkin tidak perlu pengobatan.","PeriodicalId":30503,"journal":{"name":"Academicus International Scientific Journal","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80562483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.56260/sciena.v2i4.101
Resti Rahmadika Akbar
Background: Objective Structured clinical examination(osce) one of format test to determine student’s compentency skill’s and OSCE is a factor that trigger stress of student’s. Purpore: The aim of this study was to find out the association betweet stress level and characteristics with OSCE UKMPPD participants in faculty of medicine at University of Baiturrahmah. Method: This study was a correlative analytic with cross sectional design. The sample method was consecutive sampling using 51 samples. This study was conducted with population of student’s who participated osce ukmppd in faculty of medicine at university of Baiturrahmah in the period November 2019. Stress level is measured by questionnaire Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Processing data using SPSS 24.0 programs. Analysis univariate using frequency of sex, age, material status, frequency of following OSCE, stress level, with form in distribution table and analysis bivariate using Mann-Whinney test. The results: The caracteristics of student by sex female 38 people (74%), most age was 17-25 years old 38 people (76%), most marital status is single 33 people (64%), the highest frequency of student’s taking the first are 46 people (90%). Analysis result bivariat is a association between stress level with gender, age, material ststus, and frequency of following OSCE ,with value p0,005. Conclution: There is a association between stress level with gender, age, material status and frequency of following OSCE.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.7336/academicus.2023.28.07
Laura Gómez García
Road violence is a major problem that does not yet have a universally accepted definition. It is important to consider violence in the context of the road in order to prevent it. Road criminology focuses on the study and prevention of traffic- related deviations and problems generated after and accident. There is a lack of general knowledge about the reality of crime in the road environment; the society is not aware that certain behaviours of harassment and aggression cause risky situations and fatal results. It is essential to address the problem, defining and delimiting it to combat it. Education is once again essential to prevent crime and to put an end to social permissiveness around unacceptable behaviour related to road safety.
{"title":"Harassment, Aggression, Violence and Road Safety from a Criminological Perspective","authors":"Laura Gómez García","doi":"10.7336/academicus.2023.28.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2023.28.07","url":null,"abstract":"Road violence is a major problem that does not yet have a universally accepted definition. It is important to consider violence in the context of the road in order to prevent it. Road criminology focuses on the study and prevention of traffic- related deviations and problems generated after and accident. There is a lack of general knowledge about the reality of crime in the road environment; the society is not aware that certain behaviours of harassment and aggression cause risky situations and fatal results. It is essential to address the problem, defining and delimiting it to combat it. Education is once again essential to prevent crime and to put an end to social permissiveness around unacceptable behaviour related to road safety.","PeriodicalId":30503,"journal":{"name":"Academicus International Scientific Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90778941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.7336/academicus.2023.28.02
Chidinma Iheanetu, Viola Tamášová, R. Tandlich
The virocell concept of a viral lifecycle maintains that there are two main stages in a virus’s existence. The one is a passive state of a virion, which is not a living entity, and the second one is the virocell. In the state of virocell, a virus infects a host’s cell and hijacks its cellular machinery to achieve its own replication. Depending on the way that a cell reacts to a viral infection, it can have its activities or character as an individual living organism, suppressed completely, to some extent or not at all. In the article, the authors propose that there is analogy between the virocell theory as applied to the SARS-CoV-2 virus lifecycle and the sense of self for humans in the coronavirus pandemic world, and the post-COVID19 space-time. Methodology adopted is a combination of simile of Wittgenstein’s parallel cases, autoethnography, the virocell concept of the SARV-CoV-2 lifecycle and a multi-individual nature of one’s self based on the principles of the assemblage theory. The nature of human existence and the sense of self is defined as a relational notion which is tied to the societal educational standards, phases of developments of a human being and their fluid sense of self. The COVID19 pandemic space-time provides, in fact it demands that humanity undergoes an ongoing education of itself to maintain a productive and resilient movement forward for self and society, as an equivalent of the ribovirocell of a human cell infected with the coronavirus. The notion of speed will have to be unpacked and investigated further, which is done in part in a follow up article and is anchored as the defining characteristics of the post-COVID19 world.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.7336/academicus.2023.28.08
Vaeld Zhezha
The world of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding in Europe is a dynamic and transformative space that has been significantly impacted by the rapid growth of digital technologies. This innovative approach has become a game-changer for entrepreneurs, startups, and creative individuals as it harnesses the collective intelligence and financial support of people. Various platforms and mechanisms are driving crowdsourcing and crowdfunding initiatives in Europe, leading to success stories, emerging trends, and potential benefits for all partecipants. This article aims to analyze some of the various emerging trends in crowdsourcing and crowdfunding across Europe while highlighting their potential benefits for those seeking funding or collaboration opportunities. It further examines both crowdsourcing and crowdfunding advantages & disadvantages. Ultimately, this article aims to unlock the full potential of collaboration between people from diverse backgrounds by exploring ways to leverage crowdsourcing & crowdfunding effectively.
{"title":"Unlocking the Power of Crowds: Exploring Crowdsourcing and Crowdfunding Initiatives in Europe","authors":"Vaeld Zhezha","doi":"10.7336/academicus.2023.28.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2023.28.08","url":null,"abstract":"The world of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding in Europe is a dynamic and transformative space that has been significantly impacted by the rapid growth of digital technologies. This innovative approach has become a game-changer for entrepreneurs, startups, and creative individuals as it harnesses the collective intelligence and financial support of people. Various platforms and mechanisms are driving crowdsourcing and crowdfunding initiatives in Europe, leading to success stories, emerging trends, and potential benefits for all partecipants. This article aims to analyze some of the various emerging trends in crowdsourcing and crowdfunding across Europe while highlighting their potential benefits for those seeking funding or collaboration opportunities. It further examines both crowdsourcing and crowdfunding advantages & disadvantages. Ultimately, this article aims to unlock the full potential of collaboration between people from diverse backgrounds by exploring ways to leverage crowdsourcing & crowdfunding effectively.","PeriodicalId":30503,"journal":{"name":"Academicus International Scientific Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91385859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.7336/academicus.2023.28.06
Rezana Konomi, Dorina Gjipali, Ntastin Perola
‘Amicus curiae’ is a latin term that means a ‘friend of the court’. In essence, this term encapsulates “[a] person who is not a party to a lawsuit but who petitions the court or is requested by the court to file a brief in the action because that person has a strong interest in the subject matter’’. This presents a non-party with the opportunity to submit its views regarding the outcome of a particular dispute regarding a broad range of issues (e.g. the appraisal of the merits in light of contemporary developments, the submission of factual elements etc.). These submissions have been present also during the predecessor of the current institutionalized WTO, namely the GATT system, albeit never being considered by those panels. However, there was gradual a shift in the panels’ position regarding the engagement with amicus curiae submissions. In this regard, the first amicus curiae submission in the US - Gasoline case was rejected by the WTO panel of that case. It was only the US - Shrimp case that paved the way for amicus curiae to find their way into the WTO adjudicative system. This was followed by a great polarization regarding the legitimacy of engaging with submission of non-state actors in an inherently inter-governmental system. This paper, therefore, sustains that the amicus curiae submissions facilitate effectiveness if exercised within the constraints of legitimacy (as conceptualized within the ambit of the WTO), by framing the analysis through doctrinal discussions as well as empirical evidence that is derived from other research that is appropriately referenced.
{"title":"Effectiveness and legitimacy of Amicus Curiae submission before WTO judiciary organs","authors":"Rezana Konomi, Dorina Gjipali, Ntastin Perola","doi":"10.7336/academicus.2023.28.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2023.28.06","url":null,"abstract":"‘Amicus curiae’ is a latin term that means a ‘friend of the court’. In essence, this term encapsulates “[a] person who is not a party to a lawsuit but who petitions the court or is requested by the court to file a brief in the action because that person has a strong interest in the subject matter’’. This presents a non-party with the opportunity to submit its views regarding the outcome of a particular dispute regarding a broad range of issues (e.g. the appraisal of the merits in light of contemporary developments, the submission of factual elements etc.). These submissions have been present also during the predecessor of the current institutionalized WTO, namely the GATT system, albeit never being considered by those panels. However, there was gradual a shift in the panels’ position regarding the engagement with amicus curiae submissions. In this regard, the first amicus curiae submission in the US - Gasoline case was rejected by the WTO panel of that case. It was only the US - Shrimp case that paved the way for amicus curiae to find their way into the WTO adjudicative system. This was followed by a great polarization regarding the legitimacy of engaging with submission of non-state actors in an inherently inter-governmental system. This paper, therefore, sustains that the amicus curiae submissions facilitate effectiveness if exercised within the constraints of legitimacy (as conceptualized within the ambit of the WTO), by framing the analysis through doctrinal discussions as well as empirical evidence that is derived from other research that is appropriately referenced.","PeriodicalId":30503,"journal":{"name":"Academicus International Scientific Journal","volume":"188 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77372925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.7336/academicus.2023.28.09
Ksenia Dishkant
Conflict is a costly endeavor. However, conflict itself is of unobservable magnitude which makes statistical inference problematic. The long-run economic cost of conflict is calculated as the sum of the contemporaneous costs and the discounted value of future costs. Typically, researchers use War or Militarized Interstate Conflicts as independent, discrete events to calculate its contemporaneous effect and then introduce a time binary variable to estimate the lagged effects since the end of the event. The conflict datasets accurately recognize the dates of the core conflict. However, they ignore the possibility that a lack of militarized conflict does not necessarily mean that issues have been settled, thus we are underestimating overall costs. The present study estimates the economic costs of rivalry. The international rivalry cycle is a process in which a pair of states create and sustain a relationship of atypical hostility for some period. This paper is part of the renaissance of research activity in the applied economics of international trade. The gravity model is used to determine the economic cost of Rivalry on bilateral trade using panel data. At the aggregate level, strategic and enduring rivalries have a negative and significant effect on trade flow. The results show that the total effect of rivalry accounts for 48%-57% of the fall in bilateral trade volume, which is equivalent in cost to 19% of the ad-valorem tax. If the rivalry is disaggregated by claim type: spatial, positional, and mixed, then we observe that the cost varies substantially with the type. Spatial rivalry explains 16%-26% of the fall in trade volume, while positional and mixed rivalry explain 49%-57% and 77%-82%, respectively.
{"title":"Bilateral Trade and Strategic Rivalry","authors":"Ksenia Dishkant","doi":"10.7336/academicus.2023.28.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2023.28.09","url":null,"abstract":"Conflict is a costly endeavor. However, conflict itself is of unobservable magnitude which makes statistical inference problematic. The long-run economic cost of conflict is calculated as the sum of the contemporaneous costs and the discounted value of future costs. Typically, researchers use War or Militarized Interstate Conflicts as independent, discrete events to calculate its contemporaneous effect and then introduce a time binary variable to estimate the lagged effects since the end of the event. The conflict datasets accurately recognize the dates of the core conflict. However, they ignore the possibility that a lack of militarized conflict does not necessarily mean that issues have been settled, thus we are underestimating overall costs. The present study estimates the economic costs of rivalry. The international rivalry cycle is a process in which a pair of states create and sustain a relationship of atypical hostility for some period. This paper is part of the renaissance of research activity in the applied economics of international trade. The gravity model is used to determine the economic cost of Rivalry on bilateral trade using panel data. At the aggregate level, strategic and enduring rivalries have a negative and significant effect on trade flow. The results show that the total effect of rivalry accounts for 48%-57% of the fall in bilateral trade volume, which is equivalent in cost to 19% of the ad-valorem tax. If the rivalry is disaggregated by claim type: spatial, positional, and mixed, then we observe that the cost varies substantially with the type. Spatial rivalry explains 16%-26% of the fall in trade volume, while positional and mixed rivalry explain 49%-57% and 77%-82%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":30503,"journal":{"name":"Academicus International Scientific Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87401051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.7336/academicus.2023.28.11
Dalila Karakaҫi
The Grand Tour played an important role in the education of the aristocratic British youth. Several requirements served for its classical qualification. The Tour lasted from some months to some years. Travelers’ individual choices, spread of diseases, priority to special places, as well as historical events shaped the travel plan. The Tour changed its classical denotation in the 19th century, reflecting a radical social transformation in the British society. The middle class would be engaged in travelling beyond the borders of the British territory. The Romantic traveler of the 19th century differers from the classic traveler of the Grand Tour, stressing heroism and bravery, avoiding scenic descriptions. These travelers resembled the explorer. A term introduced by the Romantics. The dense narrative produced in this period would permit the British public to become familiar with unalike people, experiences, and lands. There are five travellers that visited the Albanian land in the first half of 19th century, during British Romanticims. Dodwell, Hughes, Martin Leake, Urquhart and Best published works mentioning the Albania theme, people, culture, nature, geography. Dodwell’s work is significant because of classical archeology. T.S. Hughes gives information about Ali Pasha and his mystical figure. Topographical data on the Albanian population, customs, and traditions are introduced in Leake’s book. Urquhart looks at the Orient from a philosophical viewpoint. A work about hunting, natural beauty, customs, traditions is written by Best. Therefore, their books give essential information about the country in the first half of this century.
{"title":"British Travelers and British Travel Writing: An Overview to British Travelers Visiting Albania in the First Half of 19th Century","authors":"Dalila Karakaҫi","doi":"10.7336/academicus.2023.28.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2023.28.11","url":null,"abstract":"The Grand Tour played an important role in the education of the aristocratic British youth. Several requirements served for its classical qualification. The Tour lasted from some months to some years. Travelers’ individual choices, spread of diseases, priority to special places, as well as historical events shaped the travel plan. The Tour changed its classical denotation in the 19th century, reflecting a radical social transformation in the British society. The middle class would be engaged in travelling beyond the borders of the British territory. The Romantic traveler of the 19th century differers from the classic traveler of the Grand Tour, stressing heroism and bravery, avoiding scenic descriptions. These travelers resembled the explorer. A term introduced by the Romantics. The dense narrative produced in this period would permit the British public to become familiar with unalike people, experiences, and lands. There are five travellers that visited the Albanian land in the first half of 19th century, during British Romanticims. Dodwell, Hughes, Martin Leake, Urquhart and Best published works mentioning the Albania theme, people, culture, nature, geography. Dodwell’s work is significant because of classical archeology. T.S. Hughes gives information about Ali Pasha and his mystical figure. Topographical data on the Albanian population, customs, and traditions are introduced in Leake’s book. Urquhart looks at the Orient from a philosophical viewpoint. A work about hunting, natural beauty, customs, traditions is written by Best. Therefore, their books give essential information about the country in the first half of this century.","PeriodicalId":30503,"journal":{"name":"Academicus International Scientific Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82489885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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